高中英语选修9-10课文翻译(人教版)

. —－可编辑修改，可打印—— 别找了你想要的都有！ 精品教育资料 ——全册教案，，试卷，教学课件，教学设计等一站式服务—— 全力满足教学需求，真实 规划 污水管网监理规划下载职业规划大学生职业规划个人职业规划职业规划论文 教学环节 最新全面教学资源，打造完美教学模式 高中英语选修9课文翻译（人教版）  1.选修九Unit1 Breaking records-Reading打破记录 “路永在前方” 阿什里塔·弗曼是一位热衷挑战并想争创吉尼斯世界纪录的运动员。在过去的25年中，他大约已经打破了93项吉尼斯世界纪录。 至今，他仍然是其中20多项纪录的保持者，还包括拥有最多的吉尼斯纪录这一项。 但是这些纪录并不是像游泳或足球等一般运动项目那样创建的，而是阿什里塔试图在非常有趣的地点，在富有想象力的运动项目中打破的。 . 最近，阿什里塔完成了他的梦想：在所有的七大洲中都破一项纪录，其中包括在澳洲玩呼啦圈，在南美洲的水下做弹簧单高跷游戏，在北美洲的热气球中做膝部深弯曲运动。 虽然这些活动看起来孩子气且令人发笑而不是让人肃然起敬，但实际上，完成这些活动需要强大的力量、健康的体格和坚定的决心。 想想吧，你一边走路一边还要把满满一瓶牛奶定在头上，你的脖子需要有多好的适应力。你可以停下来休息或者吃东西，但瓶子必须呆在你的头顶上。 当阿什里塔站在高75公分的瑞士气球上时，看起来虽然很轻松容易，其实不然。 呆在球上得一直全神贯注，还需要有极强的注意力和极好的平衡感。 特别是在双腿开始抖动的时候，你还得使劲呆在球上。 然而沿着12英里的马路翻筋斗，情况又是怎样呢？ 翻筋斗是一项艰苦的运动，因为你必须克服头晕、极度疲劳和痛苦。 每翻滚一个小时，只允许你有五分钟的休息，不过也可以短暂地停下来呕吐。 做标准的体操弓箭步动作向前，以最快的节奏走完一英里的路程是阿什里塔又一个出色的项目。弓箭步冲刺对你的双腿是一个极端艰苦的考验。 开始时呈站立姿势，然后右脚向前迈一步，同时左膝触地。 然后再站起来，左脚向前迈出一步，同时右脚触地。 想想吧，这个动作要反复做一英里远! 然而，这位有才能的运动员并不是天生的。小时候他很不健康，而且对运动毫无兴趣。 但他却对《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》非常着迷。 阿什里塔究竟是怎样成为一名运动员的呢？这是一个有趣的故事。 十几岁的时候他就开始探求人生的深层意义。他研究过东方宗教，在16岁时，他发现了一位名叫斯里琴摩的印度静坐功导师，住在纽约市他家附近。自从20世纪70年代初，阿什里塔就一直是斯里琴摩的学生。斯里琴摩指出人们发展他们的体魄与发展他们的头脑、心灵和精神上的自我具有同等的重要性，并且他相信人的体能是没有局限的。 但阿什里塔于1978年在纽约市中央公园进行24小时自行车马拉松比赛中获得第三名的时候，他就知道总有一天他会进入《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》。 尽管从没有训练过，他还是收到他的精神领袖的敦促参加了马拉松比赛。 因此，当他取得第三名的时候，他就开始有了这样的认识：他的身躯只不过是他的精神的工具，而且他似乎能够用他的精神力量去完成任何事。 从那时起，阿什里塔就拒绝接受任何身体极限的说法。 由于有了这种新的信心，阿什里塔于1979年第一次打破吉尼斯纪录——跳爆竹27000次。 不断努力打破纪录的动机来自于他对斯里琴摩思想的虔诚。 每次是突破记录的时候，阿什里塔都会达到一个体力不可逾越的极限点。这个时候他就会进入自己内心深处，与他的灵魂和他的老师相沟通。 在创纪录的努力中，阿什里塔总是要感谢他的老师。事实上，他常常穿着一件体恤衫，后背上有斯里琴摩的名言： “完美的道路只有一条，他就在你的前方，永远在你的前方。” 2.选修九Unit 1 FOCUS ON ... 集中精力于…… Lance Armstrong兰斯·阿姆斯特朗 Date of Birth: 8th September, 1971出生日期：1971年9月8日 Country: USA国籍：美国 Lance Armstrong's Guinness record for the fastest average speed at the Tour de France was set in 1999 with an average speed of 40.27 km/hr. 兰斯·阿姆斯特朗环法自行车赛最快平均速度的吉尼斯世界纪录是他1999年以40.27公里每小时的平均速度创造的。 In his teens he was a triathlete but at 16 he began to concentrate on cycling. 在少年时期，他是一位三项全能比赛的运动员，但到16岁时，他开始集中精力于自行车运动。 He was an amateur cyclist before the 1992 Olympic Games but turned professional after he had competed in the Games. 在1992年奥运会之前他还只是一名业余车手，但是在参加奥运会比赛之后，他就成为一名专业车手了。In the following few years, he won numerous titles, and by 1996 he had become the world's number one. 在随后的几年里，他获得了许多称号。到了1996年，他已经成为世界第一了。 However, in October 1996, he discovered he had cancer and had to leave cycling. 然而，在1996年10月，他发现自己患了癌症，不得不放弃骑车运动。 Successfully fighting his illness, Armstrong officially returned to racing in 1998. 在成功地战胜病魔之后，他于1998年正式重返赛场。In 1999 he won the Tour de France and in 2003 he achieved his goal of winning five Tours de France. 1999年他赢得了环法自行车赛的冠军。到2003年他完成了自己在环法自行车赛上五次夺冠的目标。 Michellie Jones米歇尔·琼斯 Date of Birth: 9th June, 1969出生日期：1969年6月9日 Country: Australia国籍：澳大利亚 In 1988 Michellie Jones helped establish the multi-sport event, the triathlon, in Australia. 1988年，米歇尔·琼斯帮助在澳大利亚创建了“多项运动”比赛——三项全能运动。After completing her teaching qualifications in 1990, she concentrated on the triathlon. 1990年她取得教师资格证之后，就把精力集中在三项全能运动上。 In 1991, she finished third at the world championships. 在1991年的世界锦标赛上她得了第三名。 In 1992 and 1993, she was the International Triathlon Union World Champion. 在1992年和1993年她取得了国际铁人三项联盟的冠军。 Since then, she has never finished lower than fourth in any of the world championships she has competed in. 从那以后，在她所参加的任何一次世界锦标赛中，她从来没有得过低于第四名的成绩。 At the Sydney Olympics in 2000 she won the silver medal in the Women's Triathlon, the first time the event had been included in the Olympic Games. 在2000年的悉尼奥运会上，她又取得了女子三项全能运动的银牌。该项运动还是首次被纳入奥运会。 Recently, for the first time in 15 years, Jones was not selected as part of the national team and therefore did not compete in the 2004 Olympics in Athens. 最近，琼斯没有入选国家队，这是她15年来首次为被入选，因而她没能参加2004年的雅典奥运会。 Fu Mingxia伏明霞 Date of Birth: 16th August, 1978出生日期：1978年8月16日 Country: China国籍：中国 Fu Mingxia first stood on top of the 10-metre diving platform at the age of nine. 伏明霞首次站在10米跳台上是在她九岁的时候。At 12 years old she won a Guinness Record when she became the youngest female to win the women's world title for platform diving at the World Championships in Australia in 1991. 1991年，12岁的伏明霞就获得了一项吉尼斯纪录，当时她参加了在澳大利亚举行的跳台跳水世界锦标赛，成为最年轻的女子世界冠军。At the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games, she took the gold medal in the women's 10-metre platform, becoming the youngest Olympic diving champion of all time. 在1992年的巴塞罗那奥运会上，她夺得女子十米跳台的金牌，成为有史以来最年轻的奥运会跳水冠军。 This was followed by great success at the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games where she won gold for both the 10-metre platform and the three-metre springboard. 随后的巨大成功是在1996年亚特兰大奥运会上，她又夺得10米跳台和3米跳板的金牌。 This made her the first woman in Olympic diving history to win three gold medals. 这使伏明霞成为奥运会跳水史上第一位连续夺得三枚金牌的女子。 She retired from diving after Atlanta and went to study economics at university. 在亚特兰大之后，伏明霞退役，到大学里学习经济。While there she decided to make a comeback and went on to compete at the Sydney Olympic Games, where she won her fourth Olympic gold, again making Olympic history. 读书期间，她决定复出参加悉尼奥运会，结果她又获得了自己的第四枚奥运会金牌，再次改写了奥运会历史。 Martin Strel马丁·斯特雷 Date of Birth: 1st October, 1954出生日期：1954年10月1日 Country: Slovenia国籍：斯洛文尼亚 Strel was trained as a guitarist before he became a professional marathon swimmer in 1978. 在1978年成为职业马拉松游泳运动员之前，斯特雷曾被作为吉他手培养。 He has a passion for swimming the world's great rivers. 但是他有一股热情，想要到世界上的大江大河中去游泳。 In 2000, he was the first person ever to swim the entire length of the Danube River in Europe - a distance of 3,004 kilometres in 58 days. 2000年，他成为游完欧洲多瑙河全程的第一人——58天游完了3004公里。 For this, he attained his first entry in the Guinness Book of World Records. 为此，他第一次进入了《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》。 Then in 2001 he broke the Guinness record for non-stop swimming - 504.5 kilometres in the Danube River in 84 hours and 10 minutes. 随后在2001年，它打破了全程无间断游泳的吉尼斯世界纪录——在多瑙河中以84小时10分的时间游了504.5公里。 Martin won his third entry in the Guinness Book of World Records in 2002 when he beat his own record for long distance swimming by swimming the length of the Mississippi River in North America in 68 days, a total of 3,797 kilometres. 马丁于2002年第三次进入《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》，这次他打破了自己远距离游泳的世界纪录——在68天内总共游完北美洲密西西比河的3797公里。Then in 2003 he became the first man to have swum the whole 1,929 kilometres of the difficult Parana River in South America. 然后在2003年他成为游完难度巨大，全程1929公里的南美洲巴拉那河的第一人。 In 2004, Strel again broke his own Guinness record by swimming the length of the dangerous Changjiang River (4,600 km), the third longest river in the world. 到2004年，斯特雷再次破了他自己的吉尼斯纪录，游了世界上第三大河长江的危险河段4600公里。 3.选修九Unit2 Sailing the oceans海洋航行 We may well wonder how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to plot a ship's position on a map. 我们很可能感到奇怪，在经纬度被用来在地图上标出船只位置之前，海员是如何对海洋进行探索的。 The voyages of travellers before the 17th century show that they were not at the mercy of the sea even though they did not have modern navigational aids. 17世纪以前的航海纪录显示，即使没有现代航海技术的帮助，他们也没有任凭海洋摆布。 So how did they navigate so well? Read these pages from an encyclopedia. 那么，他们是怎样航行得如此之好的呢？读读百科全书这几页上的记载吧。 Page 1: 第一页： Using nature to help Keeping alongside the coastline借助大自然使船只沿海岸线行驶 This seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the minimum amount of risk. 这似乎已是最早的、最有用的探险方式，所冒的风险也最小。 Using celestial bodies利用天体 ●North Star北极星 At the North Pole the North Star is at its highest position in the sky, but at the equator it is along the horizon. 在北极，北极星是在天上的最高位置；而在赤道上，北极星却在地平线上。So accomplished navigators were able to use it to plot their positions. 因此，熟练的航海探险家就能够利用北极星来确定他们自己的位置。 ●Sun太阳 On a clear day especially during the summer the sailors could use the sun overhead at midday to navigate by. They can use the height of the sun to work out their latitude. 在晴朗的日子里，特别是夏天，船员可以利用正午在头顶上的太阳来导航，他们可以用太阳的高度来计算出他们的纬度。 ●Clouds云层 Sea captains observed the clouds over islands. There is a special cloud formation which indicates there is land close by. 海上的船长观测岛上的云层。有一种特殊的云彩的形状 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明附近有陆地。 Using wildlife利用野生动植物 ●Seaweed海藻 Sailors often saw seaweed in the sea and could tell by the colour and smell how long it had been them. 海员常常看到海里的海藻，并能根据它的颜色和气味判断这种海藻在那儿有多久了。If it was fresh and smelled strongly, then the ship was close to land. 如果它颜色新鲜而且气味浓烈，那说明船只就离陆地很近了。 ●Birds鸟 Sea birds could be used to show the way to land when it was nowhere to be seen. 在看不见陆地的时候，可以用海鸟来指明通往陆地的去路。 In the evening nesting birds return to land and their nests. 在夜晚的时候，筑巢而居的鸟就要返回陆地鸟窝。 So seamen could follow the birds to land even if they were offshore and in the open sea. 因此，即使在远离海岸的大洋上，海员们也可以跟随这些鸟到达陆地。 Using the weather利用天气 ●Fog雾 Fog gathers at sea as well as over streams or rivers. 正如雾气汇聚在溪流或江河上一样，雾气也能汇聚在海洋上。Seamen used it to help identify the position of a stream or river when they were close to land. 当靠近陆地时，海员们可以用雾气来帮助确定溪流或江河的位置。 ●Winds风 Wise seamen used the winds to direct their sailing. They could accelerate the speed, but they could also be dangerous聪明的海员常常利用风向来导航。风向可以使船只加快速度，也可以造成危险。. So the Vikings would observe the winds before and during their outward or return journeys. 于是，北欧的海盗们在出海或返航时都要观察风向。 Using the sea利用大海 Certain tides and currents could be used by skillful sailors to carry ships to their destination. 技术娴熟的海员可以利用大海的某些潮汐或浪潮把船送往他们的目的地。 These skills helped sailors explore the seas and discover new lands.这些技术帮助海员探测大海和发现新大陆。 They increased their ability to navigate new seas when they used instruments.当他们使用这些手段的时候就增加了在新的海域导航的能力。 Page 2: 第二页 Using navigational instruments to help利用航海工具 Finding longitude找出经度 There was no secure method of measuring longitude until the 17th century when the British solved this theoretical problem. 