产品的全生命周期评估(LCA)ppt课件

三、产品的全生命周期评估（LCA)ISO的定义是：对某产品系统全生命周期的输入、输出和潜在环境、能源、经济影响进行评估的过程。Anevaluationprocessofinput/outputandenvironment,energyandeconomyimpactwithintotalproductlifecycle.1、生命周期评估内容与 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 生命周期评价起源于企业内部LCA的最初应用可追溯到1969年美国可口可乐公司对不同饮料容器的资源消耗和环境释放所作的特征分析。一些国际著名的跨国企业，如HP、IBM、AT&T、德国西门子公司等，一方面开展生命周期评价 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 的研究，另一方面积极对其产品进行生命周期评价。1990年由“国际环境毒理学与化学学会(SETAC)”首次主持召开了有关生命周期评价的国际研讨会。在该会议上首次提出了“生命周期评价”的概念。生命周期概念的正式提出LCA的工作内容与程序定义目标与边界条件建立系统模型编制清单作系统总量计算三方面（3E)进行影响评估环境（Environmental)能源（Energy)经济（Economic)分析与决策敏感度分析3E综合分析决策ISO14000－管理性标准　　ISO14000是ISO推出的第二个管理性系列标准－环境管理系列标准，目前有成员国80个。中国也是成员国之一。ISO14000系列标准主要组成TheMainComponentsofISO14000SeriesISO14000系列标准的基本组成ISO14000是一个环境管理系列标准，共有100个标准号，其主要组成如下：ISO1400,themailcomponentofISO1400series,istheseriesstandardofenvironmentalmanagement,including100standards,andthemainonesare:　　　ISO14001－ISO14009环境管理体系EMS(EnvironmentalManagementSystem)　　　SO14010－ISO14019环境审核EA(EnvironmentalAuditing)　　　ISO14020－ISO14029环境标志EL(EnvironmentalLabel)　　ISO14030－ISO14039环境行为评价EPE(EnvironmentalPracticeEvaluation)　　　ISO14040－ISO14049生命周期评估LCA(LifeCycleAssessment)　　　ISO14050－ISO14059术语和定义T&D(Term&Definition)　　　ISO14060产品标准中的环境因素EAPS(EnvironmentalfactorofProductStandard)　　　ISO14061－ISO14100预留号(ForReserving)ISO14000在中国的推行TheDevelopmentofISO14000InChina1996初成立国家环保局环境管理体系审核中心Early1996EstablishedtheAuditingCenterofEnvironmentalManagementSysteminStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration1997.5.27国务院批准成立“中国环境管理体系认证指导委员会”。由国家环保局任主任May27th1997theStateDepartmentauthorized“Chineseenvironmentalmanagementsystemauthenticationinstructioncommittee”,whichisinthechangeoftheStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration.1997.8.28中国环境管理体系认证机构认可委员会（认可委）28/08/1997Chineseenvironmentalmanagementsystemauthenticationinstructioncommittee(AC)1997.8.29中国认证人员国家注册委员会环境管理专业委员会（注册委）29/08/1997Chinesenationalregistrationcommitteespecialfortheenvironmentalmanagement(RC)国家环保局环境管理体系审核中心（认证机构）theAuditingCenterofEnvironmentalManagementSysteminStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration(AC)北京环环境管理与工程咨询中心（咨询机构）Beijingenvironmentalmanagementandengineeringconsultingcenter(CC)中国发布的环境管理国家标准及对应的国际标准TheChineseNationalEnvironmentalManagementStandardandtheCorrespondingInternationalStandard标准号Standard中文名称ChineseName(Environmentalmanagementsystem-EMS)采用的国际标准AdoptedInternationalStandardGB/T24001-1996环境管理体系规范及使用指南GuidetotheusingofEMSISO14001:1996GB/T24004-1996环境管理体系原则、体系和支持技术通用指南Currentguidetotheprinciple,techniquesupportingofEMSISO14004:1996GB/T24020-2000环境管理环境标注和声明通用原则CurrentprincipleofEMS,EnvironmentalLabelandtechniquesupportingISO14020:1998(第1版)GB/T24021-2001环境管理环境标注和声明自我环境声明（II型环境标志）Self-declarationofenvironment,EMSandEnvironmentalLabelIIISO14021:1999GB/T24024-2001环境管理环境标注和声明I型环境标志原则和程序PrincipleandprocedureofEMS,EnvironmentalLabelIandDeclarationGB/T24031-2001环境管理环境表现评价指南GuidetotheevaluationofEMSandEnvironmentBehaviorISO14031:1999GB/T24040-1999环境管理环境表现评价原则与框架PrincipleandframeofevaluationtoEMSandEnvironmentBehaviorISO14040:1997GB/T24041-2000环境管理环境表现评价目的与范围的确定和清单分析Objective,rangeandlistanalysistoEMSandEnvironmentBehaviorISO14041:1998(第1版)GB/T24042-2002环境管理环境表现评价生命周期影响评价LifeCycleEstimationofEMSandEnvironmentBehaviorISO14042:2000GB/T24043-2002环境管理环境表现评价生命周期解释LifeCycleExplanationofEMSandEnvironmentBehaviorISO14043:2000GB/T24050-2000环境管理术语TermsofEMSISO14050:1998(第1版)中国全生命周期的标准ChineseStandardofLifeCycle国际标准组织颁布的ISO14040标准系列对LCA方法的原则、框架和实施方法作出了规定。TheInternationalStandardOrganizationissuedISO14040toregulatetheprinciple,frameandimplementmethodofLCAGB/T24040-1999ISO14040环境管理-生命周期评估-原则与框架;ISO14040EnvironmentalManagement-LCA-PrincipleandframeISO14040:1997GB/T24041-2000ISO14041环境管理-生命周期评估-目标和范围界定;ISO14041EnvironmentalManagement-LCA-ObjectiveandrangedefinitionISO14041:1998(第1版)GB/T24042-2002ISO14042环境管理-生命周期评估-影响评价；ISO14042Environmental-Management-LCA-EvaluationoftheinfluenceISO14042:2000GB/T24043-2002ISO14043环境管理-生命周期评估-解释;ISO1404EnvironmentalManagement-LCA-ExplanationISO14043:20002、中国生命周期评估应用现状thepresentapplicationstatusofLCAinChina目前中国在以下几个领域开展全生命周期的研究：theLCAresearchismainlyconductedinthefollowingareas1、钢铁领域theSteelIndustry2、汽车领域theAutomobileIndustry3、化工领域theChemicalIndustry4、机电设备领域theElectromechanicalIndustry评估内容包括环境影响、能源和资源消耗。thecontentofassessmentincludestheenvironmentalfactor,consumptionofenergyandresource.广西木薯乙醇车用燃料发展计划全生命周期评估案例thecaseofLCAtoaresearchplaninGuangxi,whichisaimedtogetethanolfromdistillingthecassavaandthendevelopafuelforautomobilesubstituteforgasoline上海交通大学与广西壮族自治区政府合作为广西地方政府所作的产业计划决策分析Decision-makingAnalysisoftheIndustrialPlanviathecooperationofSJTUandtheGovernmentofGuangxiChuangAutonomy案例一Projectone生物质乙醇车用燃料发展的背景Thedevelopmentbackgroundofethanolasvehiclefuel化石能源枯竭ExhaustionofFossilEnergy全球石油储量仅够人类继续使用40年,急需发展可再生能源Theglobaloilreservationwillbeexhaustedin40years,soitisaurgentmissiontodeveloptherenewableenergyMTBE将禁止使用，乙醇是最好的替代品SinceMTBEwillbeforbidden,ethanolbecomesthebestrenewableenergyE10将是下一步标准车用汽油E10willbetomorrow’sstandardautomobilefuel国家开始了E10的区域性试点thestategovernmenthasputthenewfuelintopracticeinsomeregions:最初是河南、黑龙江;现已推广到黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、河南、安徽5省以及湖北、山东、江苏、河北四个省的部分城市firstlyinHenanandHeilongjiangprovince,nowthepracticeregionhasdevelopedintoagreatareaincluding:Jilin,Liaoning,Henan,HeilongjiangandAnhuiprovinceandothercitiesinHubei,Shandong,Jiangsuprovince.GuangXIlocatesinsouthChina全区属喀斯特地形BeautifulsceneryPoorsoilNear1/5landiskarstlandforminGuangxi广西位于中国南方Casestudy1：LifeCycleAssessmentofCassavaEthanolFuelAutomobile案例1：木薯乙醇燃料汽车生命周期评估土地贫瘠风景优美大部分土地不宜种粮食，但适宜种木薯Mostofthesoilisnotsuitableforriceplant,howeveritiswonderfulforthegrowingofcassava广西木薯种植区域ThecassavaareasinGuangxiterritory木薯：一种生长在浅表土壤层的块茎植物Cassava:onekindoftuberplantwhichgrowsinthesurfacesoil木薯：过去苦难的象征；今后致富的财源。