跨文化交际PPT课件

1.Whatisculture?Onthesurface:customsandbehaviorMoredeeply:whatthebehaviorandcustomsmeantothepeoplewhoarefollowingthemInaword:CultureisallaboutmeaningsHall:Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere4.WhatisCommunication?ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicare”,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communication”istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.(J.T.Wood)ElementsofcommunicationContext(location,time,light,temperature,seatingarrangements)Participants(relationship,gender,culture)Messages(meanings,symbols,encodinganddecoding)Channels(sound,sight,smell,taste,touch)Noise(externalnoise,internalnoise,semanticnoise)feedbackLinearModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIsthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication?ModeofCommunicationInteractiveModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedbackisessentialtogoodcommunicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channel5.Characteristicsofcommunication1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationisirreversible4)Communicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontext.6.InterculturalCommunicationSamovar&PorterInterculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.interculturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities.InterculturalCommunicationVsCross-culturalCommunicationCross-culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations,affectivedispositions,relationshipmanagement,communicativestyles(psychologicalprocess)Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture(practicalsignificance)Warm-up:Readthefollowingsayingsaloud,anddiscusswithyourpartner:whatdotheymeantoyou?Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature,buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart.----ConfuciansayingOneman’smeatisanotherman’spoison.----EnglishproverbGodgavetoeverypeopleacup,cupofclay,andfromthiscuptheydranklife…Theyalldippedinthewater,buttheircupsweredifferent.----R.BenedictHigh-contextCulture:Inhigh-contextmessages,meaningisnotnecessarilycontainedinwords.Informationisprovidedthroughgestures,theuseofspace,andevensilence.Meaningisalsoconveyedthroughstatus(age,sex,education,familybackground,title,andaffiliation).Examplesofhigh-contextculturesincludeChinese,Japanese,MiddleEasterners,etc.Low-contextCulture:Inlow-contextmessages,themajorityoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.Examplesoflow-contextculturesincludeEnglish,NorthAmerican,German,etc.Summary:languageandcultureLanguageisareflectionofculture,andcultureisareflectionoflanguage.Cultureinfluenceslanguagebywayofsymbolsandrulesforusingthosesymbols,aswellasourperceptionsoftheuniverse(themeaningassociatedwiththesymbols).Language,ontheotherhand,wouldseemtohaveamajorimpactonthewayanindividualperceivesandconceptualizestheworld.WhatisverbalcommunicationVerbal:connectedwithwordsandtheiruseVerbalcommunication:communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguageEasiertousewordstorepresentone’sexperienceswithinthesameculturebecausepeoplesharemanysimilarexperiences.Moretroublesomeinverbalcommunicationacrossculturesbecausepeople’sexperiences,beliefs,values,customs,traditionsandthelikearedifferent.Howdifferentthinkingpatternsaffectourlife?WesternmedicineVstraditionalChinesemedicineWesterncookingDifferentviewsoncontractsWesternersvalueobjectivity,specificityandprecisionandmakesenseoftheworldbyreasoningandanalyzing.Chinesearemoresubjectiveandvalueintuitionalot,throughwhichtheygetaninsightintothingsaroundthem.4.CommunicationStylesandCultureComparethefollowingtwospokendiscourseanddecidewhichonemightbegivenbyaChineseandwhichbyanAmerican?BecausemostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowHongKongwillbelikeafter1997,andsinceIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.So,IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.Inductivepattern(topicdelayed)WhichisgivenbyaChinese?WhichbyanAmerican?B.IsuggestthatwedelaymakingourdecisionuntilafterLegcomakesitsdecision.That’sbecauseIthinkacertainamountofcautionincommittingtoTVadvertisementisnecessarybecauseoftheexpense.Inadditiontothat,mostofourproductionisdoneinChinanow,andit’snotreallycertainhowHongKongwillbelikeafter1997.deductivepattern(topicfirst)DifferentCommunicationStyles2）东方：归纳法（个别→一般）VS西方：演绎（一般→个别）induction(specific→general)deduction(general→specific)ChineseInductive?Americandeductive?Intheeast,peoplesometimesadoptthedeductivepattern.(inacloserelationshiporrelativelyequalstatus)Inthewest,peopledonotexcludetheuseofinductivepattern.(borrowmoney,oraskforabig,embarrassingfavor)Inboththeeastandwest,thepersoninahigherstatustendstousethedeductivepatternwhiletheoneinalowerstatustendstousetheinductivepattern.1.NonverbalCommunicationNonverbalcodesrefertocommunicativemessageswhicharenotinwordform.Morethan55%messagesarecommunicatednonverbally!Definition:(1)“Metacommunication(beyondtheusualcommmunication),paralinguistics,second-ordermessages,thesilentlanguage,andthehiddendimensionofcommunication.”