直到17世纪英国人解决了这个理论问题后,人们才有了测量经度的可靠 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 。 Nobody knew that the earth moved westwards 15 degrees every hour, but sailors did know an approximate method of calculating longitude using speed and time. 以前没有人知道地球每小时向东转动约15度，然而海员们确实知道用速度和时间来计算经度的近似标准的方法。An early method of measuring speed involved throwing a knotted rope tied to a log over the side of the ship. 早期测量速度的方法是沿着船边拉一根打结的绳子，把这根绳子系在一根圆木上，然后把它抛入海里。The rope was tied to a log which was then thrown into the sea. As the ship advanced through the water the knots were counted as they passed through a seaman's hands. The number of knots that were counted during a fixed period of time gave the speed of the ship in nautical miles per hour. 当船只在水中前进时，这些绳结从海员的手中通过,这时海员就记下绳结的数目。在一定时间内计算出有多少个结, 就可以算出船只每小时航行多少海里的速度。 Later, when seamen began to use the compass in the 12th century they could calculate longitude using complicated mathematical tables. The compass has a special magnetic pointer which always indicates the North Pole, so it is used to help find the direction that the ship needs to go. In this way the ship could set a straight course even in the middle of the ocean. 后来,当12世纪海员们开始使用指南针的时候,他们就可以用复杂的数学表来计算出经度了。指南针有一个特殊的磁针,始终指着北极。因此人们用它来帮助找出船只所要去的方向。这样,即使在大海中船只也可以直线航行。 Finding latitude找出纬度 ●The Bearing Circle方位圆 It was the first instrument to measure the sun's position. A seaman would measure the sun's shadow and compare it with the height of the sun at midday. Then he could tell if he was sailing on his correct rather than a random course. 这是最早用来测量太阳位置的工具。海员可以测量太阳的影子，并把它同太阳在正午时的高度作比较，这样就可以知道自己是在正确的航道上或是在随意行驶。 ●The Astrolabe星盘 The astrolabe, quadrant and sextant are all connected. 星盘、象限仪和六分仪相互都有联系。They are developments of one another. 它们是在彼此的基础上发展而成的。 The earliest, the astrolabe, was a special all-in-one tool for telling the position of the ship in relation to the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky. 最早的是星盘，它是一种特殊的集多功能于一体的工具，它可以用来表明船只同太阳和布满天空的各种星星之间的相关位置。 This gave the seamen the local time and allowed them to find their latitude at sea. 这样，海员们就可得知当地的时间，以及他们在海上的纬度。However, it was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself. 但是，它不容易使用，因为其参照点之一就是行驶中的船只本身。 ●The Quadrant象限仪 This was a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe. 这是一种比较精确而且比较简单的星盘。It measured how high stars were above the horizon using a quarter circle rather than the full circle of the astrolabe. 它利用星盘的1/4圆周而不是整个圆来测量星星在在水平线上的高度。 It was easier to handle because it was more portable. 它比较容易操作，因为它比较轻便。 Its shortcoming was that it still used the moving ship as one of the fixed points of reference. 缺点仍就是使用移动的船只作为一个固定的参照点。As the ship rose and plunged in the waves, it was extremely difficult to be accurate with any reading. 因为船只在海浪中起伏不定，所以很难测出精确的读数。 ●The sextant六分仪 The sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced the tendency to make mistakes. 六分仪是星盘和象限仪的改进版，它减少了出差错的可能性。 It proved to be the most accurate and reliable of these early navigational instruments. 在这些早期的航海仪器中，它被证明是最精确和最为可靠的一种， It works by measuring the angle between two fixed objects outside the ship using two mirrors. 它的工作方式是用两块镜子来测量船外两个固状物体之间的角度，This made the calculations more precise and easier to do.这就使得计数更加精确，而且更加容易操作。 4.选修九Unit2 THE GREATEST NAVIGATIONAL JOURNEY:A LESSON IN SURVIVAL最伟大的航海旅程——幸存的经验教训 I am proud to have sailed with Captain Bligh on his journey of over 40 days through about 4,000miles in an open boat across the Pacific Ocean in 1789. 1789年，我有幸与布莱船长乘坐一条敞篷船航行了40余天，横穿太平洋，行程约4000英里。 Our outward voyage in the "Bounty" to Tahiti had been filled with the kind of incidents that I thought would be my stories when I returned home. 我们乘坐“邦蒂号”出发到塔希提岛这段航程中充满了许多事件。我以为回国后可以讲这些故事， But how wrong I was! 但是我完全错了！ On our departure from Tahiti, some of the crew took over the ship. 在我们离开塔西提后，有部分船员接管了这艘船。They deposited the captain into a small boat to let him find his own way home. 他们把船长放进一艘小船里，让他自己想办法回家。 But who else was to go with him? 可是还有别的什么人跟他一起走吗？Those of us on board the "Bounty" were caught in a dilemma. Was it better to risk certain death by sitting close together on a small, crowded open boat with very little food and water? 在“邦蒂号”上的我们有点儿进退两难：是冒着生命危险，挤坐在又小又拥挤的船上，只有少量的食物和水更好呢？Or should one stay on the "Bounty" with the crew and face certain death from the British Navy if caught? 还是与船上的人一起呆在“邦蒂号”上，面对被英国海军捉获处死的危险？ The drawback of staying on the ship seemed to grow as I thought about how wrong it was to treat Captain Bligh in this way. So I joined him in the small boat. 想到这样对待布莱船长是多么错误的时候，留在船上的不利因素似乎增多了，因此我随船长上了小船。 As dusk fell, we seemed to face an uncertain future. 随着黄昏降临，我们似乎面对着一个不可预测的未来。We had no charts and the only instruments the captain was allowed to take with him were a compass and a quadrant. 没有航海图，允许船长带走的仪器只有指南针和一个四分仪。 Once we were at sea, our routine every day was the same. 一旦我们在海上，每天的事务总是一成不变。 At sunrise and sunset the captain measured our position using the quadrant and set the course using the compass. 每当日出和日落的时候，船长就用四分仪测量我们的位置，并用指南针确定航线。 It was extremely difficult for us to get a correct reading from the quadrant as the boat moved constantly. 因为船只总是在晃动，所以我们很难从四分仪上得到正确的读数。 The captain used a system called "dead reckoning".船长使用一个叫做“航位推算”的系统。He knew there was land directly northwest of our original position. 他知道在我们原先位置的正西北有陆地。 So his task was to make sure we stayed on that course. 因此，他的任务就是确保我们要在那个航线上。As you can see from the map we kept to a straight course pretty well. 正如你在地图上所见到的那样，我们很好地保持着这条笔直的航线。 In addition, the captain kept us all busy reading the tables to work out our position. 此外，船长还让我们大家都忙于解读 表格 关于规范使用各类表格的通知入职表格免费下载关于主播时间做一个表格详细英语字母大小写表格下载简历表格模板下载 ，以计算出我们的位置。Although this took a great deal of time, it didn't matter. Time was, after all, what we had a lot of! 虽然这项工作占去了大量的时间，但那并没有关系。毕竟我们有的是时间！ Our daily food was shared equally among us all: one piece of bread and one cup of water. 我们的日常食物全都是平均分配的：一片面包和一杯水。It was starvation quantities but the extreme lack of water was the hardest to cope with psychologically. 这点儿分量的食物只能让人处于饥饿之中，可是我们心理上最难受的却是极度缺水。 Imagine all that water around you, but none of it was safe to drink because the salt in it would drive you mad! 想想看，你的四周全都是水，但是一滴都不能喝，因为水中的盐分会弄得你精神失常! All the time the captain tried to preserve our good spirits by telling stories and talking hopefully about what we would do when we got back to England. 船长一直试图让我们保持良好的精神状态，他给我们讲故事，并且满怀希望的同我们谈论回到英国后所要做的事。 We only half believed him. 我们对他只是将信将疑罢了。 The tension in the boat got worse as the supply of food and water gradually disappeared. 随着食物和水的供应渐渐短缺，船上的气氛也越来越紧张。We could foresee that we would die if we could not reach land very soon and we sank gradually into a sleepy, half-alive state. 可以预见到，如果不能很快地靠岸登陆，我们必死无疑。逐渐地我们陷入一种昏昏入睡、奄奄一息的状态。 The captain was as weak as the rest of us, but he was determined not to give up. 船长同我们这些人一样地虚弱，但是他决意不放弃。 He continued his navigational measurements every day. 他每天继续不停地进行航海测量。He kept us busy and tried to take our minds off our stomachs and our thirst. He kept us alive. 他总是使我们忘记饥渴。他使我们活了下来。 You could not imagine a more disturbing sight than what we looked like when arriving in Timor over forty days after being set loose in our small boat. 你简直无法想象我们被放在小船上漂泊了40天后在帝汶岛登陆时的凄惨样子。 Our clothes were torn, we had fever and our faces showed the hardships we had suffered. 我们衣衫褴褛，发着高烧，从脸上就能看出我们所遭受的痛苦。But after a rest, some good meals and some new clothes, everything changed. 但是经过一段时间的休息，吃了几顿好饭，穿了几件新衣服之后，一切情况就都变了。 We couldn't stop talking about our voyage and everybody wanted to hear about it. 我们不停地讲述着我们的经历，并且大家都听我们讲。We were the heroes who had escaped the jaws of death by completing the greatest navigational feat of all time! 我们完成了历史上最伟大的航海壮举，我们成了从鬼门关里逃出来的英雄！ 5.选修九Unit 3 GLIMPSES OF AUSTRALIA澳大利亚小览 AUSTRALIA澳大利亚 Capital: Canberra首都：堪培拉Offcial name: Commonwealth of Australia正式国名：澳大利亚联邦Area: 7,686,850 km2面积：7686850平方公里Population: 20 million人口：2千万 Highest point: Mount Kosciuszko, 2,228 metres above sea level最高点：科西阿斯科山，高出海平面2228米 Lowest point: Lake Eyre, 15 metres below sea level最低点：艾尔湖，低于海平面15米 Australia is the only country that is also a continent. 澳大利亚是唯一一个既是国家又是大陆的国家。It is the sixth largest country in the world and is in the smallest continent - Oceania. 它是世界上第六大的国家，并且位于最小的大陆——大洋洲。It is a mainly dry country with only a few coastal areas that have adequate rainfall to support a large population. 这是一个干旱气候为主的国家，只有少部分沿海地区有充足雨量，可以维持着大量人口的生存。Approximately 80 of Australians live in the south-eastern coastal area, which includes Australia's two largest cities – Melbourne and Sydney. 大约有80%的澳大利亚人居住在东海沿海地区，这里包括澳大利亚两个最大的城市——墨尔本和悉尼。 The centre of the continent, which is mainly desert and dry grassland, has few settlements. 大陆中央主要是沙漠和干草地，很少有人居住。 Australia is famous for its huge, open spaces, bright sunshine, enormous number of sheep and cattle and its unusual wildlife, which include kangaroos and koalas. 澳大利亚以其开阔的疆域、明媚的阳光、数不尽的牛羊和奇特的野生动植物而闻名，其中包括袋鼠和树袋熊。Australia is a popular destination with tourists from all over the world who come to experience its unique ecology. 澳大利亚是一个受人欢迎的旅游胜地，世界各地的游客来到这里体验它独特的生态环境。 Australia is made up of six states. 澳大利亚是由六个州组成的。Like the states in America, Australian states are autonomous in some areas of government. 像美国的州一样，澳大利亚的州政府的某些部门自治。 However, Australia has a federal government responsible for matters that affect people all over the country, such as defence, foreign policy and taxation. 然而，澳大利亚有一个联邦政府负责管理涉及全国人民的事务，诸如国防、外交政策和税收等。The federal parliament is located in Canberra.联邦议会设在堪培拉。 CITIZENSHIP CEREMONIES PLANNED AROUND AUSTRALIA澳大利亚的公民庆典活动 On 26 January, Australia Day, in over 200 locations across the nation , more than 9,000 people will become Australian citizens. 