B2U1-Section-APPT优秀课件

2Unit1LanguageinmissionFOREIGNLANGUAGETEACHINGANDRESEARCHPRESSHEBEIUNIVERSITY1PresentingyourprojectDevelopingyourideasPresentingyourideasOrganizingyourideas89Accordingtothespeaker,inwhatwaysdidChinesestudentslearnEnglish?ProjectoftheunitLead-inDoyouagreewithwhathesaidaboutChinesestudentslearningEnglish?Whyorwhynot.ChinesestudentspracticetheirEnglishbyscreamingit.Yes,IjustlearnedEnglishexactlythatway.No,wehavelearnedEnglishindifferentways.tobecontinued6ProjectoftheunitLead-in3.HowdoyoulearnEnglish?WhatdoyouthinkofyourwayofEnglishlearning?IthinkmywayofEnglishlearningis:effective,ineffective,interesting,boringchallengingbutrewardingexamination-orientedIlearnEnglishby:listening to the teacher carefully in classtaking notes …to go over lessons latercatching every chance to practice speakinglistening and reading alotdoing enough exercises to practice grammarrules7Lead-inWorktogethertocreateaquestionlistaboutone’sknowledgeandapplicationofEnglishlearningstrategies.Oneofyouwillbetheinterviewertocollectinformationfromothers.Thegrouppreparesforareporttotheclass.Onereporterfromeachgroupwillreporttheinformationtoclass.Usethetabletotakenotesandcompareyourgroup’sopinionwithothers’.Workingroupsandmakeaninterview.Step2Projectoftheunit8TaskMywayoflearningEnglishProjectoftheunitLead-inSamplequestionlist：HowmanyyearshaveyoulearntEnglish?Doyoulikeit?Why(not)?Whatdoyouthinkofgrammar/vocabularylearning?Isitimportant/difficult?Why(not)?Howdoyoulearnit?Howdoyoupracticelistening/speaking/reading/writing?Isthewayeffectivetoyou?9TaskMywayoflearningEnglishProjectoftheunitLead-inSampletable：10InspiringyourthoughtsEnhancingyourskillsPresentingyourprojectProjectoftheunitProjectforecastingLead-in11Whatisthewritingstyleofthetext?Why?Thewritingstyleofthetextisrelaxed,whichisprovedbyalotofshortsentencesandparagraphs,casualverbs,dailytalksandsimplemodifiers.InspiringyourthoughtsGlobalunderstanding15Mapthetextstructureandfillintheblanks.Step1Step2Workingroupsoffour.Identifytheintroduction,thebodyandtheconclusionpartofthetext.InspiringyourthoughtsGlobalunderstandingUnderstandingthestructureofthepassageTask216InspiringyourthoughtsGlobalunderstanding711-1314-176-1017Step3Workingroupsandsummarizethemainideaofeachpart.InspiringyourthoughtsGlobalunderstandingPara.1:Inhisson’seyes,theauthoristhefatherwhohehastoobeyandanoddityabsorbedingrammar.tobecontinuedParas.2-4:Theauthorstartedtobeseriousaboutthelanguagelearningproblemafterheraninto…Para.5:Thesisofthenarration:Itisunfair…Introduction18GlobalunderstandingInspiringyourthoughtsThefirstsection:Paras.6-7:Claimswhy...byproviding...Paras.8-10:Validatestheauthor’sviewpointthat…byusing…tobecontinuedThesecondsection:Paras.11-12:Elaboratestheimportanceof…bywayof…Para.13:Re-emphasizestheauthor’spointofview:…Body19GlobalunderstandingInspiringyourthoughtsParas.14-17:Narratesanotherincidentwherehissonunconsciouslyutteredagrammaticallyperfectsentencewithasubjunctivemood,whichmadetheauthorsoproudofhisson.Conclusion20Thistextisa________thattalksabouttheauthor’spersonalexperiencein____________________________tohisson.Heclaimsthatstudentscanlearnbetter______________________.Fillintheblanksafterreadingthepassage.narrativegivinganeffectiveEnglishlessoniftheyareproperlytaughtInspiringyourthoughtsGlobalunderstandingGlobalunderstandingafteranalysisTask321GlobalunderstandingDetailedunderstandingEnhancingyourskillsPresentingyourprojectProjectoftheunitInspiringyourthoughts221)Whydoesthesonthinkthathisfatherisatediousoddity?2)Whydoestheauthorthinkthatstudents’languagedeficitsshouldbeblamedonschools?3)Whatdoesthefatherteachthesonwhilegivinghimagrammarlesson?4)Whatarethetwothingsthattheauthorusestodescribegrammarandvocabulary?5)Howdoyouunderstandtheinterjection“whoa!”saidbythefathertowardtheendofthetext?Readthetextagainandanswerthefollowingquestions.InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingDetailedunderstandingofthetextTask423Whydoesthesonthinkthathisfatherisatediousoddity?InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingReferenceanswers：Becauseheistiredoflisteningtohisfatherandheisnotinterestedingrammarrules.242)Whydoestheauthorthinkthatstudents’languagedeficitsshouldbeblamedonschools?InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingReferenceanswers：Becausetheschoolsfailtosethighstandardsoflanguageproficiency.Theyonlyteachalittlegrammarandlessadvancedvocabulary.Andtheyoungerteachersthemselveshavelittleknowledgeofthevitalstructuresoflanguage.253)Whatdoesthefatherteachthesonwhilegivinghimagrammarlesson?InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingReferenceanswers：Hefamiliarizedhissonwithdifferentpartsofspeechinasentenceanddiscussedtheirspecificgrammaticalfunctionsincludinghowtouseadverbstodescribeverbs.264)Whatarethetwothingsthattheauthorusestodescribegrammarandvocabulary?InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingReferenceanswers：Theauthoruses“roadmap”and“car”todescribegrammarandvocabulary.Here,“roadmap”isconsideredasgrammarand“car”asvocabulary.275)Howdoyouunderstandtheinterjection“whoa!”saidbythefathertowardtheendofthetext?InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingReferenceanswers：Sincethesubjunctivemoodhissonusedisafairlyadvancedgrammarstructure,theinterjection“whoa!”reflectsthetremendouspridethefatherhadtowardhisson;italsoreflectstheauthor’shumorinusingthewordbecauseitwasonceusedbyhisstudent,thoughintwodifferentsituationsandwithtwodifferentfeelings.28Step1Roleplaythe“impressivelesson”inpairs.InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingInspiringyourthoughtsTask529Whatdoyouthinkofthe“impressiveEnglishlesson”?Isiteffective?DoyouthinkEnglishgrammarhelpsyoualotinlearningEnglish?Whyorwhynot?Howcanyoueffectivelyenlargeyourvocabulary?InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingStep2Thinkoverthefollowingquestionsandshareyourideaswithyourclassmates.Questionsfordiscussion:30Whatdoyouthinkofthe“impressiveEnglishlesson”?Isiteffective?InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingReferenceanswers：Yes.Becausethelessonarousedchildren’sinterestinlearningEnglishgrammar.No.becauseit’slikeastreetlearningwithoutformalinstruction.Yes.Becausethewaytolearngrammarismorenatural,interestingandenjoyable.Yes,becauselearnersbecomemoremotivatedwhenlearningsomethingtheylike.312)DoyouthinkEnglishgrammarhelpsyoualotinlearningEnglish?Whyorwhynot?InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingReferenceanswers：Englishgrammarhelpsalot:Ordersentencescorrectly.Usewordsproperly.TalkwithotherEnglishspeakersconfidently.Englishgrammarisoflittlehelp:Onlygiverulesthatarehardtoremember.Itisnothelpfulinareal-lifesettingduetothelimitedtimetothinkandrecalltherules.Notalwaysapplicabletothereallanguage,especiallyidioms.323)Howcanyoueffectivelyenlargeyourvocabulary?InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingReferenceanswers：ReadmoreEnglishfromonlinesources.WatchEnglishTV/listentoEnglishradio/watchEnglishonlinevideos.TalkoftenwithEnglishspeakers.Listencarefullyandextensively.Usedictionariestolookupunfamiliarwords.Usenewwordsasoftenaspossible.33InspiringyourthoughtsDetailedunderstandingStep3SummarizeyourideasandwriteaparagraphconcerningtheeffectivestrategiesforacquiringEnglishgrammarandvocabulary.34exclaimcapturecondenseexceedproclaimtune371)Someartistsareabletocatchalikenessinasketchwhileothersaregiftedto_________afleetingexpression.Thankyouverymuch,professor.Iamextremely________toyou.Schoolprincipalsshouldnotexpectteachers,________fromcollege,todealwithalargegroupofdifficultchildren.Timepassesquicklywhenyouare___________inreadingagoodbook.captureStep2Fillintheblankswiththefollowingwordsinthebox.obligeabsorbfreshcapturefreshabsorbedobligedEnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagelearning385)You’llhavetopayextramoneyifyou________yourluggageallowance.6)Thewholechaptercouldbe__________intoafewparagraphs.7)Aformaleducationwithemphasisonhistory,literature,andculturehelpsapersonlearnhowto___________rightfromwrong.8)Youshouldregardlanguageasaroadmapandavaluablepossession:oftenstudytheroadmap(checkgrammar)and_____upthecarengine(adjustvocabulary).exceedcondensedcondenseexceeddistinguishtunedistinguishtuneEnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagelearning39Choose3-5wordsfromthefollowinglisttotalkaboutEnglishlearning.Step3EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagelearning40Choose3-5expressionsfromthefollowinglisttotalkaboutEnglishlearning.Step3EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagelearning41Findthecollocationpairsintheformofbe+adj.andmakesentences.Step1EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagelearningLearningadjectivesaboutEnglishlearningTask2be/feelobligedtodosth.beallergictosth.be/getseriousaboutsth.befullofsth.becomplimentarytosth.bebeneficialtosth.42Step2CompletethefollowingtalkabouthowtoimprovethewayofteachingEnglishwithappropriatecollocationsfromtheTextAandB.You’reprovidedwiththefirstletter(s)foreachofthecollocations.(adj.+n,v.+n)EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagelearning43Well,talkingaboutteachinglanguage,Iamafraidthatourlanguageclassesdidn’tspendadequatetimeonthe1)es_______fr________oflanguage:goodgrammarand2)pr______vo_______.Becauseteachers,students,parentsandthejobmarketsareonlyconcernedaboutscores,ourcurrentschoolsystemspaymuchattentionto3)ex______co____oftestingstrategiesandrelyheavilyonhowwellstudentscanperformonatest.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagelearningsentialameworkopercabularycellentntrol44Someschoolsassumethatstudentswith4)la_______de____canimprovetheirreadingscoresiftheyrepeatedlypracticestrategiesonrandomlyselectedreadingpassages.Therefore,insteadofsetting5)h___st_______ofEnglish6)l_______pr________inteaching,classesaresimplytransformedintoavirtuallanguagesettingwherestudentsonlypracticeworkingonexamsusingthereadingstrategiestheyare“taught”.Consequently,theycanonly7)a_______kn_______oftest-takingstrategies,butnot8)c________com__________skills.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagelearningnguageficitighandardsanguageoficiencycquireowledgeompetentmunication45To9)ov_______de________inlanguageteaching,classesshouldfocusonreadingvarioustextsandarticlesinliterature,science,historyandarts.Studentscanlearnhowto10)sk____th______toachieve11)e_______com__________intherealworldthroughextensivereading.Whileconductingreadingactivities,weshouldalsospendenoughtimeoncriticalskillsintermsoflanguagecomponentssuchas12)ad______vo_______.Inshort,testpreparationshouldbefocusedonthecontentratherthantest-takingstrategies.