木薯富含淀粉，是制造乙醇的好原料；cassavaisrichinstarch,whichisgoodmaterialtoproduceethanol过去制造酒精为了医用，市场很小，农民无法以此为生；ethanolisonlyformedicaluseinthepast,themarketisverylimited,thefarmerarenotablemakelivingfromcassava.酒精进入车用燃料市场，提供了巨大的市场空间；Sinceethanolwastreatedasafuel,ahugemarkethadappeared.木薯不与人、畜争夺粮食和饲料，与小麦、玉米为原料的酒精相比，具有强大的竞争力。Sincecassavahasnocommonneedswithhumanordomesticanimalforliving,itisabetterchoicetoproduceethanolthanwheatandmaize.Cassava:thesymbolizationofpoorinthepast;thecashtreeinthefuture.发展木薯乙醇车用燃料，使广西农民脱贫致富Makingmoneyfromdevelopingthecassavaethanolindustry广西政府的战略项目Guangxigovernmentstratagemprogram估计：Estimation使400万亩土地得到应用，促进GDP的增长，增加地方政府的财政收入；Makeuseof26.666millionhectarepoorsoil,promotetheGDP,andincreasethelocalgovernmentrevenue;使约150万农民有物可种，脱贫致富Makesure150millionfarmershavesuitablecroptoplant,andhelpthemeliminatepoverty.解决约5000人的就业问题Providingjobsto5000unemployedcitizens.木薯的种植与收获growingandharvestofcassava木薯的运输transportationofcassava木薯酒精生产producingofcassavaethanol酒精的运输transportationofethanol酒精与汽油或柴油的混合mixtureofethanol,gasolineanddiesel酒精燃料的分配allocationofethanolfuel木薯—酒精燃料全生命周期评估LCAofcassava-ethanolfuel资源需求Resourcedemanding能源消耗energyconsumption环境污染environmentpollution3ELCA的第一步定义、建模thefirststepofLCA:Definition,modeling1）定义目标SetObjective以广西生产的木薯为原料，生产车用燃料乙醇（99.5％），混配成E10汽油，供中国汽车使用。Producetheethanolfuel(99.5%)forvehiclefromthecassava,thenmixitwithtraditionalfueltoprovideenergyforautomobile.2）建立模型modelingmethod环境模型的主要假设Themailassumptionsofenvironmentmodel忽略混合过程的排放ignorethedischargeduringthemixingprocess只计算木薯皮中的氢氰酸和丹宁酸onlycountthehydrocyanicandtannin乙醇生产中的固体废物完全处理为DDGS和肥料thesolidwastesarecompletelyturnedintoDDGSandfertilizer火车机车和卡车的燃料为柴油thefueloflocomotivesandtrucksisdiesel能量模型的主要假设Themailassumptionsofenergymodel包含从种植地到车辆使用燃料周期的能量消耗includingthewholecyclefromlandplanttothevehiclefuel忽略原料阶段的能量消耗ignoringtheenergywasteduringtherawmaterialperiod包含后处理阶段产生的沼气includingthemarshgasinthepost-processingstage成本模型的主要假设Themailassumptionsofcostmodel包含发酵阶段产生的CO2和后处理阶段产生的DDGS饲料和肥料。IncludingtheCO2,theDDGSandfertilizerwhichisproducedinthepost-processingperiod和杂醇油及后处理阶段产生的沼气，尽管它们有利润收益。Althoughwecanmakeprofitfromthefuseloilandmarshgas,wemixthemtogether3）定义边界条件definitionofboundarycondition以年产10万吨燃料乙醇厂为评估单元；setthefactorywhoseoutputismorethan100thousandtonsasanevaluationunit从木薯种植起，到E10燃料在车辆发动机中燃烧后从尾气中排出为该产品全生命周期；theproductlifecycleisfromlandplanttoE10vehiclefueltotheafterburningdischarge所有输入均考虑附带的环境、能源与经济因素，即间接排放污染与间接能耗；allinputsaretakenintoaccountwithenvironmental,energyandfinancialfactors,whichareindirectpollutionandconsumption车辆工况：100,000公里，达到欧I标准。Workingconditionofvehicle:1000,000Km,reachEuropeanIstandard以合理的技术环境为依据。