(Hall,1959)Definition:(2)Nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallnonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthatisgeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathaspotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.(SamovarandPorter,2004)1.1BodyLanguageBodylanguagereferstoallnonverbalcodeswhichareassociatedwithbodymovements.Bodylanguageincludesgestures,headmovements,facialexpressions,eyebehaviors,posturesandotherdisplaysthatcanbeusedtocommunicate.(1)GeneralAppearanceandDressConcernwithhowoneappearsisuniversal.Wemakeinferences(oftenfaulty)aboutanother’s“intelligence,gender,age,approachability,financialwell-being,class,tastes,values,andculturalbackground”fromattractiveness,dress,andpersonalartifacts.Doyouselectattractivefriendsoverlessattractiveones?1.2Paralanguage(伴随语言)Itreferstovoicecharacteristicsandvocalqualities.Paralinguisticsisthestudyofsuchnon-semanticaspectsofspeechastone,volume,pitchandtempo,pauseandthelikewhicharetogetherwithverbalinformation.Ourvoicemaybeoneofthemostinformativeelementsinbuildingupourimages.(1)PitchPitchdecideshesitationoremphasis.Whenoneisexcited,his/hervoicewouldbehighinpitch,quickinrate,andtherewillbenopausesbetweensentences;Whenoneissadordepressed,his/hervoicetraitswouldsurelybetheopposite.(2)VolumeControlTheEnglishalwaysspeakinlowervoicethanChinesewhentheymakespeechoralecture,ortalkingwitheachother,orphoning.ButChineseoftenspeakinloudvoiceintheaforesaidoccasions.Americanaremoreskilledinregulatingtheirvoicevolumeanduseverymanydifferentvolumelevelsdependingonthesizeoftheaudienceandthephysicalenvironment.(3)SilenceSilencecanbelongerbetweenfriendsorintimatesthanthestrangerswhohavetoconverse.Chinesepaymoreattentiontothefunctionofsilenceinthetalking,andthinkthatthepausesandsilencehaverichmeanings.Silencemayhavemanypossiblemeanings:agreement--disagreement,thoughtful--ignorance,consideration--inconsideration,secrecy,coldness,submission,boredomandsoon.Timesystems(Hall,1976):Doyoustillremembertimeorientation?MonochronicTime(M-Time)PolychronicTime(P-Time)美国人类学家霍尔（EdwardHall）在《超越文化》（BeyondCulture）一书中首次区分了两种不同的时间观念,即“单向计时制”（monochronictime）和“多向计时制”（polychronictime)MonochronicTime(M-Time)Itschedulesoneeventatatime.Intheseculturestimeisperceivedasalinearstructurejustlikearibbonstretchingfromthepastintothefuture.e.g.AmericanPeople“单向计时制重视日程安排、阶段时间和准时”,认为“时间是线性的、可分割的，就象一条道路或带子向前伸展到未来，向后延伸到过去”。MonochronicTime(M-Time)在我们看来，同时做两件事几乎有点不道德。”持有这种时间取向的英美人士把时间看成具体实在（tangible）的东西,可以节省（save）、花费（spend）、赚得（earn）、浪费（waste）、失去（lose）、弥补（makeup）、计量(measure）、甚至当成商品一样买卖（buy,sell）和拥有（have）。美国人特别强调把时间分割成不同的时段来安排活动,强调守时,严格按照日程一次做一件事情（doonethingatatime）PolychronicTime(P-Time)P-timeschedulesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Itismoreflexibleandmorehumanistic.PeoplefromP-timesystememphasizetheinvolvementofpeoplemorethanschedules.Theydonotseeappointmentsasironcladcommitmentsandoftenbreakthem.e.g.Chinese,LatinAmerican,ArabandmostAsianculturesDefinitionofEthnocentrismDefinition“theviewofthingsinwhichone’sowngroupisthecenterofeverything,andallothersarescaledandratedwithreferencetoit”(WilliamG.Sumner)Examples“Chinaisacountrywithalonghistory.”“arrangedmarriage”ReasonforethnocentricideasAllcultureshavethetendencytousethecategoriesofone’sownculturetoevaluatetheactionsofothers.NegativeImpactofEthnocentrismIfpeoplebelievethattheircultureistheonlytrueculture,theywilldiscriminateagainstpeoplewhomanifestculturalnormsthatfailtocorrespondtotheirvaluesandbehaviors.StereotypesDefinitionStereotypesareaformofgeneralizationaboutsomegroupofpeople,orameansoforganizingimagesintofixedandsimplecategoriesthatareusedtostandfortheentirecollectionofpeople.(WalterLippmann)ReasonsHumanbeingshaveapsychologicalneedtocategorizeandclassify.PrejudiceDefinitionItreferstonegativeattitudestowardsotherpeoplethatarebasedonfaultyandinflexiblestereotypes.Itisanunfair,biased,orintolerantattitudetowardsanothergroupofpeople.(Lusting&Koester)ExamplesExample1:“ThoseGermansdiditonce,soIcannevertrustanyofthemeveragain.”Example2:“Don’tpaytheMexicansverymuch.Theydon’thaveanyeducationandwillworkforalmostnothing.”DiscriminationItreferstothebehavioralmanifestationsoftheprejudice,itcanbethoughtofasprejudice“inaction”.(Lusting&Koester)RacismThebeliefthatraceaccountsfordifferencesinhumancharacterorabilityandthataparticularraceissuperiortoothers.WhatisCultureShock?DefinitionTroublesomefeelingssuchasdepression,loneliness,confusion,inadequacy,hostility,frustration,andtension,causedbythelossoffamiliarcuesfromthehomeculture.(LinellDavis)2.AcculturationItisculturechangethatresultsfromcontinuousfirsthandcontactbetweentwodistinctculturalgroups.Itisthroughacculturationthatpersonaltransformationfromculturalcontacttakesplace.Acculturationincludespsychological,physiologicalandsocialchanges.