药学英语课后翻译

Unit11.Afullappreciationofthephysiologyofalivingorganismmustbebasedonasoundknowledgeofitsanatomy.Anatomydoesnotmerelystudytheseparationofparts,buttheaccuratedescriptionofthemorphologiesandfunctionsofdifferentorgans.对生物生理学的全面了解必须基于解剖学的系统知识。解剖学不仅仅是研究人体各部分的分离；还要准确的描述各个器官的形态和生理功能。2.Ourdailyfoodintakemustmatchrequirementsandanyexcessmustbeexcretedforbalancetobemaintained.我们每天摄入的事物必须满足需要；任何多余的东西必须排出体外才能维持平衡。3.Theprocessofstabilizationoftheinternalenvironmentiscalledhomeostasisandisessentialifthecellsofthebodyaretofunctionnormally.内环境稳定的过程称之为体内平衡；体内平衡也是机体的细胞正常发挥作用所必不可少的。4.Humancellshavetheabilitytobreakdownlargemoleculestosmalleronestoliberatesufficientenergyfortheiractivities.人类细胞有将大分子分解成小分子的能力；从而为自身活动释放足够的能量。5.Aslongasnormalconditionsaremaintainedinthisinternalenvironment,thecellsofthebodycontinuetoliveandfunctionproperly.只要这种内环境正常的条件得以维持；机体的细胞就能继续生存并发挥正常功能。Unit21.Biochemistryaskshowthethousandsofdifferentbiomoleculesinteractwitheachothertoconfertheremarkablepropertiesoflivingorganisms.生物化学探寻的是数千种不同的生物分子如何相互作用；以赋予生物体具备显著的特性。2.Enzymesarecatalyststhatacceleratetheratesofbiologicalreactions.Eachenzymeisveryspecificinitsfunctionandactsonlyinaparticularmetabolicreaction.酶是能加速生物学反应速率的催化剂。每一种酶都有专一的功能并且仅在特定代谢反应中发挥作用。3.Oneofthemostfruitfulapproachestounderstandbiologicalphenomenahasbeentopurifyanindividualchemicalcomponent,suchasaprotein,fromalivingorganismandtocharacterizeitschemicalstructureorcatalyticactivity.用以了解生物学现象的最有效的方法之一是从生物体中纯化出单一化学成分；例如蛋白质；并对其化学结构或催化活性进行表征。4.Thechemicalprinciplesthatgovernthepropertiesofbiologicalmoleculesincludethecovalentbondingofcarbonwithitselfandwithotherelementsandthefunctionalgroupsthatappearincommonbiologicalmolecules,etc.决定生物分子特性的化学原理包括碳与自身或其他元素的共价结合和一般生物分子中出现的功能基团等。5.ThebasicunitofDNAisalinearpolymeroffourdifferentmonomericsubunits,deoxyribonucleotides,arrangedinapreciselinearsequence.脱氧核糖核酸的基本单位是由四种不同的脱氧核糖核苷酸单一亚单位以精确的线性序列进行排列而构成的线性聚合物。Unit31.Althoughtheexistenceofmicrobeswasdeterminedalmostthreehundredyearsago,thestudyofmicrobiologyisonlygettingstartedcomparedwithzoologyand1/7页botany.尽管三百年前人们就确定世界上存在微生物；但与动物学和植物学相比；微生物学研究还只是刚刚开始。2.Inancienttimes,theexistenceofmicrobeswashypothesizedandtheymightbetheresponsibleagentofdiseases,whichwaspurespeculation(推断)astherewasnomicroscopeatthetime.在古代,人们认为有微生物存在而且微生物可能是传染病的致病原；但当时没有显微镜；所以这一切纯属猜测。3.Thefirstonewhosuggestedtaxonomicclassification(分类法)ofbacteriaanddiscoveredsporesisFerdinandCohn,abotanistwhostudiedalgaeandphotosyntheticbacteria.Heestablishedbacteriology.第一位提出对细菌分类和发现孢子的人是植物学家费南?科恩；他对藻类和光合细菌进行了研究；创建了细菌学。4.Microbesmaybetiny,butthefieldofmicrobiologyisrelativelyhuge,whichencompassesmanysubdisciplinesaffectingpeople’slifeandhealthalot.微生物体积虽小；但微生物学领域却很大；其中包括很多分支学科；对人类生活和健康产生了重大影响。5.Someofmicrobesmaycausediseasesbutnotallmicrobesaredetriment,suchassomeofthemusedinindustrialfermentation(发酵)tomakewineandvinegar(醋).有些微生物能引发疾病；但不是所有的微生物都是有害的；如一些微生物可用于工业发酵；制作酒和醋等。