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagelearningercomeficienciesetchoughtsffectivemunicationvancedcabulary46Aformaleducationwithemphasisonhistory,literature,andculturehelpsapersonlearnhowtodistinguishrightfromwrong.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingDetailedlearningofkeyvocabularyTask3v.recognizethedifferencesbetweenthings区分；辨别Translation:着重于历史、文学和文化的正规教育能帮助一个人学习如何明辨是非。tobecontinued47EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingTranslation:批判性阅读能力包括区分什么是事实、什么是作者自己的看法或解释的能力。tobecontinued48EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlighting491)Hisgrandfatherhadbeena_____________universityprofessor.2)Irenehadavery___________voice.3)Ihavethe__________feelingthatmyfrienddidnotrealizewhatwashappening.4)Oneofthe___________featuresofthisbookisits________illustrations.distinguisheddistinctivedistinctdistinctivedistinctFillintheblankswiththefollowingwords.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingdistinguisheddistinctivedistinct50(fml.)saypubliclyorofficiallythatsth.importantistrueorexists宣称；宣布；声明Evenas we proclaim our lovefor peace anour hatred of war,thereare stillconvulsions inour world that endanger us all. EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingTranslation:尽管我们宣告自己热爱和平、憎恨战争，但我们的世界仍存在危及我们所有人的动荡。tobecontinued511.proclaim是正式宣告或公开宣告，“宣告”的中文意思比“声明”要严肃。2.claim是根据权利声明，根据权利要求索赔，根据权利认领。EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingtobecontinued52Thegovernmenthas______________anewlaw.They_________tohavediscoveredacureforthedisease.3)Theoldman________theland.proclaimedclaimclaimedEnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingFillintheblankswiththefollowingwords.proclaimclaim53v.changeormovesth.slightlytoimproveitormakeitmoresuitableforaparticularpurpose调整；调节EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingTranslation:数据因通货膨胀而作了调整。vi.getusedtoanewsituationbychangingyourideasorthewayyoudothings适应Thefigureshavebeenadjustedforinflation.Hesoonadjustedtoschoollife.Translation:他很快就适应了学校生活。54[sing.,U]thechancetoexperiencenewideas,waysoflife,etc.接触；体验Exposuretoasecondlanguageshouldtakeplaceinelementaryschool.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingtobecontinuedTranslation:孩子们应该从小学就开始接触第二语言。552)[U]whensb.isinasituationwheretheyarenotprotectedfromsth.dangerousorunpleasant暴露ThedoctortoldPennythattoomuchexposuretothesunisbadfortheskinandmaycausecancer.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingtobecontinuedTranslation:医生对彭妮说在太阳底下晒太久对皮肤有害，可能会致癌。56n.[C,U]thepurposethatsth.has,orthejobthatsb.orsth.does（事物的）功能；作用；（某人的）职责Oneofthechieffunctionsofeducationistoequipfuturecitizenswiththeirplacesinsociety.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingTranslation:教育的主要职能之一是帮助未来的公民在社会上找到自己的位置。tobecontinued57vi.workoroperateinthecorrectway正常工作；正常运转EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingIftheInternetstoppedfunctioning,theconsequentlossescouldbemeasuredintensofbillionsofdollars.Translation:如果因特网停止运作，由此产生的损失可用数百亿美元来衡量。58a.havingagoodeffect有利的；有帮助的；有用的EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingTheresearcherisattemptingtoshowhowparentscanhavebeneficialconversationswiththeirchildren.Translation:这位研究者正试图示范父母可以如何跟他们的孩子展开有益的对话。