1月26日是澳大利亚日，全国200多个地方的9000多人将成为澳大利亚的公民。 "By these citizenship ceremonies we welcome those who have come from overseas from many different cultural and social backgrounds into our communities and our nation," said the Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs. “我们以这些公民庆典的形式欢迎来自不同文化和社会背景的人加入到我们这个群体和国家中来。”公民与多元文化事务部部长说。 "Australia Day celebrations that include people from so many birthplaces are an excellent way to encourage tolerance, respect and friendship among all the people of Australia." “来自许多不同的出生地的人参加澳大利亚日庆典活动。这种庆典活动是在澳州全体人民中鼓励宽容、尊重和友爱的一种极佳的方式。” Most citizenship ceremonies will be followed by displays of singing and dancing from many of the migrants' homelands and the tasting of food from all over the world. 通常在公民庆典活动之后有一些来自移民国家的歌舞表演，还有品尝世界各地美味佳肴的活动。 Go by plane and see clouds乘飞机观云彩 Go by TRAIN and see Australia坐火车看澳洲 Enjoy 3 nights on board the Indian-Pacific乘印度洋——太平洋号列车三日游 On this 4,352-km journey from Sydney to Perth via Adelaide you'll view some ot Australias unique scenery from the superb Blue Mountains to the treeless plains of the Nuliarbor. 从悉尼经阿德莱德到珀思长达4352公里的旅途中，你将欣赏到澳大利亚特有的美景，既有巍峨秀美的蓝山，也有望不见树木的那拉伯平原。Along the way you will spot a fascinating variety of wildlife. 沿途中，你还将看到各种各样引人入胜的野生动植物。 Enjoy 2 nights on board the Ghan乘格安列车二日游 As you travel from Adelaide to Darwin via Alice Springs, you'll observe some of Australia's most spectacular landscapes - from the rolling hills surrounding Adelaide to the rusty reds of Australia's centre and the tropical splendour of Darwin. 从阿德莱德经爱丽丝温泉到达达尔文的旅程中，你可以看到澳大利亚最壮丽的风景——从环绕阿德莱德的延绵起伏的群山，到澳大利亚中部的红色土地，到达尔文美丽的热带景观。 For more information, timetables and fares go to www.gsr.com.au/trains.htm 查询详情、时间表与费用等请登陆：www.gsr.com.au/trains.htm Dear Shen Ping, 亲爱的沈平： I wish you could see this amazing rock. 真希望你能够亲眼看到这块令人惊叹的岩石。It is part of one of Australia's 14 Worm Heritage Sites and rises about 335 metres out of a vast, flat sandy plain. 它是澳大利亚14项世界遗产之一，矗立在一片广阔的沙地平原上，高达335米。A t different times of the day it appears to change co/our, from grey-red at sunrise, to golden and finally to burning red at dusk. 在不同时间里，这块岩石会呈现出不同的颜色，从日出时的灰红，到金黄，最后到黄昏时的火红。Aboriginal people have lived near Uluru for thousands of years and you can walk around it with an Aboriainal guide to learn about their customs, art, religion and day-to-day life. 澳洲土著人居住在乌卢鲁附近已经有几千年了。你可以找一位土著人向导带你去走一走，了解那里人们的习俗、艺术、宗教和日常生活。 It is also possible to climb the rock, but most people don't do this out of respect for the Aboriginal people who consider the rock to be sacred. 要爬上这个巨石也是可能的，但大多数人们出于对土著人的尊敬而不这么做，因为他们认为这块岩石是神圣的。 I’ll be back in Sydney in a fortnight because I've made a reservation on the Indian Pacific train to Perth. 我会在两个星期后返回悉尼，因为我已经预定好了印度洋——太平洋号火车票前往佩思。 love Jack杰克 Tours outside Hobart霍巴特市外之旅 Drive 250 km northwestwards from Hobart along the A10 highway and you'll arrive at the southern end of the magnificent Cradle Mountain National Park and World Heritage area. 从霍巴特沿A10号公路朝西北方向行驶250公里，你就来到景色壮观的摇篮山国家公园暨世界遗产保护区的南端。 This park is famous for its mountain peaks, lakes and ancient forests. 这座公园以山峰、湖泊和远古森林而闻名。A popular attraction for active tourists is the 80-km walking track that joins the southern and northern ends of the park. There are also a range of short walks. 喜爱运动的旅游者还有个好去处，那就是贯穿公园南北的一条80公里长的徒步旅行路线，此外还有一些短途旅行路线。 6.选修九Unit3 DANGEROUS CREATURES澳大利亚的危险动物 Australia is home to more than 170 different kinds of snake and 115 of these are poisonous. 澳大利亚是170多种蛇的家乡，其中有115种是毒蛇。 In fact, Australia has more kinds of venomous snake than any other country in the world. 事实上，澳大利亚比世界上任何其他国家的毒蛇品种都多。Luckily, the poison of most snakes can kill or paralyze only small creatures. 幸运的是，多数毒蛇的毒素只能杀死小动物，或使它们瘫痪。 A few varieties, however, can kill humans, so it is just as well that snakes are very shy and usually attack only if they are disturbed and feel threatened. 不过，还是有少数几种蛇能置人于死地。好在蛇都是胆小怕事，通常是在被打扰和感到有威胁时才会出击。 There are also approximately 2,000 different kinds of spider in Australia and, like snakes, most have a poisonous bite. 在澳大利亚，还有着将近2000种不同种类的蜘蛛。它们同蛇一样，多数蜘蛛咬起来也有毒。However, the majority have no effect on humans or cause only mild sickness. 然而，绝大多数蜘蛛的毒素对人体并没有影响，或者只能引起轻微病痛。Only a few have venom that is powerful enough to kill a human being. 只有少数蜘蛛有剧毒，足以致人于死地。 While a small number of Australians are bitten by spiders each year, most recover without any medical treatment. 虽然每年有少数人被蜘蛛咬伤，但是多数人不经治疗就能痊愈。 The seas around Australia contain over 160 different kinds of shark, which vary in size from just 20 centimetres to over 14 metres. 在环绕着澳大利亚的海域里有160多种鲨鱼，它们的体长从20厘米到14米不等。However, although they look dangerous because of their wide mouths and sharp teeth, all but two or three kinds are harmless to humans. 尽管它们有宽大的嘴巴和锋利的牙齿，看上去很危险，然而除了两三种之外，其余的对人类并没有危害。 Another potentially dangerous sea animal is the jellyfish. 另外一种具有潜在危险的海洋动物就是水母。Most kinds of poisonous jellyfish can cause severe pain to anyone who touches them but the poison of the box jellyfish can actually kill a human, especially if that person has a weak heart. 多数有毒水母都会使任何触碰到它们的人痛苦不已，而箱水母的毒素则足以致人死亡，特别是如果这个人的心脏虚弱的话。 The tiniest amount of poison from a box jellyfish can kill in less than five minutes and it is probably the most poisonous animal in the world. 箱水母极少量的毒素就可以在五分钟之内致人死命，它也许是世界上最毒的动物。 There is one other dangerous animal in Australia worth mentioning, and that is the crocodile. 澳大利亚还有一种值得一提的危险动物就是鳄鱼。Although two types of crocodile live in Australia, only the saltwater crocodile has been known to kill humans. 虽然澳大利亚有两种类型的鳄鱼，但是我们只知道咸水鳄才会置人于死地。 This crocodile moves very quickly when it sees something it considers to be food, and from time to time a crocodile has snatched someone before he or she is even aware that the crocodile is there. 当这种鳄鱼看到某个东西并认为是食物的时候，他就会迅速行动，就这样时常捕获那些还未来得及察觉到鳄鱼的人。 You might think that with all these dangerous animals Australia is an unsafe place to live in or visit. 澳大利亚有这么多的危险的动物，你也许会认为在这里居住或到这里旅游很不安全。However, this is far from the truth. 但事实并非如此。There are no more than a handful of shark attacks each year and only three deaths have been reported in the last five years. 每年只有少量的鲨鱼袭人事件，而且在过去五年里，只有三例死亡报道。Similarly, in the last three years there have been only two reported deaths from crocodile attacks. 与此相似的是在过去三年时间里也只有两三起鳄鱼咬死人的事件了。 Since 1956, when an anti-venom treatment for redback spider bites was developed, there have been no deaths from redbacks, and since 1981 when a treatment was developed for funnelweb spider poison, there have been no deaths from this spider either. 1956年研制出一种对付红背蜘蛛的疗法，那以后就也没有人再因此而死亡。1981年研制出一种对付漏斗网蜘蛛的疗法，那以后就也没有人再因此而死亡。 Treatments for jellyfish stings and snake bites have also been developed and in the last five years there have been only three deaths from jellyfish stings and about the same number from snakebites. 治疗水母刺伤和毒蛇咬伤的方法也已经研制成功。在过去的五年里只有三人死于水母刺伤，这与被毒蛇咬伤致死的人数大体相同。 7.选修九Unit4 Exploring plants探索植物 PLANT EXPLORATION IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES18世纪和19世纪的植物探索 The plants in our gardens look so familiar that often we do not realize that many of them actually come from countries far away. 我们花园里的植物看上去是那么熟悉，以致我们常常意识不到在这些植物中实际上有许多来自遥远的国度。Collecting "exotic" plants, as they are called, dates back to the earliest times. 收集所谓的“异国”植物要追溯到很久以前。Many ancient civilisations saw the value of bringing back plants from distant lands. 许多古老文化都懂得从遥远的地方把植物带回来的价值。The first plant collecting expedition recorded in history was around 1500 BC when the Queen of Egypt sent ships away to gather plants, animals and other goods. 历史上有记载的第一个收集植物的探险是公元前1500年，埃及女王派出船只去收集植物、动物以及其他货物。 However, it was not until the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the exploration of the botanical world began on a large scale. 然而，直到18世纪和19世纪人们对植物世界大规模的探索才开始。 Europe had become interested in scientific discovery and the European middle classes took great interest in collecting new plants. 那时欧洲对科学发现已经倍感兴趣，而欧洲的中产阶级则特别热衷于收集新的植物。This attraction to exotic plants grew as European nations, like the Netherlands, Britain and Spain, moved into other parts of the world like Asia and Australia. 随着欧洲人，如荷兰和西班牙向世界其他地区如亚洲和澳洲的迁徙，这些异域植物的吸引力也在增长。 Brave young men took the opportunity of going on botanical expeditions, often facing many dangers including disease near-starvation, severe environments and conflicts with the local people. 勇敢的年轻人借机进行植物探索活动，他们常常面临许多危险，如疾病、饥饿、严酷的环境以及同当地居民的冲突。 An important group of collectors were Frencn Catholic missionaries who, by the middle of the 18th century, were beginning to set themselves up in China. 有一群重要的收集者是法国天主教教士，18世纪中叶，他们开始进入中国。One such missionary, Father d'Incarville, was sent to Beijing in the 1740s. 其中有一位叫汤执中的传教士于18世纪40年代被派赴北京。He collected seeds of trees and bushes including those of the Tree of Heaven. 他收集了树种、灌木种，其中包括天堂树的种子。Just before he died, he sent some Tree of Heaven seeds to England. 就在他去世之前，他还把一些天堂树的种子送到了英国。 They arrived in 1751 and plants from these seeds were grown throughout Europe and later, in 1784, the species was introduced in North America. 1751年它们抵达英国，有这些树种长成的树遍布了全欧洲。后来在1784年，这个物种又被引进到了北美。 Sir Joseph Banks was a very famous British plant collector, who accompanied James Cook on his first voyage from England to Oceania. 约瑟夫·班克斯爵士是一位著名的英国植物收集家，他曾经陪同詹姆斯·库克进行了从英国到大洋洲的首航。 The purpose of the trip for Banks was to record the plant and animal life they came across. 班克斯这次出行的目的就是把他们所见到的植物和动物的情况记录下来。He and his team collected examples whenever they went onto dry land. 他和他们的队员们每次进入干燥的土地时都要收集样品。 In 1769, Banks collected vast quantities of plants in the land now known as Australia. None of these plants had been recorded by Europeans before. 1769年，班克斯在我们如今所知道的名叫澳大利亚的这块土地上收集到大量的植物，而在欧洲还没有有关这些植物的记载。Cook called the bay where the Endeavour had anchored Botany Bay. 库克还把“奋进号”抛锚停靠的地方称为植物湾。 