Unit41.Thescienceoftheeffectsofdrugsonthebodyiscalledpharmacology,andthescientistswhostudyitarepharmacologists.Pharmacologyisnotasciencethatcanbestudiedonitsown,butthatcloselyrelatedtootherbranchesofscience.Pharmacologistsshouldnotonlyunderstandthenormalprocessthattakeplaceinthebody,butknowhowthefunctionsofthebodyareaffectedbydisease.研究药物作用于人体的科学叫药理学；研究这门学问的科学家便是药理学家。药理学不是一门能够独立研究的科学；而是与其它学科紧密相关的。药理学家不仅要了解人体内进行的正常反应过程；还应懂得机体功能是怎样受疾病影响的。2.Forphysiciansandmedicalstudents,thescopeofpharmacologyisnotsoexpansiveasitscommondefinition.Theclinicianisinterestedprimarilyindrugsthatareusefulintheprevention,diagnosis,andtreatmentofhumandisease,orinthepreventionofpregnancy.医生和医学生对药理学的理解和要求没有其定义范畴那么广泛。临床医生的主要兴趣在于药物对人类疾病的预防、诊断及治疗；或者在避孕方面所起的作用。3.Allphysiciansshouldsharetheresponsibilitytoresolvekindsofsociologicalproblemscausedbytheabuseofdrugs,properlyused,drugsaregreatblessingtomankind;improperlyused,theycoulddestroyhumanrace.Whenapatient,particularlytheelderlyisprescribedfrequentlytotakemorethanonetherapeuticagent,druginteractionsresultingintoxicitywilloccur.所有医生都应该负起责任解决药品滥用所引起的各种社会问题。药物用得恰当；将是人类的一大福音；用得不当；则可能毁了人类。病人，特别是老年病人(经常性使用一种以上治疗药物的话；往往会发生产生毒性药物的相互作用。4.Atonetime,itwasessentialforthephysiciantohavebroadbotanicalknowledge,becausetheyhadtopossesstheabilityandskilltoselectproperplantsfromwhichtopreparehisowncrudemedicinalpreparations.以前；医师必须具备很广泛的植物学知识；因为他要懂得挑选适当的植物的能力和技巧；2/7页并将它们制备成简单的药物制剂。5.Thestudyofbiochemicalandphysiologicaleffectsofdrugsandtheirmechanismsofactionistermedaspharmacodynamics,whoseuniquenessliesmainlyinthatitsattentionisfocusedonthecharacteristicsofthedrug.Asabroaderscience,itborrowsfreelyfromboththetheoriesandexperimentaltechniquesofthedrug.Asabroaderscience,itborrowsfreelyfromboththetheoriesandexperimentaltechniquesofphysiology,biochemistry,immunology,andpathology.对药物的生化生理作用及其活性机制的研究叫做药效学；该学科的独到之处主要在于其关注的要点是药物的特征。药效学作为一门边缘学科；大量借鉴了生理学、生物化学、免疫学、病理学等学科的理论和实验技术。Unit51.Tofightagainstdisease,theimmunesystemgeneratesproteinsknownasantibodiesthatbindtoinvadingorganisms.Buttherealcaseisthattheimmunesystemisnottodevelopaspecializedantibodyeachtimeitisfacedwithanewpathogen.Infact,theimmunesystemselectthemosteffectiveonebymassscreeningofitsantibodyrepertoire,thusidentifyingtheonesthatworkbest.为了对抗疾病；免疫系统生成了被称为抗体的蛋白质；它们附着于入侵细菌。但实际情况是免疫系统并不能在每次面对一个新的病原体时都制造出一种特殊的抗体：实际上；免疫系统是通过对其抗体库的大规模筛选而确定最有效的抗体。2.Inaprocesscalledcombinatorialchemistry,chemistsgeneratealargenumberofrelatedcompoundsandthenscreenthecollectionfortheonesthatcouldhavemedicinalvalue.在一种被称为“组合化学”的过程中；化学家们首先生成很多相关化合物；然后对它们进行筛选；来找到那些可能具有药用价值的化合物。3.Inaparallelsynthesis,chemistsoftenuseaso-calledmicrotiterplatetoassemblealltheproductsseparatelyintheirownreactionvessels.在平行合成中；化学家们常常利用所谓的微量滴定盘将所有的产物都在其各自的反应容器中结集。4.Aparallelsynthesisandasplit-and-mixsynthesisaredifferentwiththatinaparallelsynthesis,alltheproductsareassembledseparatelyintheirownreactioncontainers,whileinasplit-and-mixsynthesis,therelatedcompoundsaremixedupinthesamereactionvessel,whichreducesthenumberofcontainersrequired.