tobecontinued59EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingbeneficial常与to连用，引出对谁有利，有帮助，有用。Translation:骑自行车对身体和环境都大有裨益。Cyclingishighlybeneficialtohealthandtheenvironment.60[C]amajorbenefit有利条件；长处EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingtobecontinuedKnowingaforeignlanguageisanimportantskill,amajorsocialandbusinessasset,whichwillbringnewlifetotheworldsoftravelandentertainment.Translation:懂外语是一门重要的技能，是促进社交和商贸的一个有利件，它会给旅游和娱乐业带来新的生机。612)[C,usu.pl.]thethingsthatacompanyowns,thatcanbesoldtopaydebts资产；财产EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingTranslation:除了银行账户里的钱以外，我的资产还包括房子、车子和家具。Inadditiontothemoneyinabankaccount,myassetsincludemyhouse,mycar,andmyfurniture.62EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingWordformationTask4Workingroupsof4andcompletethefollowingtable.-cy/y-cy/yMeaningExamplesThesuffixcombineswithadjs,nouns,orverbstoformnouns.frequencycurrencyunitydiscoverydelivery63Moreover,theyoungerteachers…(Para.7)EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingSentenceanalysisTask4Readthefollowingsentenceanddiscussinpairshowtounderstandtheunderlinedstructure.64ConjunctiveadverbsConjunctiveadverbsarepartsofspeechthatareusedtoconnectoneclausetoanother.Theyarealsousedtoshowsequence,contrast,causeandeffect,andotherrelationships.Likeotheradverbs,conjunctiveadverbsmaybemovedaroundinthesentenceorclauseinwhichtheyappear.Thisisjustoneofthethingsyou’llneedtoremember;additionalrulesforusingconjunctiveadverbs:EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingtobecontinued65conjunctiveadverbsEnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingConjunctiveadverbsAlwaysuseaperiodorsemicolonbeforetheconjunctiveadverbwhenseparatingtwoindependentclauses.tobecontinuedUseacommaifaconjunctionsuchas and,but,or, or so appearsbetweentheconjunctiveadverbandthefirstclause.66LanguagefocusUseacommabehindconjunctiveadverbswhentheyappearatthebeginningofasentence’ssecondclause.Theonlyexceptiontothisruleisthatnocommaisnecessaryiftheadverbisasinglesyllable.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingConjunctiveadverbstobecontinuedIfaconjunctiveadverbappearsinthemiddleofaclause,itshouldbeenclosedincommasmostofthetime.67EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingConjunctiveadverbsExamples:Jeremykepttalkinginclass; therefore,hegotintrouble.Shewentintothestore; however, shedidn’tfindanythingshewantedtobuy.Ilikeyoualot; infact,Ithinkweshouldbebestfriends.tobecontinued68EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingConjunctiveadverbs4.Yourdoggotintomyyard; inaddition,hedugupmypetunias.5.You’remyfriend; nonetheless, Ifeellikeyou’retakingadvantageofme.6.Mycarpaymentsarehigh; ontheotherhand, Ireallyenjoydrivingsuchanicevehicle.691.Youneedtoputmoreeffortintoyourwork;_________,youwon’tgetapassinggrade.A.MoreoverB.OtherwiseC.UnlessD.Instead2.Wewantedtospendthedayatthebeach;_________,itrainedsowestayedhome.A.MoreoverB.UnlessC.HoweverD.Additionally3.Sheisaverysmartgirl;—_________,it’snotatallsurprisingthatshegetssuchgoodgrades.A.AgainB.BesidesC.ContrarilyD.ThereforeEnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusBCDLanguagehighlightingExercises:704.Jaredisamillionaire;___________,hisbrotherJeremyisalwaysflatbroke.A.IncontrastB.AccordinglyC.AgainD.Likewise5.Hefelthecouldn’ttellthetruthaboutwhathappened;__________,helied.