Keeping plants alive during long land or sea voyages was an enormous challenge. 要使植物在陆地上或海上远距离航行时存活下来，是一个巨大的挑战。Large numbers of seeds failed to grow after long sea voyages or trips across land between Asia and Europe. 在亚欧之间经过海上或陆上远程旅行之后，大量的种子都不能生长。 One plant explorer lost several years' work when his plants were mined with seawater. 曾有一位植物探险家由于他的植物被海水侵蚀腐烂而使他好几年的成果毁于一旦。 The world of plant exploration was completely changed with Dr Nathaniel Ward's invention of a tightly sealed portable glass container. 纳撒尼尔·沃德医生所发明的便携式密封玻璃容器彻底改变了植物探索的世界。 This invention, called the Wardian case, allowed plants to be transported on long journeys. 这项发明被称为沃德箱，可以用来进行远距离的植物运输。 In 1833, Ward shipped two cases of British plants to Sydney, Australia. 1833年，沃德把两箱英国植物运到了澳大利亚的悉尼。All the plants survived the six-month journey. 所有这些植物经过六个月的航行都存活下来了。 In 1835, the cases made a return trip with some Australian species that had never been successfully transported before. 1835年这些箱子又带着一些过去从没有被成功运输过的澳洲物种作了回程之旅。After eight months at sea, they arrived safely in London. 在海上历经八个月的航行之后，它们安全抵达了伦敦。 A British man called Robert Fortune was one of the earliest plant collectors to use Wardian cases. 有一位名叫罗伯特·福琼的英国人，是使用沃德箱的最早期的植物收集家之一。He made several trips to China between 1843 and 1859. 在1843——1859年之间，他曾多次来到中国。At that time, there were restrictions on the movement of Europeans and so, in order to travel unnoticed, he developed his fluency in Chinese and dressed as a Chinese man, even shaving his head in the Chinese style. 那时候，欧洲人在中国的活动受到种种限制，因此，为了在旅行中不引起别人的注意，他努力使自己的汉语讲得很流利，并且穿着中国人的服装，甚至像中国人一样削发（留辫）。 He experienced many adventures including huge thunderstorms in the Yellow Sea and pirates on the Yangtze River. 他经历过多次险情，包括在黄海碰到过巨大的风暴，以及在长江遭遇海盗的袭击。 Not only did Fortune introduce over 120 species of plants to Western gardens but he also shipped 20,000 tea plants from Shanghai to India, where a successful tea industry was established. 福琼不仅把120余种植物引入西方园林，而且还把两万株茶树用船从海上运到印度，印度的制茶工业就成功地发展起来了。 The second half of the nineteenth century was a very important period of plant exploration. 19世纪下半期市植物探索的一个非常重要的时期。During this time many Catholic missionaries were sent to China from France. 在这期间，许多法国天主教的传教士被派到中国。 They valued the study of the natural sciences and many of the missionaries knew a lot about plants and animals. 他们很看重自然科学的研究，而且许多传教士对动植物都很了解。 Their expeditions resulted in huge plant collections, which were sent back to France.他们远征的结果是收集了大量的植物，并把它们运回法国。 One of the collectors was Father Farges, who collected 37 seeds from a tree that had appealed to him. 其中一位叫做法尔热的神父，从他所喜爱的一棵树上收集了37粒种子。This tree was later called the Dove Tree. 这种树后来被称作鸽子树。 He sent the seeds back to France in 1897 but only one seed grew. 他于1897年把这些种子送回法国，但是只有一粒种子得以生长。 Although the missionaries collected large numbers of specimens, there was not enough material for growing particular species in Western gardens. 虽然传教士收集了大量的物种，但是在西方人的花园里种植特殊物种的材料仍然很缺乏。However, European botanists were very excited with the knowledge that China had a vast variety of plants, so many plant collectors were sent on collecting trips to China. 然而欧洲植物学家知道中国有着品种繁多的植物，并为此感到兴奋不已。因此，许多植物收集人员被派去中国进行采集工作， One of these collectors was E H Wilson who, in 1899, was able to collect a large quantity of seeds of the Dove Tree that Father Farges had discovered. 其中有一位叫做E·H·威尔逊的，他在1899年收集到大量的法尔热神父所发现的鸽子树种子。Wilson and other plant collectors introduced many new plants to Western gardens. 威尔逊及其提前植物收集者为西方人的花园引进了许多新的物种。 8.选修九Unit4 THEIR ANIMAIL POLLINATORS花朵及其动物传媒 Over time, many flowering plants and their animal pollinators have evolved together. 许多开花的植物长期以来是和它们的动物传媒一起发展的。The plant needs the animal to pollinate it and the animal is rewarded with food called nectar when it visits the flowers. 植物需要动物帮它授粉，动物从中得到回报——当其接触花时，能够得到被称作花粉的食物。 Pollen becomes attached to the animal during its visit to a flower and is then passed on to another plant's blossom on its next visit. 动物接触一朵花时，花粉就附着在它的身上，动物接触下一朵时，就把这些花粉传到另外的那朵花上。So pollination takes place, therefore increasing the chances of the survival of the plant species. 这样通过授粉就增加了植物物种生存的机会。 Through evolution, most flowers have adapted to attract specific types of pollinators. 通过进化，大部分花朵变得适于吸引某种花粉传播者。Bees, moths and butterflies are the most important pollinators. Flies, wasps, beetles and other animals such as birds and bats are less common. 蜜蜂、飞蛾和蝴蝶是最重要的传媒。而苍蝇、黄蜂、甲虫和其他诸如小鸟、蝙蝠之类的动物则是较为少见的传媒。 The type of pollinator depends on the characteristics of the flower such as its colour, shape, size and smell. 花粉传播者的类型取决于花朵的特性，如花朵的颜色、形状、大小和气味。For example, yellow flowers attract bees, while red flowers attract butterflies. 举例来说，黄色的花吸引蜜蜂，而红色的花则吸引蝴蝶。The nectar in some flowers can only be reached by a bird with a long bill or a long-tongued moth or butterfly. 有些花的花粉只有长嘴鸟、长舌蛾或者蝴蝶才可以够得着。The chart below describes some features of flowers that attract certain kinds of pollinators. 下面这张图表记述了吸引某种花粉传播者的花朵特性： Pollinator 虫媒Typical flower characteristics花朵的典型特性 Bees蜜蜂Colour: bright yellow, blue; the flower often has a special pattern to guide the bees to the nectar inside. 颜色：嫩黄色、蓝色；这种花常有一种特殊的花纹，吸引蜜蜂找到里面的花蜜。 Shape: the petals are wide enough for bees to land on; usually the nectar is at the end of a small, narrow tube whose length is the same as the tongue of a particular species. Smell: delicate, fragrant. 形状：花瓣宽大，足够蜜蜂落在上面，花粉通常在狭小的花管子的一段，其长度于特定花粉传播者的舌头相当。 气味：微弱，芳香 Butterflies蝴蝶Colour: red, orange. 颜色：红色、橙色 Shape: the petals form a tube of a suitable length for butterflies. Tiny flowers are often in tight bunches that provide a place for butterflies to land on, eg daisies. 形状：花瓣聚为管状，其长度适应蝴蝶，纤小的花朵经常聚在一块儿，自成一束，以便蝴蝶能有地方降落，如雏菊。 Smell: odourless. 气味：无味。 Moths飞蛾Colour: white, light-coloured so moths can see them at night. 颜色：白色、浅色，以便飞蛾在夜晚能看清。 Shape: the petals form a deep tube to match the length of a specific moth's tongue. The petals lie fiat or bend back so the moth can get close to the flower. 形状：花瓣开成一个深管子，其长度与特定蛾子的舌头长度相当。花瓣伸展或向后弯曲，以便飞蛾靠近花朵。 Smell: strong, sweet perfume, typically only given out at night. 气味：浓烈的香甜味，特别只在夜晚散发出来。 Flies苍蝇Colour: dull-coloured, brownish red. 颜色：灰暗色、褐红色。 Smell: strong like rotting meat. 气味：浓烈的像腐肉似的气味。 Humming-birds蜂鸟Colour: brightly coloured, especially red and orange. 颜色：线颜色，特别是鲜红色和橙色。 Shape: tube-shaped; petals bent back so birds can get close.形状：管状，花瓣向后卷，以便鸟儿接近。 Smell: no odour. 气味：无臭味。 Bats蝙蝠Colour: white, light-coloured so bats can see them at night. 颜色：白色、浅色，这样蝙蝠夜晚能够看到。 Shape: open at night; large, strong with wide mouths for long tongues. 形状：夜晚开花；大而坚，嘴宽，可供长舌伸入。 Smell: musty, fruity smell. 气味：发霉的果子味。 9.选修九Unit 5 Inside advertising广告内情 HOW ADVERTISINC WORKS广告是如何起作用的 Do you know how many advertisements you are exposed to in your daily life? 你知道你在日常生活中要面对多少广告吗？Every day, we pass by advertisements on buses and billboards, on trains and in train stations, in shop windows, outside restaurants and on public notice boards. 每天在公共汽车上和广告牌上，在火车和火车站里，在商店的橱窗里，在餐馆的外边以及公告牌上，我们都会遇到广告。At home, we see advertisements in magazines and newspapers and in the middle of our favourite television programmes. 在家里，我们从报刊、杂志上，在我们喜欢的电视节目间隙中都可以看到广告。We hear advertisements on the radio and come across them on the Internet. 我们还可以从广播中听到广告，在网络上看到广告。 Even some of the casual garments we wear have brand names attached to them which turn us into walking advertisements. 至在我们穿的有些休闲服上也印着品牌的名字，这就把我们变成了“移动广告”。With so many messages from advertisers filling our daily lives, it is important to understand how advertisements work. Then we can avoid being controlled by them. 甚我们的日常生活中充满了众多的广告信息，可见了解广告如何发挥作用是很重要的事情，这样我们才有可能避免被广告左右。 What is an advertisement? 什么是广告？ An advertisement is a message or announcement that informs or influences people. 广告是告知人们或对人们起影响作用的信息或告示。 It can use words, pictures, music or film to communicate its message. 它可能用文字、图片或影片来传达其信息。Adverts are not only made and paid for by business, but also by individuals, organizations and associations that wish to inform or educate the public. 广告不仅可由商家付费制作，也可以由想要向公众传达或教育公众的个人、组织或协会来出资制作。 How do advertisers make effective advertisements? 广告商是如何制作有效的广告的？ Identify your target识别你的目标 Advertisers must pay the media for displaying their ads. 广告上必须付费给展示广告的媒体。 Their money would be wasted if the message didn't reach its target audience, in other words the people the advertisement intends to persuade. 如果信息不能传达给她的信息群体，也就是广告意图说服的人群的话，那么他们的钱就白花了。 For example, adolescent boys are more likely to buy computer games than any other group, so it makes sense to make computer game ads that appeal to this group. 举例说，进入青春期的男孩子就可能比任何其他人群更愿意购买电脑游戏，因此，针对这个目标群体制作有吸引力的电脑游戏广告才是有意义的。Having identified the target group, researchers find out as much as possible about those in the target group, such as their likes and dislikes, and how the product would fit into their lives. 明确了广告的目标群体后，研究人员就会尽量收集这个群体的有关信息，例如他们的好恶，以及如何使产品适应他们的生活。This information then forms the basis for decisions about what type of advertising techniques to use with this group. 于是，这个信息就构成了针对这部分人采用何种广告技术的决策基础。 Appeal to your target迎合你的目标 In order to persuade people to do something, advertisements often appeal to our hopes and dreams or our emotions. 为了说服某人采取某种行动，广告常常要迎合我们的希望、梦想或情感。For example, the one on the right, which advertises sports shoes, shows young people doing exciting things. 譬如右图的运动鞋广告，它表现的是年轻人正做着一些刺激的运动，（广告的）颜色和其中的火焰也使人感到兴奋。The colours and the flames also suggest excitement. The message it is sending is: "Buy our shoes and you'll live an exciting life in the 'fast lane'." 它所传递的信息是：“购买我们的运动鞋，你就能在‘快车道’过上令人兴奋的生活”。The ad above, with the star in it, is for a new radio station. 上方的那幅广告（上面有一个五角星）是为一个新的无线电台制作的。It appeals to people's desire to "fit in" and be part of the group. 它迎合了人们想要“适应”并成为其中一员的愿望。 The message is: "Everyone else is listening and if you want to be part of the group, you'd better listen too." 