reasonablebasisofthetechnicalenvironmentLCA的第二步清单 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 与总量计算thesecondstepofLCA:Listdesigningandgrosscalculation生物质E10燃料的LCA-3E清单设计TheLCA-3ElistdesigningofE10“Fishbone”Sketch1）建立环境影响计算清单Designthecalculatinglistofenvironmentalimpacts2）建立能源影响计算清单Designthecalculatinglistofenergyinfluence3）建立成本计算清单Designthecalculationlistofcost4）进行总量计算totalcalculation本项目数据来源：thesourceofthisproject直接采集：实地调查的单位包括黑龙江华润金玉公司、黑龙江省发改委；河南天冠集团、河南省农业厅；广西天昌投资公司、广西桂孚科技投资公司、广西三西农场、广西农业科学研究院、广西热带植物研究所。Directlycollection:theinvestigationobjectsincluding:HuarunGoldJadecompany,Heilongjiangdevelopmentandinnovationcommittee,HenanTianguangGroup,Henanagricultureoffice,GuangxiTianchangInvestCompany,GuangxiGuifuTechnicalInvestCompany,GuangxiSanxifarm,GuangxiAgriculturalInstituteofTechnologyandGuangxiTropicPlantResearchCenter.相关数据库：如美国阿岗实验室GREET模型，欧盟Biofit模型等；Relateddatabase:e.g.theU.S.GREETmodelinAGANLaboratory,EUBiofitmodel公开发表的研究成果：如 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 、会议报告等；PublishedResearchAchievement:papers,conferencereportsetc.公开出版物：如年鉴、专业书刊等Publishedbooks:suchasannualsandprofessionalbooksLCA的第三步3E评估thethirdstepofLCA:3Eevaluation1）环境影响评估evaluationenvironmentimpacts结论：多数指标与汽油的排放持平，CO,SOx,与GHGs排放优于汽油。Result:mostofthedischargingindexaresimilartogasoline,whileCO,SOxandGHGsarelessthanthoseofgasoline燃料乙醇生命周期排放Lifecycledischargeofethanolfuel与同能量汽油相比，燃料乙醇的NOx与SOx两项排放明显高于汽油。从清单中发现，它们来自种植过程化肥生产与发酵过程煤的燃烧。Whengettingtheequivalentenergy,ethanolwilldischargemoreNOxandSOxthangasoline.Fromthelistwegettoknowthatthosewastegascomefromthefertilizerproducingandcassavafermentwhichneedplentyofcoaltosustainahightemperature.2）能源影响评估evaluationofenergyimpact燃料乙醇的能量输入/输出比：生产出具有1千焦耳能量的乙醇，需要X千焦耳的能量Energyinput/outputofethanol:demandingofenergy(XJ)for1,000Jethanolenergy结论：Result从木薯乙醇中得到1千焦耳的能量必须消耗0.63千焦耳的能量。0.63KJenergyshouldbeconsumedtoproduce1KJenergyfromcassavaethanol木薯乙醇是燃料但不是能源。thecassavaethanolisjustfuelnotenergysource木薯乙醇（广西）Cassavaethanol(Guangxi)小麦乙醇（河南）Wheatethanol(Henan)玉米乙醇（美国）Maizeethanol(US)蔗糖乙醇（巴西）CanesugarEthanol(Brazil)汽油GasolineX＝0.630.80.60.40.2每吨乙醇的净能量YThenetoutputenergyfor1tonethanolYY=吨乙醇所含能量－生产一吨乙醇所消耗能量Y=theenergyof1tonethanol-theenergycost乙醇在我国不是能与汽油相比的能源InChina,thereisnopossibleforethanoltosharethefuelmarketwithgasoline.木薯乙醇Cassavaethanol小麦乙醇Wheatethanol玉米乙醇Maizeethanol汽油gasolineY=（MJ/吨乙醇）13,11210,29912,54328,3243）经济影响评估evaluationofeconomyinfluence一个10万吨乙醇生产项目：a100,000tonsethanolproductionproject可以将30万亩土地得到使用；Makeuseof1.999millionhectarepoorsoil农民可收入9473万元，取代原扶贫款8578万元；farmersget94,730,000RMBincome,replacetheformer85,780,000RMBwhichisfundforpovertyalleviationbythegovernment可安置300个工业就业岗位；bringabout300industrialworkingposition乙醇厂，运输分配系统均具明显的经济效益；ethanolfactoryandtransportationdistributionsystemgainobviousfinancialbenefit政府在全过程可得税收8,362万元；increasegovernmentrevenueby8,362,000RMB广西地方GDP增长19,023万元;enhancetheregionalGDPby19,023,000RMB但是，由于乙醇价格高于汽油，热能低于汽油，车主又不愿支付E10与汽油间的差价，政府必须补贴16,667万元，抵去税收，政府地方财政实际补贴8,035万元。