A.IncontrastB.LikewiseC.UndoubtedlyD.InsteadEnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusDDLanguagehighlighting71AccordinglyAdditionallyAgainAlmostAnywayAsaresultBesidesCertainlyComparativelyConsequentlyContrarilyComparativelyInfactIncidentallyIndeedInsteadJustasLikewiseMeanwhileMoreoverNamelyNeverthelessNextNonethelessNotablyNowOntheotherhandOtherwiseRatherSimilarlyStillSubsequentlyThatisThenThereafterThereforeThusUndoubtedlyUniquelyConsequentlyConverselyElsewhereEquallyEventuallyFinallyFurtherFurthermoreHenceHenceforthHoweverInadditionIncomparisonIncontrastEnhancingyourskillsConjunctiveadverbsList721.“Itwas,like,whoa!”(Para.3)Meaning:Shenoddedherheadthreeorfourtimes,triedtofindtherightwordsinhermind,andthenshoutedwithexcitement,“Itwas,like,whoa!”EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingLanguageappreciationTask5tobecontinued73Meaningbeyondwords:Sincethestudentwasnotquitesurehowtoexactlydescribehertravelexperience,thetoneoftheauthor,issomewhatsarcastic.TheauthorintendedtosendoutthemessagethatthestudentwasincompetentregardingtheselectionofherEnglishvocabulary.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlighting1.“Itwas,like,whoa!”(Para.3)tobecontinued74Iwas,like,whoa!(Para.17)Meaning:Iwasreallysurprisedandimpressedbymyson’sgrammarknowledge.Findsentencesinfollowingparagraphsechoedwithit.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingThefigurativelanguage:Byreturningtothephrasefromthebeginningofthetext:“…,like,whoa!”,thefatherisplayingballwiththis“condensednon-statement”.Usingthiswordattheendofthetext,therefore,reflectstheauthor’sskillfullyexpressedhumor.752.Perhaps,languageshouldbelookeduponas…(Para.11)Meaning:Maybe,youshouldregardlanguageasaroadmapandaverypreciouspropertyyouhave.Youshouldoftenlookattheroadmap(reviewgrammar)andmakesmallchangestoyourcarengine(improvevocabulary).Thefigurativelanguage:belookeduponassth.作为比喻词，引出后面的喻体。EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlightingtobecontinued76Meaningbeyondwords:Theroadmapandthecarareusedmetaphoricallytomeanthatgrammarandvocabularyarepowerfuldevicesthatwillenableyoutofreelyexploreinthelanguageworld.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlighting2.Perhaps,languageshouldbelookeduponas…(Para.11)77Para.12:Theroadmapprovidestheframeworkandguidance…Here,thevocabularymakesthejourney’struecolorscomealive!Equippedwithgrammarandagoodvocabulary,youhaveflexibilityandexcellentcontrol.Whiletheroadmapguides...anexcellentvehiclehelps…SeehowsentencesinPara.12echoedwithit.EnhancingyourskillsLanguagefocusLanguagehighlighting78LanguagehighlightingLanguagelearningLanguagefocusPresentingyourprojectProjectoftheunitInspiringyourthoughtsStructureanalysisAnalyzingtheproblemIntroducingtheproblemStressingtheproblemEnhancingyourskills79EnhancingyourskillsStructureanalysisIntroducingtheproblemIntroduction:Theintroductionpartintroducesthetopicofanessayandusuallycontainsathesisstatement.Itistotellyou(1)themainideasofthechapterorsection;(2)theextentorlimitsofthecoverage;(3)howthetopicisdeveloped;and(4)thewriter'sattitudetowardthetopic.Body:Thebodyisthemainpartofanessay.Itismadeupofsupportingsentences(majorandminordetails),whichhelptoexplainorprovethemainidea.Conclusion:Towriteaneffectiveconclusion,youcaneitherrestatethethesisstatementorbrieflysummarizethemainideas,addedwithyourfinalthoughtsandopinions.81tointroducethetopicathesisstatementthemainpartseveralparagraphs7patternsofo