它传达的信息是：“其他人都在听。如果你想成为其中的一份子，你最好也听一听。” Some advertisements appeal to people's desire to save money. Others are more likely to be noticed if they are funny. 有的广告迎合人们省钱的愿望，另外一些广告则因为有趣而受人注目。 Ads that feature rich and famous people will grab the attention of those who admire people like that. 而以有钱人和名人为特色的广告则会抓住那些对他们羡慕的人的注意力。Some adverts, like the environmental protection advertisement below, appeal to our conscience or our desire to be worthy citizens.还有一些广告就像下面那种有关环境保护的广告，就符合我们的良知，或者就迎合了我们想成为有价值的公民的愿望。 Use a suitable medium采用合适的媒体 As well as reaching the right audience with the right technique, advertisers must also place their ads in the right medium. 正如要用恰当的方式吸引合适的消费者，广告商还得将广告置于恰当的媒体上。 Obviously, cost will play a.big part in this decision. 很明显，做这个决定的时候，花销起很大的作用。Television adverts are expensive to make and to show. 电视广告的制作与播放是非常昂贵的。You have to be a big corporation with a big budget to afford television ads. 你必须是一家大公司，有大笔经费，才能做得起电视广告。Advertisements in newspapers, on the other hand, are much cheaper. 而另外一方面，用报纸做广告就会便宜得多。 As well as worrying about the expense, advertisers must also consider which media are most appropriate for their product and which their target audience is most likely to see or hear. 正如担心费用一样，广告客户还必须考虑哪种媒体最适合他们的产品，并且他们的目标群体最愿意收看或收听哪种媒体。Because most cars have radios, ads broadcast via radio can reach a lot of drivers very easily. 因为大多数汽车都有收音机，司机们很容易地就能收听到通过无线电广播传送的广告。 For this reason, it would be appropriate to use radio to advertise goods and services relating to cars. 因为这个缘故，用无线电播送与汽车有关的产品与服务就很合适。However, it would be no use advertising products on radio if the ad relies on visual effects.但是如果一项产品的广告要依靠视觉效果，那么它在收音机里播出就毫无意义了。 Television adverts are great for generating emotional responses to a product, but magazines and newspapers can give more detail. 电视广告能够激起人们对某种产品产生情感反应，但报刊杂志能够给更详细的介绍。 How effective are advertisements? 广告的效果如何？ However good an advertisement is, people are unlikely to be persuaded if the product is unsuitable for them. 一则广告无论如何制作得多么好，如果产品不合适，也不可能使人信服。For example, no matter how good an ad for a car stereo system is, people who don't own cars are unlikely to run out and buy one. 举例来说，不管一个汽车的立体声系统多么好，那些没有汽车的人是不可能跑去买它的。Look at the advertisements in this unit. 看一看本单元中的这些广告吧。How many of the goods or services suit your interests or lifestyle? 你对其中多少商品或服务感兴趣，它们是否符合你的生活方式呢？Would really good advertising persuade you to buy products and services you are not interested in or have no use for? 是不是有好的广告会说服你去买并不感兴趣或对你没有用处的商品服务呢？ On the other hand, being constantly exposed to advertisements can help to change our opinions over time. 另一方面，经常处于广告的包围中，我们的想法有可能随着时间的流逝而发生变化。This is why governments all over the world pay a lot of money for ads on such things as road safety. 这就是为什么世界各地的政府会花大量的金钱来制作诸如道路安全之类的广告，They believe these adverts will affect the way people think about their driving habits and will subsequently reduce the number of road accidents.它们认为这些广告让人们认真思考他们的驾驶习惯，从而减少交通事故的数量。 10.选修九Unit 5 KEEPING ADVERTISEDRS HONEST做广告的人应守诚信 Organizations and individuals advertise because they want to persuade people to behave in certain ways, for example to buy a certain brand of rice, stop speeding or see a movie at their cinema. 组织和个人都做广告，因为他们都说服别人按某种方式来行事，例如要你买某个牌子的大米，或者要你停止高速驾车或在他们的电影院里看一场电影。 Advertisers go, to a lot of trouble and expense to make adverts and so they want to make sure they achieve their purpose. 广告制作者在广告上花了不少精力和财力，因此，他们要确保能达到他们的目的。Unfortunately, not all advertisers are good or honest people. Unless we have ways to protect ourselves, these dishonest advertisers will tell lies or use methods that may mislead us. 不幸的是，并不是所有的广告商都诚实、正直。除非我们有办法进行自我保护，否则这些不老实的广告上就会说谎，或者采用误导我们的手段。Fortunately, most countries have developed ways to control advertising and prevent false or unsuitable advertising. 好在多数国家都采用了一些办法来控制广告业，防止虚假不实的广告。 The law法律 One way to control advertising is to make laws that prevent advertisers doing the wrong thing. 控制广告的办法之一就是制定法律以约束广告商们的不法行为。 Many countries have laws that forbid ads being shown at inappropriate times or in unsuitable places. 许多国家制定了法律，禁止在不恰当的时间和不适宜的地点播放广告。 For example, an ad that has an adult theme cannot be shown during children's television programmes. 譬如有成人内容的广告就不能在儿童电视节目的时间里播放。In some countries advertising alcoholic drinks or tobacco is banned altogether. 在有些国家里，酒类及烟草的广告都是一概被禁止的。There are also laws in most places that prevent advertisers making false statements about their products or from promoting immoral or harmful behaviour. 在许多地方还制定了法律，以防止广告商为他们的产品说假话，或者宣传不道德或有害的行为。 Advertising organizations广告组织 Most advertisers are decent and honest, and they are as interested as everyone else in making sure ads are ethical. 多数广告商都是正派、诚实的。他们和其他人一样也致力于确保广告合乎道德规范。For this reason, most advertisers belong to advertising organizations that not only educate and support their members, but also make rules for everyone in the organization to follow. 为此，多数广告商都是从属于某个广告组织。广告组织不仅仅对其成员进行教育和支持，而且还制定多种规则让组织中的每个成员都必须遵守。They are called a code of ethics and include such rules as: Advertisements must not be untruthful or misleading; Advertisements must not say bad things about other people's products. 这些规则被称为道德规范，他们包括以下规则：广告一定不能失实或误导；广告一定不能说别人产品的坏话。If well-known people are used in advertisements, they must be honest and truthful about products they advertise. 如果广告中用到人名，那么他们必须对所宣传的产品确保诚信。 Complaints organization投诉机构 Even though there are laws and advertisers' codes of conduct, some bad ads do get made. 虽然有法律和广告的行为规范，还是有很多糟糕的广告被制作出来了。 This is why many countries have a government organization which examines complaints about ads. 这就是为什么许多国家都设有检查有关广告投诉的政府机构。A consumer can complain to the organization, giving reasons for their complaint, and if the complaint is correct, the organization can make the company stop using the offending advertisement. 消费者可以向这个机构投诉，提出投诉的理由。如果投诉是正确的，该机构可以责令该公司停止用这种令人不愉快的广告。 The consumer消费者 You may have heard the saying: "Buyer Beware".你可能听说过“买者自负”的说法。 This means that the consumer is responsible for checking the product before buying. 这就是说消费者有责任在购买其产品之前对产品进行检查。 When it comes to advertising, consumers need to be educated about techniques used by advertisers so they can judge the claims for themselves and not blindly accept everything that is said in advertisements. 涉及广告时，消费者需要了解广告商所使用的伎俩。这样他们才能对各种广告主张做出自己的判断。而不致盲目地接受广告中所说的一切。As we are flooded with advertisements in our modem world, many schools believe it is their duty to educate students about advertising. 当今社会上广告泛滥成灾，许多学校认为它们有责任对学生进行有关广告的教育。 高中英语选修10课文翻译（人教版）  第一单元 一次成功的失败经历 如果起初不成功，就要一次又一次地尝试。——W·C·菲尔兹  1914 年 8 月，珀斯·布莱克鲍罗参加了欧内斯特·沙克尔顿爵士的“持久号”轮船南极探险。 沙克尔顿是他那个时代最负盛名的探险家，加入他的探险活动被认为是一种巨大的荣耀。现在请 看读帕斯所讲故事的第一部分。 1916 年 8 月 29 日 慢慢地，我把头探出睡袋，向四周看了看。一切都是灰色的：小屋里面看上去是灰色的，晨 曦看上去是灰色的，燃油炉上噗噗作响的罐子也是灰色的。同往常一样，气味中混合着汗液、海 豹油脂和脏内衣的味道，几乎让人难以忍受。我尝试着想一些快乐的事情：温暖和干爽的衣服、 舒适的卧室、阳光灿烂的日子、妈妈的脸庞，以及返家后得到的庆贺，因为我是试图横穿南极大 陆的一次失败探险活动的成员之一，这种事以前还没有人做过。正想到这儿，一条黑毛毯掉下来 把我盖住，几乎把美好时光的记忆封闭住了。  一想到由于冻伤变黑而必须截去的腐烂的脚趾头，我就感到喘不过气来。我们的境况让人绝 望，谁也不清楚会不会活着回去。也许好些年后，我们的尸体会被其他探险队所辨认并搜集起来。  正当我快要变得自我怜惜起来时，我们营棚的门开了，一股冷空气穿过营棚。 “把门关上!”我 用一种自己都快辨认不出来的沙哑的嗓音嚷嚷道。 “坚持下去，珀斯。不要变成另一个汤姆。 ”一个声音在应答。 “我们又逮住了一只企鹅，今晚有企鹅汤喝了!”保佑弗兰克一吓尔德，他可是我们 的头儿欧内斯特·沙克尔顿之外最好的人啦。我怎么能像汤姆·奥德·利兹那样自私自利和脾气 暴躁呢!我挣扎着下床，新的一天开始了。  当初宣布探险活动时，我才 20 岁，老梦想着要去冒险。所以在 1914 年 7 月的一个早晨，我是 怀着无比激动的心情读以下这则广告的： 为危险之旅招募人手：工资低廉、寒冷无比、数月不见天日、无法确保安全返回。如果成功， 荣耀和报酬将会接踵而至。欧内斯特·沙克尔顿爵士。 同伟大的欧内斯特·沙克尔顿爵士去南极探险——我被深深地迷住了!我是探险的门外汉，但 我年轻，身体健康而且精力充沛。我偷偷地上了“持久号”轮船，藏在一个小橱里。直到轮船已 开始航行了，我才被人发现，而且晕船晕得很厉害。不管怎么说，沙克尔顿似乎对我傻乎乎的行 为感兴趣，并且接受了这种局面。他让我当一名伙计，协助做 28 个人一天三顿的饭菜。 1915 年 1 月 18 日，正当我们接近南极时， “持久号”被海上的浮冰(有的坚固无比，有的破裂 成若干巨大的冰块浮在水上)卡住了。周围的冰都冻结了，我们千真万确地被困住了!轮船在我们的 眼前慢慢地被挤坏。我相信沙克尔顿肯定会对这次探险意想不到的结局而痛心，但他并没有把时 间浪费在遗憾和悔恨中。他镇静地把大家召集在一起，然后紧急宣布我们必须在船沉下去之前， 只抢出基本给养，尤其是小船、食物、炊具、蜡烛、卧具和衣服。为了显示自己的决心，沙克尔 顿把一些金币和他的金表扔到冰上。然而，让我感到惊讶的是，他竟鼓励赫西带上班卓琴。他把 班卓琴描述成让我们保持精神振奋的关键。  他的顽强精神赢得了我们对他的完全信赖。他对我们也总是坦诚相待(就像广告中那样)，他从不 灰心丧气，从不放弃，甚至当轮船沉下去时也是如此。1916 年 4 月 9 日，我们搬到了大象岛上现 在的宿营地。不久沙克尔顿给我们这里的生活列出了规矩：取消级别和社会地位上的差异，每个 人都得忙起来；公平分配食物和卧具；关心每一个人。这种团队精神鼓舞了船员们的士气，并挽 救了我们的生命。 我们在大象岛上一安顿好，沙克尔顿就马上向大家解释了他的营救 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 ：22 人留在这里，他 挑选其他五个人去南乔治亚求援。由于谁也不知道我们身处何地，所以不能指望任何外部救援。 我永远也不会忘记眼看着小船从哗哗作响的波浪中消失在波涛汹涌的大洋里的情景。留在大象岛 上的人发誓要按他所主张的那样做：在他返回来救我们之前要保持乐观、恢复健康。 “乐观帮助，我们锲而不舍” 我们留在了岛上,看着沙克尔顿和小船驶离大象岛。起初,他们将面临的危险、回来寻找我们的机会、以及害怕再也无从知晓他们的命运和可能的耽搁，都使我们情绪低落、沮丧不已。不过，这并没有持续很长时间。除了美味的企鹅餐和动感音乐外，没有其它东西能再让人感到愉快了。 现在生活转入了常规。单单活下去这一项就耗费了我们所有的时间和精力。例如我们必须抓住和溶化海面上的冰块来收集淡水。如果冰块溶化了一段时间，水里面的盐分就会消失，之后变成适于饮用的淡水。然而淡化冰块却是个问题。南极地区不长树，也没有油料，唯一可供我们作燃料的便是海豹脂肪。燃烧海豹脂肪会产生油腻的黑烟，但它有能在强风中烧旺的好处。火熄灭后我们也可以吃剩下的东西。 食物也是个问题，因为找不到蔬菜和水果。作为大家中的一员，莱昂内尔·格林斯特里特数周后在日记中提到他对饭菜是何其厌烦：“现在食物全是肉。海豹肉排、煮海豹、企鹅肉排、煮企鹅、企鹅肝”。作为厨子，我的责任就是把这些动物清洗干净并做成熟肉。没过多久他们就不断鼓动我想方设法去变化伙食的花样。这可真不容易。 我们必须要特别注意自己照顾自己，因为变幻的气温可能会伤害到我们。穿衣服太多而太热同穿得太少而太冷差不多一样危险。太热导致出汗，而汗水很快就会结成冰。另外一个需要特别小心的身体部位是眼睛。冰雪会反射阳光的危险射线，所以如果不戴太阳镜，可能会造成日盲症。 在这样彻骨的寒冷中，这种状况持续的四个月是我们22人所能承受的极限。我们很走运，因为我们全组努力显示出一种令人钦佩的精神状态，并且以积极的态度成功地克服的无所不在的恐惧。最重要的是沙克尔顿曾鼓励我们举办各种庆祝活动：庆祝生日、庆祝节日，甚至就仅仅因为企鹅的捕获量大也庆祝一番。这让我们保持振奋的情绪，并且增进了团队和谐的气氛。 当救援真的赶来时，我们长长地松了口气，欣喜不已，许多人忍不住流下了眼泪。我们终于可以自由地回家，躺在温暖的床上，品尝可口的食物，享受家庭和朋友的关爱了。乐观和对沙克尔顿的信任帮助我们坚持顽强地活了下来，他给我们的回报则是承诺返回岛上，并且把我们从缓慢而又痛苦的死亡中解救出来。 第二单元 李尔王  第一部分 国王的觐见室。李尔王上场，国王的女儿们：贡纳莉、里根和科迪莉亚；贡纳莉和里根的丈夫奥尔巴尼公和康沃尔公爵；肯特公爵，国王的一位忠实朋友。 李尔：我亲爱的女儿们，我老了，也累了。治理国家的重担落在我的双肩上。我已决定退休，把责任重担传到你们三人手中。瞧，这是我的王国地图，边界都标在上面。我已把国家一分为三，给你们每个人划分一份。现在告诉我，亲爱的孩子们，你们当中谁最爱我？因为你们当中不管是谁，只要最有孝心，我就把最好的一块给她。贡纳莉，你说说看。 贡纳莉：父王，我无法用语言来表达我对您深深的爱。我爱您胜于爱世上所有的财富，胜于爱我的自由，甚至还胜于爱我的眼睛。事实上，我爱您胜于爱自己的生命。 李尔：（给她女儿看地图）我亲爱的女儿，你和你丈夫奥尔巴尼将拥有王国的这一部分，包括其中所有的河流、森林和山脉。你们的孩子可以继承下去。里根，现在轮到你了。你对我说些什么呢？ 里根：姐姐在表达她对您爱的同时，也道出了我的心声。然而我对您的爱甚至是无法用语言表达的。我爱您胜于深爱世界上的一切。我最大的幸福就是爱您。 李尔：为你和你的丈夫康沃尔以及你们未来的孩子，我把王国的为一部分赐予你们（给他们看地图）。这部分同我给贡纳莉的那部分价值相等。现在，我亲爱的，我最喜欢的孩子，我的科迪莉亚，你说什么来取悦一位老人，赢得王国最好的部分呢？ 科迪莉亚：我无话可说，我的父亲。 李尔：无话可说？ 