平行合成和分裂—混合合成的不同在于,在平行合成中每个化合物都留在自己的反应器中；而在分裂—混合合成中；相关化合物都混合在同一容器中；这种方法极大地减少了所需容器的数量。5.Attheendofasplit-and-mixsynthesis,allthemoleculesattachedtoasinglebeadarefoundtobeofthesamestructure.Chemistspulloutfromthemixturethebeadsthatbearbiologicallyactivemoleculesandthen,usesensitivedetectiontechniquestodeterminethemolecularmakeupofthecompoundattached.在分裂—混合合成过程结束时；可以发现所有附着于一个小珠上的分子结构都一样。化学家们从混合物中分离出具有生物活性分子的小珠,然后利用灵敏的探测技术来确定附着的化合物的分子结构。Units61.Plantnaturalproductshavehad,andcontinuetohave,animportantroleasmedicinalandpharmaceuticalagents,notonlyaspurifiedisolatesandextractives,butalsoasleadcompoundsforsyntheticoptimization.植物天然产物已经并继续拥有作为医药和药剂的重要作用；不仅是纯化的分离物提取物；而且作为合成优化的先导化合物。2.Plantsecondarymetabolitesalsoshowpromiseforcancerchemoprevention,whichhasbeendefinedas“theuseofnon-cytotoxicnutrientsforpharmacologicalagentstoenhanceintrinsicphysiologicalmechanismsthatprotecttheorganismagainstmutantclonesofmalignantcells”.3/7页植物次生代谢产物也有希望用于肿瘤化学预防；即“利用无细胞毒营养物或药物增强内在生理机制以保护有机体；防止恶性肿瘤细胞的突变复制。3.Nevertheless,thevastmajorityoftheworld’squarterofamillionplantspecieshasnotbeenevaluatedinpharmaceuticalscreens,andthesmallpercentagethathasbeentestedhasgenerallybeenscreenedforactivityagainstonlyafewtherapeutictargets.然而；世界上25万种植物的绝大部分还没有进行药物筛选 评价 LEC评价法下载LEC评价法下载评价量规免费下载学院评价表文档下载学院评价表文档下载 ；一小部分已经进行测试的也只是对很少几种治疗靶标进行了活性筛选。4.Althoughmanysamplingprogramsdesignedtogeneratelargenumbersofsamplesforhigh-throughputscreeningprogramshavebeencharacterizedasrandom,ithasbeenshownthattheyareneithertrulyrandomnorhaphazard,butthatsamplingoccurswithoutpreconceivedselectionofspecies.尽管许多产生大量用于高通量筛选的样品的采样程序已经具有随机的特征；但是已有结果表明他们并不是随机的；也不是任意的；除非采样是在没有先入为主的种类选择下进行的。5.Threemainresearchapproachesareusedindrugdiscoveryanddevelopmentprocesses:(1)bioactivity–ormechanismofaction-directedisolationandcharacterizationofactivecompounds,(2)rationaldrugdesign-basedmodificationandanalogsynthesis,and(3)mechanismofactionstudies.在药物发现和开发程序中应用的三种主要思路是，生物活性或作用机制为导向的分离及活性化合物的鉴定；基于修饰或类似物合成的合理药物 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 ；作用机制研究。Unit71.Absorptionistheprocessofadrugenteringsystemiccirculationfromitssiteofadministration.Exceptdirectinjectionintothebloodvessels,otherroutesofadministrationinvolvethetransportofcellmembrane.吸收是药物自用药部位进入血液循环的过程。除直接注入血管者外；一般的给药方法都要经过细胞膜的转运。2.Drugabsorption,especiallythoseorallyadministereddrugs,dependsonmanyfactors,suchastheintrinsiccharacteristicsofthedrug,dosageform,food,patientageandthelike.很多因素都可以影响药物的吸收,特别是口服药物的吸收；如药物本身的性质；剂型；食物；患者年龄等。3.Thedistributionofadruginthebodyisunevenandisinastateofdynamicequilibrium,thatis,itchangesconstantlywiththeabsorptionandeliminationofthedrug.药物在体内的分布多数是不均匀的；且处于动态平衡状态中；即随药物的吸收与排泄不断地变化着。4.Afteradrugenterstheblood,itwillmoreorlessbindtoplasmaprotein,butthisbindingislooseandreversible,andisalwaysinastateofequilibrium.药物进入血液后或多或少地将与血浆蛋白结合；但这种结合是疏松的；可逆的；经常处于动态平衡。5.Bioavailabilityistherelativequantityandrateofdrugswithdifferentdosageformswhichareabsorbedandreachthesystemiccirculation;itisconcernedwiththeintensityandspeedofdrugaction.