科迪莉亚：无话可说。 李尔：无话可说你将一无所获。我求求你说几句。 科迪莉亚：很抱歉，我不像姐姐们那样聪明。我不会用这么花哨的话来描述我的感觉。我爱您如同一个女儿恰如其分地爱着父亲，一分不多，一分不少。 李尔：好好想一想，科迪莉亚。否则的话，你将丧失你应得的那一份土地。 科迪莉亚：亲爱的父亲，您把我带到这个世界上，关心我，疼爱我。作为回报，我爱您、敬重您、服从您。我搞不明白姐姐们为什么那样讲。如果她们真的那样爱您，那我就不明白她们为什么要嫁人。您知道，只要我一嫁人，我就有职责把一半的爱分给我的丈夫。 李尔：此话当真？ 科迪莉亚：是的，陛下。 李尔：年纪轻轻，心肠却铁硬。 科迪莉亚：年纪轻轻，但是实话实说，我的陛下。 李尔：那么，好吧。就让实话作为你的回报吧。你不再是我的女儿了，我心里再也没有你。 肯特：但是，陛下…… 李尔：别说话，肯特。不许阻止我发怒。她曾是我最疼爱的女儿。我曾想同她一道度过晚年，但那种事情再也不会发生了。你这个仆人，去找一下法国国王和勃艮第公爵。我们倒要看看，她没有分毫嫁妆，你们俩谁愿意当她的新郎。贡纳莉、里根，我把我的王国分给你们两人。我自己什么也不要，只要一支由百名最忠诚的卫兵组成的队伍来照看我保护我。我没有第三个亲生女儿，我将同你们两个过日子——一个月在这家，下个月在另一家。 肯特：但是，陛下，我求您…… 李尔：别顶撞我，就这么定了。 肯特：但是，陛下，请听我讲完。我要替科迪莉亚讲几句话。我已侍奉您多年，您是知道的，我一直敬您为君王，也像爱父亲一样爱着您，但是我相信您现在正被虚伪的奉承所影响。科迪莉亚对陛下的爱是无可置疑的。 李尔：肯特，你若想活命的话，就别再讲了。 肯特：我必须讲清楚，我的陛下。我宁愿丢掉性命也不愿意看到您犯下如此严重的错误。您错误地让您我您的女儿之间产生摩擦。我料想这种行为会在您的王国里造成巨大的冲突。 李尔：你竟敢反对我。从我面前滚出去。收拾好你的东西，滚出我的王国。五天之内你若没有离开我的国土，我就叫人杀了你。 第三部分 旁白：当贡纳莉从她父亲那里得到所能得的一切后，马上开始粗鲁地对待他。当李尔想跟她谈一谈时，贡纳莉叫她的仆人奥斯瓦尔德说她病了。她怂恿下属对李尔不敬，并开始抱怨李尔所带的百名卫兵。然而，李尔王旁边很快就有了一个朋友。被李尔勒令离开不列颠寻求一份差使。 （李尔、数名卫兵以及假扮作仆人的肯特上场。） 李尔：好的，凯厄斯，我将考验你一下。如果你能证明你擅长你的差使，我会留你作我的仆人。（奥斯瓦尔德上场）嗨，叫你。我女儿在什么地方？（奥斯瓦尔德不理睬李尔王，匆忙走出房间。）嗨，怎么搞的？叫他回来。他聋了吗？（一名卫兵追着奥斯瓦尔德冲了出去。）好像整个世界都睡着了。（卫兵重新上场。）那个仆人哪儿去了？我叫他，他为什么不回来？ 卫兵：陛下，他很粗鲁地回答我，说他不愿意回来。 李尔：我不相信！ 卫兵：陛下，我很难过地告诉您，您在这儿似乎没有得到一个国王应有的尊敬。这儿的每个人，包括您的女儿，对您都很冷淡。 李尔：嗯。我也这样怀疑过，但我一直地对自己说，这只是我的想象罢了。请告诉我的女儿我希望同她谈一谈。（卫兵鞠躬，离开。奥斯瓦尔德上场。）啊，伙计，过来回答我的问题。我是谁？ 奥斯瓦尔德：女主人的父亲。 李尔：女主人的父亲？我在你眼里就是这个样子？狗奴才！（李尔抬起胳膊似乎要去打奥斯瓦尔德。） 奥斯瓦尔德：我可不会挨打的，我的老爷。 肯特：（肯特从下面将奥斯瓦尔德的双腿踢倒。）我想你也不会四脚朝天地躺下。站起来，从这儿滚出去。（奥斯瓦尔德下。） 李尔：多谢了，凯厄斯。我看出来你将会是个最有用的仆人。（贡纳莉上。）怎么啦，女儿？近来你似乎总是皱着眉头。 贡纳莉：我皱眉有什么好奇怪的？你的卫兵老是酗酒斗殴。我本来以为告诉你他们的行径之后，你会纠正他们的。但现在我倒是听说你辱骂了奥斯瓦尔德。我真的相信你是在纵容你的那些举止不良的卫兵。 李尔：这难道是我的女儿在斥责我吗？ 贡纳莉：我烦透了你的士兵了。保留他们很费钱，而且你也不需要他们。此外，他们醉醺醺的举止和不礼貌的行为让人感到恶心。你要把他们遣送一半。你要是不想让我把剩下的士兵也赶走的话，我说你还是教教他们遵守规矩的好。 李尔：一派谎言。我的卫兵们很优秀，他们知道怎样举止得当。我不想呆在这里受辱。我还有一个女儿。她若知道你是如何待我的，她一定会把你的眼珠子抠出来的。伙计们！把马备好，收拾好行李，我马上就走。我不想呆在不爱欢迎的地方。（李尔和随从下。） 旁白：李尔派肯特提前赶赴二女儿里根的城堡，通知她他很快就会到达。贡纳莉也派奥斯瓦尔德奔往里根处，告诉里根她这边的说法。   第三单元 为了所有人的公正 fairness for all people 下文选自玛丽安·琼斯的日记，她是一位黑人妇女，住在密西西比州的蒙哥马利市。 the following passage is taken from the diary of mary, a black woman who lived in the city. 民权运动的开端 the start of the civil right movement     1955年12月4日  星期日 sunday,december 4th, 1955 今天我们去教堂，牧师马丁·路德·金宣布：从明天开始抵制公交车和无轨电车。我一向痛恨必须坐在公交车最差的座位上，所以我很高兴支持这项举动。金博士鼓励我们同这个禁止我们黑人随意就坐的不公平的制度作斗争。如果我们坐在公交车前面的座位上，就会被认为是违规了，如果我们不遵守这项法律，我们会遭到严惩。 today we went to church where our minister, martin announced that a boycott of bus and trolleybuses will begin tomorrow. I have always hated having to sit in the worst seat on the bus so i am happy to support it. Jim encourages us to fright against this system which prohibits us black from sitting where we like. It is regarded as an offense if we sit at the front of a bus. We receive a heavy punishment if we break this low.但说起来我很高兴，在星期四，这种根据肤色的不公平的种族隔离受到了挑战。一位名叫罗莎·帕克斯的黑人女士上了一辆城市公交车，她同其他三位黑人坐在第五排。专供白人坐的座位渐渐地坐满了人，直到有一个白人男子一直站着。根据法律，他不能同罗莎坐在一起，而且根据传统习惯，黑人要让出座位。四个人都被要求站起来。另外三个人屈从了，而罗莎不愿意这样做，也拒绝站起来。她被捕了。她太勇敢了！我不太肯定自己是否有足够的勇气像她那样拒绝让座。 I am grad to say , this unjust separation of people on the basis of skin color was challenged. A black lady, rosa parks , got on board a city bus and sat in the fifth raw with three other blacks. Gradually the seat for white filled until one white man remained standing. By law he could not sit with Rosa and by tradition the blacks were expected to move. All four were asked to stand. The other three submitted but Rosa was unwilling to do so and she refused. How brave she was. I am not sure if i would have had enough courage to refuse like that. 　　金和蒙哥马利市的其他黑人领袖抓住这起事件，决定用抗争的方式来改变这项法律。他们满怀信心，如果全体黑人都支持他们，他们可以通过谈判而赢得一个较为公平的局面。但是，我实在担心明天会发生什么。会是一片混乱吗？ Jim and other black leader have seized on this incident and decided on a collision course to change the law. They are hopeful that they can negotiate a fair situation if all the blacks support them. But i do worry about what would happen tomorrow. Will it be chaos. 　　 1955年12月5日 　　今天早晨我哈欠连连，因为我比往常醒得还要早，但是我妹妹塞雷娜已经起床了。她催促我快点穿衣服，穿上最舒适的便鞋。我马上从床上跳了下来。我是喜欢准时上班的，抵制公交车不会使我迟到。碰巧的是，当我们到达空荡荡的公交车站时，一辆公交车过来了，但我们未加理睬。通常情况下，我们只会欣喜若狂，因为这会保证我们全程都有座位。但今天不同了！当我们这些步行者在人行道上行进时，满载乘客的出租车从我们身边驶了过去。车上的人向我们挥手，我们向他们致意。而另一方面，白人们大声咒骂我们。我们感觉到了他们的敌意，但这只会使我们的决心更加坚定。庆幸的是，就在我感到再也走不动的时候，一位黑人出租车司机让我们搭了一段车。这似乎像是对祈祷的回报！最终没有任何混乱，我甚至按时上了班！ December 5th, 1955 This morning i yawned as i got up earlier than usual, but my sister was already up. She urged me to dress quickly and to wear my most comfortable sandals. Immediately i jumped out of my bed. I would like to be punctual for work and no boycott is going to make me late. By coincidence a bus arrive as we reach buy stop, but we ignore it. Normally we would have been too happy, as it would have guaranteed us a seat for the whole journey. But not today. Taxis passed all full of passengers as we pedestrians marched the pavement. The people in the taxis waved and we saluted them back. The whites, on the other hand, shout abuse at us. We felt their hostility but it only made us firmer in our resolve. Luckily when i could walk no further, a black taxis driver offered us a lift. It seem like a answer to a prayer. No chaos after all and i even arrived at work on time. 抵制运动非常成功地持续了一年。玛丽安·琼斯已习惯于不乘公交车而步行去上班。然而，白人们的敌意也在不断上升。 The boycott continued very successful for a year. Marry became accustomed to travelling to work without the bus. However, the hostility of the whites grew. 1956年1月25日 january 25th, 1956 太激动了！塞雷娜回家说，结束抵制的消息明天将会登上所有的报纸。我急于想知道结果。“这不是真的。”她对我大声嚷道：“这只是白人编的故事，想叫我们停止运动。对他们来说，我们太成功了。马丁·路德·金亲自来告诉我，这只是一个诡计。我们必须坚持下去，直到获胜。”我从未看到她那样生气过，所以我保持沉默。或许现在白人的商店正在遭受损失，因为我们再也不到市区去购物了。但这肯定意味着我们正在获胜。我不在乎明天双脚疲惫。我寻思着，他们会不会再耍其它花招？ What excitement. She came home to say that the news the boycott was over was going to be all over the newspapers. I was eager to know the result. It is not true. She shouted at me. It is just a story made up by white to our compaign. We have been so successful for them. Jim came and told me himself that it was just a trick. We must continue till we win. I have never seen her as angry as that. So i kept quiet. Maybe white business are suffering now since we don’t shop downtown anymore. But i must meat that we are winning. I won’t mind my tired feet tomorrow . I wonder whether they will try other tricks 他们真的那样干了。马丁·路德·金和其他领袖的房屋遭到了炸弹袭击。但这并未使抵制停下来。这些黑人领袖受到了最高法院一项裁决的鼓舞，这项裁决规定全国范围内的公共教育必须要实施不同种族混校。于是，他们上法院据理力争，反对公交车上的种族隔离。直到1956年11月13日，美国最高法院才判定公交车上的种族隔离不符合宪法。 They really did. The houses of martin and other black leaders were bombed . But this did not stop the boycott. Encouraged by a supreme court decision that public education must be mixed nationwide.the leaders went to court to argue against separation on buses . It was not until November 13th,1956 that the us supreme court declared that separation on buses was not constitutional. 1956年11月13日 今天真是值得纪念的一天！在法庭上，我们赢得了民权斗争中的一场根本性的胜利。如果黑人学生和白人学生现在必须在一起接受教育的话，那么为什么在公交车上人们就应该根据肤色来就座呢？最高法院认为这是错误的，所以从今往后我们将可以在公交车上坐我们喜欢坐的地方。我感到无比欢欣鼓舞！我们也许为自由仅仅进行了一次小的斗争，但谁能知道这一斗争会将我们引向何方呢？ Today is red letter day. In court we won a fundamental victory for our civil rights. If black and white students must be educated together, why should people be seated according to the color of their skin. The supreme court agreed that it was wrong. So from now on we will able to sit where we like on buses. My happiness is complete. We may only have struck one small blow for liberty but who knows where it will lead 玛丽安·琼斯说对了。蒙哥马利市抵制公交车的成功开启了民权运动的先声，而民权运动带来了全美国的黑人在教育、住房、工作、投票选举和旅馆等方面状况的改善。 Mary is right. The success of city bus boycott began the civil right movement which lead to improvement of condition for black people in education, housing, jobs, voting and hotel throughout the USA. “我有一个梦想” i have a dream 我有一个梦想，那就是有一天这个国家会站起，并实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等。” I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed. We hold these truths to be self-evidence , that all men are created equal. 我有一个梦想，那就是有一天在佐治亚的红色山冈上，昔日奴隶的儿子将能够和昔日奴隶主的儿子同席而坐，共叙兄弟情谊。  i have a dream that one day on the red hill of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owns could will able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. 　　我有一个梦想，那就是有一天甚至密西西比州（这是黑人难以寻觅到正义的一个州）也将变成自由和正义的绿洲。  I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi , where justice is difficult to find if you are black, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. 　　我有一个梦想，那就是有一天我的四个孩子将在一个不是以他们的肤色，而是以他们的品格优劣来评价他们的国度里生活。  I have a dream that one day my four little children will live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. 　　我有一个梦想，那就是有一天甚至在白人极端排斥黑人的阿拉巴马州……，就在那里黑人儿童将能与白人儿童情同骨肉，携手并进。  ……i have a dream that one day even in Alabama where white people speak so fiercely against blacks, right there in Alabama black boy and girls will be able to join hand with white boys and girls as sister and brothers. 　　这就是我们的希望。这就是我返回南方所带的信念回到。带着这种信念，我们就能够从绝望之山上切下一块希望之石。带着这种信念，我们就能够把我们的国家中令人不快的声音变成一曲优美的兄弟情谊交响乐。带着这种信念，我们就能够一起工作、一起祈祷、一起斗争、一起坐牢、一起捍卫自由，我们知道终有一天我们将会获得自由。这将会是这样的日子，在这一天里所有上帝的儿女将能够以全新的意义歌唱“我的祖国，甜蜜的自由之邦——为了你，我歌唱。我父亲长眠的土地，从每座山上，让自由回荡！” That is all my hope. This is faith i go back to the south with. With this faith, we can cut stone of hope from the mountain of despair. With this faith, we will able to make unpleasant sounds of our nation into a beautiful symphony . With this faith, we will able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up our freedom together, knowing we will be free one day. This will be the day. This will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to sing with new meaning , our country, sweet land of liberty, to you i sing. Land where my father died, from every mountain, let freedom ring. 如果美国要成为一个伟大的国家，这必须成为现实。所以让自由回荡…… 让自由回荡。当这实现时，当我们让自由回荡时——当我们让自由之声响彻于每座大小村庄，响彻于每个州和每个城市时，我们将会加速那一天的到来。那时上帝所有的儿女，不管是黑人还是白人，犹太人还是非犹太人，新教徒还是天主教徒，都将携手同唱那首古老的黑人圣歌：“终于自由啦！终于自由啦！感谢全能的上帝，我们终于自由啦！” If america is to be a great country, this must become true. So let freedom ring. Let freedom ring. And when it happens, and when we allow freedom to ring - when we let freedom ring from every village and every hamle,t, from every state and every city, we will able to speed up the day when all of God’s children , black man and white men, jews and gentiles, protestants and catholic, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, free at last, free at last, thanks god almighty , we are free at last. ··· 第四单元 如何成为一名成功的阅读者how to become a successful reader 1．熟能生巧。 大多数人认为努力改进技能的最佳方式就是实践、实践、再实践。这同样适用于进行体育运动、当一名优秀的音乐家、画家或者医生。当然，人的天赋对取得重要成就也发挥作用，但是学会运用恰当的技巧，然后再加以实践将会提高人的工作成绩。 Most people agree that the best way to improve your skill in any endeavour is to practise , practise and practise some more. This applies equally to playing sports or becoming a good musician, painter and doctor. Of course, natural talent also plays a part in high achievement. , but learning the correct techniques and then practising them will improve anyone’s performance. 2．让阅读训练趣味化。 上述原则同样适用于能力强的读者。有某些技巧可供你学习，然后全靠自己去练习、练习、再练习了。选择阅读训练的课文不应太难，否则的话，很快就会产生受挫感并觉得乏味。检测一篇课文是否难度适中的一种方法是阅读该课文的第一页。如果生词比例高于3%，这篇课文读起来就不会轻松，所以很可能你不会喜欢它 The same principle applies to the competent reader. There are certain techniques you can learn, and then it is up to you to practise, practise and practise. The text choose to practise with should not be too difficult, or you will soon get frustrated and bored. The way to text whether a text is at the right level is to read the first page. The percentage of new words is higher than 3, you will not able to read the text easily and so will probably not enjoy it. 如果课文主题让你感兴趣，或者相信它有用，这时阅读也将更加有趣。例如，假设在生物学中，你正在研究植物如何繁衍，那你会去因特网上找到有关这方面的英语文章。那样的话你就一方面在练习英语阅读，同时也在学习生物了。 Reading will be more enjoyable if the subject interest you or you believe it is useful. For example, suppose in biology, you are studying how the plants reproduce, and you could find an english text about this on the internet. That way you would be practising reading in english as well as studying biology.      3．学习优秀阅读者的技巧。     如果你想当一名跳高冠军，然而你的跳高技巧完全不正确，这样即使你练习了很长时间，很可能你永远也不会跳出好成绩。阅读也同样如此。一些阅读方法比其它方法更加有效，所以使用与优秀读者相同的技巧是一个好办法。以下讨论优秀阅读者的一些技巧。 If you want to become a champion high jumper but your jumping technique was all wrong, you would probably become good at it , even if you practised it for a long time. It is same with reading. Some methods of reading are more efficient than others, so it is a good idea to use the same technique as good reader do. Some of techniques of good reader are discussed below. ⑴ 仔细阅读之前，优秀阅读者预习课文。在开始阅读之前，如果对文章的主题或结构有所了解的话，理解这篇文章将会容易得多。这也是本书为什么许多阅读课文前有读前活动的原因。有些读前活动要求你回忆与主题有关的知识，有些教你几个将在课文中出现的生词，有些要求你浏览一下课文的组织结构。当没有读前问题时，优秀的读者会自问如下这些问题： It will be easier to understand this text if you know something about the subject or organization of text before you start. That is why there are pre-reading activities before many of reading text in this book. Some pre-reading activities ask you recall your knowledge about the subject, some teach you a few new words that you will find in the text, some ask you to glance at the way the text is organized. When there is no pre-reading questions,good reader will ask himself pre-reading queations such as ●课文的标题是什么？ What is the title of this text / ●小标题/插图/图表/图片说明文字可以告诉我课文的什么内容？ What do the sub-heading, pictures, diagrams ,caption tell me about the text ●课文将要谈论什么？ What is the text going to be about ●关于这个话题我已经知道些什么？ What do i already know about this topic ⑵ 优秀阅读者积极主动而非消极被动地阅读。阅读的时候，优秀的读者会思考文章的内容，并在脑海里提问或发表评论。例如： While reading, good reader thinks about the content of text and ask questions or make a comments in his or her head. For example. ●太有意思了/太重要了！ That is interesting and important ●我竟然不知道！那是什么意思？ I didnt know that, what does that mean ●我不同意那种看法。 I don’t agree with that ●是的，我在另一本书中读过同样的东西。 Yes, i read the same thing in another book ●我想知道作者接下来会说些什么。 I wonder what author will say next 　　⑶优秀阅读者根据阅读的目的采用不同的方法阅读。想一想用母语阅读不同类型的文章时你所采用的方式吧。诚如弗朗西斯·培根曾经所说的那样：“有些书籍只须浅尝，有些可以吞咽，只有少数需要咀嚼，慢慢消化。”为了某些目的，你有必要逐词阅读文章。至于其他任务，像查找某些事实之类，你可以快速阅读。只有看到与你的任务相关的句子时，你才放慢速度仔细阅读。如果你记住阅读的目的，并且以帮你实现该目的的最佳方式进行阅读，那么你的阅读将会更加有效。 Think about the way you read different types of text in your own language. As tom once said, some books are to be tasted, some to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. For some purpose , you need to read every word of the text. For other task such as finding certain facts you can read much faster, slowing down to read carefully only when you see a sentence that might be relevant to your task. You will read more efficiently if you keep the purpose for your reading in mind and then read in a way that will best help you to achieve this purpose. ⑷优秀读者不必懂得课文中的每一个词。阅读下面方框中的句子，然后看看这些句子下面的问题你能回答出多少。在本阶段不要查阅不认识的单词或词组。 Read the sentences in the box below and see how many of the questons beneath the sentences you can answer, at this stage, do not look up the unknown words or phrase. 汤姆从树上摘了一个tamrillo(新西兰番茄)，把它切成两半，妥出pulp(果瓤)，他尝了一下，发现味道很鲜美。 Tome picked a tamrillo from the tree, cut it in half and scooped out the pulp. He tasted it and found it was delicious. 1汤姆喜欢tamarillos吗? Does tom like tamarilos 2吃之前一定要把它煮一下吗？Do you have to cook it befor yo ueat them   3 tamarillos是一种什么样的食物？What kind of food is a tamarillo 由于你阅读这些句子的目的是回答这些问题，所以即使你很可能不知道 “pulp” 或者 “tamarillo” 是什么意思，你还是可以达到你的目的。然而，通过上下文你可以猜测tamarillo是一种水果，而且它的pulp是很好吃的东西。 As the purpose for reading these sentences was to answer these questions, you can achieve your purpose even if you don’t know what pulp is. However, you can guess from the context that a tamarillo is some sort of fruit and its pulp is something nice to eat.     4．小结 我们都可以提高看书的阅读能力。全部的要求就是运用恰当的技巧大量练习。知道运用何种技巧的一种方法就是研究优秀阅读者所使用的方法，然后在自己的阅读中加以采纳。很快你就会提高阅读技能，有助于你开始各项阅读活动。We can improve our reading. All it require is plenty of practice using the right techniques. The way to know what technique to use is to study the technique that good reader use and then adopt them in your reading. Soon you have developed reading skill that will help you with all your reading.                        如何才能学得最好？How to learn best     通过以下检测弄清你是哪种类型的学习者。只对你认为同你情况相似的句子打勾。 Take this quiz to find out what kind of learner you are . Tick only the statement you think resemble your situation 1． 我宁愿听磁带朗读而不愿看书。 I would rather hear book on a cassette than read it. 2． 做功课时，我喜欢边做边有背景音乐陪伴。 While doing homework, i like to hear music in the background. 3． 购物时，我宁愿依赖购物清单而不是凭自己的记忆买东西。 When i go shopping, i would rather rely on my list than on my memory. 4． 我喜欢参加体育运动胜过观看运动。 I like playing sport more than watching them 5． 对我而言，保持我的房间和书桌整洁是件费劲的事。 It is a struggle for me to keep my room and desk tidy. 6． 我知晓所听歌曲的大部分歌词。 I know most of the words to the songs i listen to 7． 在读或听的时候，我往往会在脑海中看到图像。 I tend to see pictures in my mind when i am reading or listening 8． 比起听故事，我更喜欢读故事。 I like reading story more than listening to them 9． 拼单词时，我尝试在脑海中“看见”这些单词。 I try to see these words in my mind , when i am spelling words 10． 我喜欢通过电话交谈。 I like talking on the phone 11． 我喜欢动手制作东西。 I love working with my hands to build things 12． 打电话时，我经常画些东西。 I always draw something when i am on the phone 13． 我说的时候比写的时候更能容易地表达自己的思想。 I can express myself more easily when i talk than when i write 14． 当附近有很多人在交谈时，我感到难以集中注意力。 I feel it hard to concentrate when there are lots of people talking near me 15． 我喜欢按照地图而不是书面或口头指示（找到目的地） I like to follow the map rather than written or spoken direction. 16． 我通常知道我想说什么，但是用语言表达出来有困难。 I often know what i want to say but have trouble expressing it in words. 17． 我尽可能少看书。 I read book as little as possible 18． 当我记起过去发生的某件事时，我通常在脑海中看到它的图像。 When i remember something that happened in the past, i always see the pictures of it in my mind 19． 当有人向我解释某件事时，这时我学得最好。 I learn best when some explain me it 20． 当有人在我附近走动，或者东西十分凌乱时，我感到难以集中注意力。 I find it hard to concentrate when people are moving around me or things are messy 21． 当拼读难的单词时，我经常把这些词写下来，年年它们是不是“看起来正确”。 When i am spelling difficult words, i always write them down to see if they look light. 22． 如果长时间坐着并集中注意力于某事，我会感到厌倦。我喜欢不断变换活动。 I find it tiresome to sit and concentrate on anything for a long time. I prefer to keep changing activities. 23． 我通常记住人们的姓名，但经常忘记他们的面貌。 I always remember the people’s name, but i often forget their face. 24． 我通常记住人们的面貌，但经常对他们的姓名模糊不清。 I usually remember the people’s face, but i am often vague about their name 25． 如果我把清单上的东西对自己诉说一遍就记得最牢。 I remember things in a list best if i say them myself 26． 我喜欢别人给我示范做什么，而不是告诉我做什么。 I like to be shown rather than be told 27． 当我给指示时，一讲话我就有晃动身体和（或）手的倾向。 When i give direction, i have a tendency to move my body and or hand as i speak 28． 当拼读难的单词时，我经常一边把它们读出来一边把它们写下来 When i spell difficult words, i ofter sound them out as i write them down 29． 比起音乐来，我更喜欢美术。 I love art more than music 30． 我喜欢阅读。 31． I love reading 31． 当我试图解决一个问题时，我喜欢咨询别人。 When i try to slove one problem, i like to consult someone else about it 32． 当我在学习拼读单词时，我把单词一遍又一遍地写下来，直到掌握为止。 When i am learning to spell words, i write them down again and again until i know them 现在根据下面的指示来看一看你是哪种类型的学习者。 Now follow the instruction below to find out what kind of learner you are 在表格中，把跟你已打勾句子相搭配的数字划上圈，然后把每一竖行中的圆圈数目相加。 In the table, circle the number that match the statement you ticked, then add up the number of circles in each column. 圆圈数目最多的竖行很有可能是你最喜欢的学习风格。你或许会发现自己有不止一种倾向的学习风格，这是一种意外的收获，因为能够以多种风格学习会增大找到合适的学习活动的机会。 The column with the most circles is probably your preferred learning style. You may find you have more than one strong learning style, which is a bonus because being able to learn in more than one style increase your chances of finding activities that suit you. 