生物利用度是指不同剂型的药物能吸收进入体循环的相对份量及速度。它与药物作用的强度与速度有关。Unit81.Analyticalchemistryaimstoresolvetwoquestions:whatitisandhowmuchitis,thatisqualitativeanalysisandquantitativeanalysis.Qualitativeanalysisistoidentifytheelements,4/7页ionsandcompoundscontainedinasamplewhilequantitativeanalysisistodeterminetheexactquantity.分析化学的核心任务在于解决两个问题，一个是有什么：另一个是有多少；也就是定性分析和定量分析。定性分析是指鉴别所含的物质而定量分析是测定物质的准确含量。2.Analyticalchemistryhasexpandedbeyondtheboundsofjustchemistry,andmanyhaveadvocatedusingthenameanalyticalsciencetodescribethefield.Eventhistermfallsshortofrecognitionoftheroleofinstrumentationdevelopmentandapplications.Onesuggestionisthatweusethetermanalyticalscienceandtechnology.分析化学的发展已经超出了化学的边界；因此有人提议用分析科学来描述这个领域。但是；该名词忽视了仪器发展和应用的作用；有人建议使用“分析科学和技术”这一名词。3.Analyticalchemistsworktoimprovethereliabilityofexistingtechniquestomeetthedemandsforbetterchemicalmeasurementswhichariseconstantlyinoursociety.Theyadoptprovenmethodologiestonewkindsofmaterialsortoanswernewquestionsabouttheircompositionandtheirreactivitymechanisms.分析化学家致力于提高已有技术的可靠性以更好的满足社会中频繁出现的化学检测的需求。他们将已证实的方法学应用于新型 材料 关于××同志的政审材料调查表环保先进个人材料国家普通话测试材料农民专业合作社注销四查四问剖析材料 ；或回答关于其组成及反应机理的新问题。4.Qualitativetestsmaybeperformedbyselectivechemicalreactionsorwiththeuseofinstrumentation.Forexample,theformationofawhiteprecipitatewhenaddingasolutionofsilvernitratetoadissolvedsampleindicatesthepresenceofchloride.Infraredspectrawillgive“fingerprints”oforganiccompoundsoftheirfunctionalgroups.定性鉴别可能通过选择性的化学反应或者仪器分析来完成。例如当把硝酸银溶液滴加到一份溶解样品中；生成白色沉淀就说明了样品中存在氯离子。而红外光谱可以给出有机化合物或官能团的“指纹”5.Thefirstphaseinthetestingofbannedsubstancesiscalledfast-screeningphase,inwhichqualitativeanalysissuchasGCorLCisadoptedtotestsuspicioussamples.Inthesecondphase,GC-MSisemployedforfurthertestingofthosesuspicioussamples.Finally,spectrophotometryorGCisappliedforaccuratequantification.违禁药物检查的第一阶段称作快速筛选阶段；通常采用气相色谱或液相色谱等定性分析方法检查出可疑样本：第二阶段使用气质联用对可疑样本进一步检测：最后；应用分光光度法或气相色谱进行准确定量。Unit91.Thedevelopmentofanewtherapeuticagentinvolvesamultidisciplinarygroupinmanyyearsofwork；andwiththedevelopmentofgeneticengineeringandtheproductionofmonoclonalantibodies,itislikelythatevenmoreagentsshouldbeproduced.新药研发涉及多学科研究人员多年的共同研究成果；并且随着遗传工程学和单克隆抗体技术的发展；人们必将研制出更多新药。2.Theactivityofbiopharmaceuticalsdependsontheircomplicatedconformationbasedonsecondary,tertiaryandquaternarystructures.Thesestructurescannotbefullydefinedwithourpresentsetofanalyticaltechniquesandapproachesforpotencytesting.生物药剂的活性依赖于其二级、三级和四级结构基础上的复杂构象；并且这些构象采用目前的分析技术和方法还无法完全被确定并用于效能试验。3.Apartfromtheintravenousrouteofdrugadministration,whereadrugisintroduceddirectlyintothebloodcirculation,allotherroutesofadministeringsystemicallyactingdrugsinvolvetheabsorptionofdrugfromtheplaceofadministrationintotheblood.除了静脉注射这一给药途径可以直接进入血液循环外；所有其他全身性作用的药物的给药途径都涉及药物从给药地点吸收进入血液的过程。4.Biopharmaceuticalsarepharmaceuticalproductsconsistingof(glyco)proteins,andtheyhaveanumberofcharacteristicsthatsetthemasidefromlowmolecularweightdrugs.生物药剂是含有，糖(蛋白的药物制剂；它们具有许多与小分子量药物不同的特性。