现在翻到下页看看你如何学得更好。 Now turn the passage to find out more about how you learn best 请阅读下面对三种类型学习者的描述。 Please read the description below of three kinds of learners. 视觉型学习者：当这类学习者能够看见或注视某事物时，他们学得最好。他们喜欢阅读或观看图画和图表。 Visual learner, they learn best when they can see or watch something. They like to read or look at pictures, and diagrams 听觉型学习者：当学习材料有口头成分时，这类学习者学得最好。他们喜欢听解释或指示，而不喜欢阅读。 Auditory leaner, they learn best when there is an oral component to the material they are learning. They like to listen explanations or instruction rather than read them 触觉型学习者：当这类学习者通过具体的体验可以学得最好；也就是说，当他们可以摸到或感觉到真实物体时、做实验或者制作东西时，他们学得最好。 Tactile learner, then learn best through concrete experiences, that is, when they can touch or fell real objects, do experiments or make things. 视觉 听觉 触觉 3 1 4 7 2 5 8 6 10 9 10 11 15 13 12 18 14 16 20 19 17 24 23 21 26 25 22 29 28 27 30 31 32 第五单元 19世纪英国女作家的崛起 The rise of english authoresses in the 19th century 你相信从前社会止存在着反对女子写小说的舆论吗？很显然，这种限制在妇女没有平等权利的时期肯定会起作用的。或许你会认为这种类型的歧视只会在很久以前才有影响，因为这毕竟是一种很落伍的想法。但是你弄错了，因为在英国仅仅一百年前，这还是一种被普通接受的观念。即便如此，事情发展还是有所转折。在一种奇怪的矛盾状况下，这段时期却产生了五位最具有勇气和才华的女作家。绕过对女子写小说的限制的人有：简·奥斯汀、勃朗特三姐妹（夏洛蒂、艾米莉和安妮），以及人们称之为乔治·艾略特的作家。 Can you believe there used to be a consensus in society that opposed the writing of novels by authoresses. Clearly this restriction must have operated at a time when there was no equality of opportunity for women. Perhaps you think that discrimination of this kind was in force a very long time ago, because , it is a very old fashion idea. But you would be wrong, because it was a generally held view only one hundred years ago in england. Even so there is another twist to his story. In a strange contradiction, this period produced five of the most courageous and gifted authoresses. Those who got round this ban were 简·奥斯汀(1775－1817)是这些伟大的女作家中的第一位。她创作了六部完整的小说, 这些作品都涉及到女性选择权的问题及其局限性。那时女性唯一受到尊重的事业就是嫁人。 所以她作品中的女主人公也为了无爱情的婚姻所困扰。她最爱欢迎的小说一直是《傲慢与偏见》。在这部小说中，我们跟踪书中五姐妹的生活轨迹，看到她们克服幸福和婚姻中的种种障碍，直至一切问题都圆满解决。然而，简的作品引人入胜之处不仅仅在于故事内容本身，还在于她那种清新明快而又带点讽刺的写作风格，这从小说的第一句就可以很清楚地看出来： Jane was the first of these great women writers. She produced six completed novels, all of which dealt with the problems and limitation of women’s choices. At that time, the only respectable career for a woman was to marry. So the dilemma of her heroins’ was also to marry but for love. Her most popular novel has always been pride and prejudice! In this novel we follow the lives of five sisters as they overcome obstacles to their happiness and marriage until all is happily resolved! However< but the appeal of the work was not in its content alone>it was also in her refreshingly light and ironic style>evidence from the first sentence of the novel> everyone knows that a single man with a fortune must be in want of a wife>“众所周知，凡是有财产的单身汉必定需要娶一位太太。” 作为读者同，我们知道这句话并不完全真实，然而它却代表着所有有女儿要出嫁的母亲们的观点。这句话就是在调侃那些母亲，因为她们一门心思要女儿嫁个好人家。 As a reader>we know that this sentence is not really true but it represent the opinions of all mothers who have daughter to marry>it is making fun of those mothers whose only wish is to marry their daughter well> 在简奥斯汀之后, 女作家们发现用真名出版小说更加无望。所以，她们选择使用男人的姓名来出版自己的作品。勃朗特三姐妹采用了这种做法，玛丽·安·埃文斯也同样如此，她用乔治·艾略特作为笔名进行创作。生性多疑的评论家们没有看穿这层伪装, 而且对她们的作品大加赞扬。 After jane, authoresses found it an even more hopeless task to publish novels under their own names. So they chose to publish their works using men’s names. The three sisters adopting this practice, mary did the same and wrote under the name of jim. Sceptical reviewers did not see through this deception and give their approval to their work. 夏洛蒂·勃朗特（1816－1855）是勃朗特姐妹中最出名的一个。她的小说具有革命性，因为她的小说用鲜明的笔调描述了女性与其受社会限制的角色之间的对抗。她的作品中的女主人公们坦率地表达自己的感情，而与其同时，她们的选择也显示出真诚和良知。她最有名的小说《简?爱》所描绘的女主人公从童年的不幸、贫穷且饱受摧残到成熟，她经历多种坎坷和失望，最后终于找到了幸福。《简?爱》一出版，立即被誉为“伟大天才的杰作”，获得了巨大的成功。同简·奥斯汀小说中表达的那种较为含蓄的感情相比，《简?爱》算是一种直接表露。 Mary is the most famous of three sisters. Her novels was revolutionary for the explicit way they descried women struggling against their restricted role in society.her heroines are outspoken in expressing their feeling , while demonstrating honesty and conscience in their choices. Her most famous novel, Jane Eyre, descried the growth of a poor, abused heroin with an unhappy childhood through to a mature person who find eventual happiness after many struggles and disappointment. Being immediately hailed as the master work of a great genius, jane became a great success. The book was a relevation after more reserved feeling expressed in Jane”s novels> 在这一阶段的第五位女作家是乔治·艾略特（1819－1880）。她的小说探讨了人们在生活中为了取得成功在道德上所作的模糊的退让。在她的一部名为《织工马南》的小说中，男主人公发现了一个小姑娘，并带她回家与自己共同生活。小姑娘自己的父亲已经丢弃了她，因为如果他认自己的女儿的话，他害怕会失去第二个妻子对他的爱——这是个让这对夫妇都痛苦的错误。 The fifth premier authoress of this period was George> her novel examined the morally ambiguous concession people make in their lives order to succeed > in one of his book< the hero discovers a little girl whom he take in to live with him his novel descried the hardship of poor people who did not possess money or a sponsor to smooth their path> in this story< the hero experience suffering before he meets his eccentric < kid the hero benefits from her truly generous nature< and owes his education today< he was confirmed as one of the great writer>although his output was greater than any of authoresses< his impact was greater than theirs> these authoresses having produced works of the highest quality < any survey of the english literature 《傲慢与偏见》中的求婚 the proposal from pride and prejudice   伊丽莎白·贝内特见到富有而英俊的土地拥有者达西先生时，由于他态度傲慢，加之举止无礼，她几乎立刻就讨厌起他了。当伊丽莎白在达西姑妈家再次碰到他时，他向她求婚，伊丽莎白特别惊讶。 Mary met and dislike tome< a rich and handsome landowner>almost at once for his proud way and rude manners> when she meet him a second time at his aunt”home< she is astonished when he proposes marriage to her    几分钟后，达西激动得气喘吁吁地向她走来。“我怎么挣扎都不行，不管用！你得允许我告诉你我是多么敬慕你、多么爱你。”伊丽莎白大吃一惊，一言不发地盯着他。这是一个信号，示意他继续讲下去。他言辞流利、语气热烈，但主要是说她低下的社会地位，听起来可不像要做她的丈夫。After several minutes< he came toward her in breathless manner> in vain have i struggled> you must allow me to tell you how much i adore and love you> she was astonished and stared at him silently> this was a single for him to continue> he spoke fluently < but concentrated on her low social rank with warmth which did not recommend him as a husband  起初，虽然不喜欢他，她并没有漠视他的爱，而且还很在意拒绝他的求婚会给他带来的痛苦。然而，当他以那种傲慢的方式继续讲下去时，她就忘记了他的感受。他结束时希望她能接受他的求婚。他谈到了自己的焦虑，但是从他的面部表情来看，很显然他对她的答复很有把握。他讲完后，她回答道：“很抱歉，先生。我不会嫁给你的。”   At first< in spite of disliking him< she did not discount his affection and was sensitive to the pain she was going to cause when she declined his offer of marriage> but as he continued in his arrogant way< she forgot his feeling> he included by hoping that she would accept his hand in marriage> he spoke of his anxiety> but it was evident from his face that he felt sure of her answer> when he finished< she responded< sorry听她这样说，达西先生极为惊讶，他竭力控制自己的面部表情。这种停顿是很可怕的。终于，他问道：“这就是我要得到的全部答复！也许我可以问一下，为什么我会被如此断然地拒绝？”“我也可以问一句，”她答道：“为什么你对我说你是违心地喜欢我？不过，还有其他一些事！你想一想，一个毁了我亲爱的姐姐幸福的人，我会接受他吗？” he listened to her words with great surprise>he struggled to control the expression on his face> this pause was dreadful> at length he asked> this is all i am to have >i might>perhap> ask why i am refused so abruptly> why you told me that you like me against your will> but there are another thing>do you think i would accept the man who ruined the happiness of my beloved sister     听到这些话，达西先生的脸色变了，不过他还是在听她说。“我有足够的理由对你怀有恶感。你无法抵赖你反对过我姐姐同你朋友的婚事，”她重复道。他假装镇静地回答道：“我尽自己所能，用各种办法来拆散我的朋友和你的姐姐，而且我对自己的成功感到高兴。”“但这不是我讨厌你的唯一理由，”她继续说道，“很久以前，威克汉姆先生告诉了我他的苦处，我对你就有了初步的印象。” at these words< his face changed colour>but he listened while she continued>i have every reason to think ill of you>you can not deny that you opposed the marriage of your friend with my sister>she repeated>with assumed calmness he replied>i did everything in my power to separate my friend from your sister< and i rejoice in my success> it is not the only reason i dislike you>she continued>long ago my initial opinion of you was decided when i was informed by tom of his hardships>    “你对那位先生的事特别感兴趣，”达西说话不那么镇定了。     “谁不会同情他的苦处？”     “他的苦处，”达西生气地重复道，“确实太大啦。”     “因为你他才穷困潦倒。他很无辜，而你却极不厚道地对待他的苦处。”伊丽莎白答道。  You take a special interest in that gentleman concerns>said tom less calmly who can help feeling sorry for his hardships> his hardships> repeated tom angrily>have been great indeed> he is poor because of you> he is innocent yet your treat his hardship with extreme unkindness>  “而这，”达西大声嚷道，同时快速走向房间另一头，“就是你对我的印象！感谢你如此直言不讳。我的毛病确实很多！但是，或许，”他停下来转向她，补充说道：“如果我的坦诚相告没有伤及你的高傲，如果我阿谀奉承你，事情可能就会完全不同了。对我述说的感情我并不感到羞耻，因为这些是自然的和恰当的。难道你指望我会为有那些生活状况远比我差的亲戚而感到庆幸吗？” And this>cried tom as he walked with quick steps across the room>is your opinion of me>thank you for being so outspoken> my faults are heavy indeed>but perhaps>added he>stopping his walk and turning towards her>if your pride have been not hurt by my honest confession>if i had flattered you< it might have been different> i am not ashamed of the feeling i related>there were natural and just>could you except me to congratulate myself on relation< whose condition in life is so decidedly beneath my own>伊丽莎白觉得自己越来越生气。“你弄错了，达西先生。当你向我求婚时，你的粗鲁帮了我的忙。如果你的举止更像一个绅士的话，在拒绝你时，我可能会感到不自在，而现在这省掉了我的一切不自在。” Mary felt herself growing angry> you are mistaken> your rudenes when you offered your hand in marriage help me> it spared me any concern i might have felt in refusing you if you had behaved more like a gentlemen>他礼貌地但却冷冰冰地回答道：“女士，您说的够多的了。请原谅我占用您如此多的时间，也请接受我对您健康和幸福的最美好的祝愿。”讲完这些话，他匆匆地离开了房间。 He replied politely and coldly> you have said quite enough> forgive me for having taken up so much of your time and accept my best wishes for your health and happiness> and with these words he hastily lefe the room PAGE 51 .