5.Insafetytestingandclinicaltestprogramsofbiopharmaceuticals,questionshavetobeaddressedregardingspeciesspecificresponses,selectionofdosingschedulesandrouteofadministration,andthepossibleoccurrenceofimmunogenicity.在生物制剂安全性试验和临床试验计划中；必须将重点放在种属特异性应答、给药途径和给药 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 的选择以及可能发生的免疫原性上。Unit111.TheinformationthepackageinsertcontainsisderivedfromdatasuppliedbyinvestigatorsandsubmittedbythepharmaceuticalfirmtotheFDA,includingthechemicalstructureofthedrug,asummaryofitspharmacologicalthetoxicologicalaction,itsclinicalindicationsandcontraindications,precautions,reportedadversereactions,dosagerecommendations,andavailabledosageforms.药品说明 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 中所包含的信息来自于调查人员提供的、由药品生产厂家提交给FDA的数据；包括药品的化学结构、药理/药毒性能的概说、临床适应症和禁忌症、注意事项；有报道的不良反应、建议用量和可用剂型。2.Thephysicianmayexercisehisprofessionaljudgmentintheuseofanydrug.However,ifhedeviatesfromtheinstructionsinthepackageinsertandadversereactionsoccur,hemustbepreparedtodefendhispositionincourtifthereisamalpracticesuit.3.Ifaseverereactionoccurredandlitigationfollowed,howwouldacourtreactifaphysicianadmittedtotheuseofthisdrugforthetreatmentofsomediseasesinviewoftheprohibitionsinthepackageinsert?Wouldthepublishedclinicalstudy,plusthephysician’sjudgmentinprescribingthedrug,suffice?4.TheFDAcannotrequireapharmaceuticalfirmtoincludeanewuseforthedrugproductintheinsertevenifithasbeenclinicallytestedandfoundusefulforagivenproblem.But,ifanewuseforadrugisnotyetincludedinthepackageinsert,themanufacturercannotadvertisehisproductforthatparticularuse.5.Today,theFDA’sregulatoryscopeandauthorityincludeensuringthesafetyandpurityoffoods,drugs,medicaldevices,nutritionalsupplements,vaccinesandcosmetics.Ofparticularconcerntotheanesthesiologististhetimelyaccesstodrugevaluation,pharmacologic,andmedicaldevicedata.Withthedramaticupsurgeinthenumberofnewprescriptiondrugsandover-the-countersupplements,theneedforup-to-datedruginformationhasneverbeenmorecrucial.Unit121.Formally,drugswereextractedfromnaturalplantsandanimalsources,andthetherapeuticusewasbasedontraditionalexperience.以前；药物都是从天然植物和动物那儿提取的；治疗方法也是以传统经验为基础的。2.Drugdevelopmentstrategiesinvolveserendipity,molecularroulette,programmedbasicresearchwithsynthesisofspecificchemical,etc.药物研制策略包括偶然发现、分子随机组合、有计划的研究某一特定化学成分的合成等方法。3.Whenadrugisusedbymillions,therearecertaintobeadversereactionseventhoughtherisktoanyindividualissmall.当某种药物被数百万人使用时；肯定会有不良反应出现；尽管具体到个人这种危险性并不大。4.Pharmacologicalexperimentonanewdrugdetermineswhetherthedrughasthedesiredprofileofactioninmodelsystem.新药的药理学实验将确定该药在模型系统中是否具备人们期待的药物功能。5.Chemistsandbiologistshavenowattachedgreatimportancetosuchfieldsofresearchasmolecularbiologyandbiochemicalpharmacology.现在；化学家和生物学家非常重视分子生物学和生化药理学等研究领域。Unit131.药学服务强调优化药物治疗、使药物问题最小化和提高自我管理能力；其目的是获得最优疗效并提高病人的生活质量。2.糖尿病是一种代谢性疾病；其特点是由于胰岛素分泌缺陷、胰岛素作用缺陷或二者兼有而出现慢性高血糖；最终有可能导致并发症。3.干预组病人的药学监护过程包括三部分；分别是在医院、出院后和活动地点提供的药学监护。4.药学监护对患者健康相关的生活质量有明显益处和积极影响；在医院和社区进行药学监护是可行的。5.研究结果说明没有接受强化药学监护的患者；生活质量下降的风险更高。