However,thepriceofethanolishigherthangasoline,energyreleaseislessthangasoline,andvehicleholderarenotwillingtopayforthepricedifference,sothegovernmenthastogive16,667,000RMBsubsidies,subtract8,362,000thegovernmentactuallygiveout8,035,000RMB结论：Result木薯乙醇项目可以推动广西GDP的增长。CassavacouldstimulatetheGDPprogressofGuangxi.但是政府必须给予补贴。However,thegovernmentshouldgivesubsidies.LCA的第四步分析、决策theforthstepofLCA:analysisanddecision-making1）敏感度分析sensitivityanalysis研究可变因素对结论的影响程度，为综合分析准备依据analyzethevariablefactor’sinfluencedegreetotheresult,asthebasisforcomprehensiveanalysis将一些不敏感的可变因素从思维中剔除eliminatetheinsensitivevariablefactorsfrommind对评估结果造成重要影响的因素不一定是敏感因素insensitivefactormaycausedeepinfluence找出重要、又敏感的因素findouttheimportant(deepinfluence)andsensitivefactor环境敏感因素分析analysisofenvironmentsensitivityfactor煤是影响VOC,CO,NOX,PM10和SOX排放的关键因素CoalisthemainsourceofVOC,CO,NOX,PM10andSOX木薯种植是影响温室气体排放的关键因素cassavagrowisthemaininfluencefactorofgreen-housegasemission化学品是影响所有排放的另一个主要因素chemicalisanothermainfactorofallemissions结论：result主要排放来自于煤的燃烧和木薯的种植。ThemaingasemissioncomesfromthecoalcombustionandcassavagrowX:石油价格（美元/桶）X:priceofoil(buck/bucket)P(x):汽油价格（元/升）gasolineprice(RMB/L)C1,2,3(x):小麦、玉米、木薯乙醇价格（元/升）priceofwheat,maizeandcassavaethanol(RMB/L)结论：补偿的主要原因是石油价格的影响Result:themainreasonofsubsidiesistheimpactcurrentpriceofgasoline木薯原料成本过高thepriceofcassavaistoohigh乙醇价格高于同热能汽油Ethanolismoreexpensivethangasolineprovidingthesameenergy经济敏感因素分析analysisofeconomicsensitivityfactor能量消耗总计表totalenergyconsumptionTable能量敏感因素分析analysisoftheenergysensitivityfactor结论：主要能量消耗是生产乙醇过程。Result:theethanolproducingprocessconsumesthemostenergy木薯种植过程theprocessofcassavagrow1.383×1014J木薯处理过程theprocessofcassavatreatment6.784×1011J生产乙醇过程theprocessofethanolproducing1.399×1015J乙醇变性过程thepropertieschangingprocessofethanol8.245×1012J加油过程refuelprocess9.425×1011J运输过程transportprocess4.239×1013J总计total1.590×1015J2）结论RESULT乙醇是燃料，不是能源；ethanolisfuel,notenergysource;按现有技术水平广西的木薯资源如果全部用来发展燃料乙醇，最大潜力每年约为500万吨；thegreatestpotentialcassavaethanolproductionisabout5,000,000tons,accordingtotoday'stechnologicallevel乙醇燃料带有很大的地域性，其最大范围取决于原料运输成本的极限半径；theethanolisaregionalfuel,whichdependsonthemaximumradiusofmaterialtransportcostE10燃料的使用，可降低汽车对城市环境污染，但对整个人类环境带来NOx及SO2的严重污染；E10willreducevehiclefrompollutingthecityarea,whilecausedrasticpollutionofNOxSO2totheglobalenvironment广西发展乙醇燃料工业，能为地区的社会经济发展带来明显的效益；Guangxiprovincecouldgalvanizethecassavaethanoltoenhancethecitizens’livingconditionandstimulatetheregionaleconomy为推行乙醇燃料的应用，政府必须在E10燃料与汽油差价上，给予补贴；toencouragetheapplicationofethanolfuel,governmentshouldgivesubsidiestomeatthepricedifferencesbetweenethanolandgasoline和玉米、陈化粮相比，木薯乙醇具有最好的综合效益。Cassavahasthebestoverallefficiencycomparingtomaizeandoldrice结论：发展乙醇燃料对广西政府来说是可行的。Result:DevelopthecassavaethanolisfeasibletoGuangxigovernment3）决策decisionmaking建议走农工一体化道路，降低木薯原料的成本，从而减少政府计划的风险性；encouragefarmerstofollowtheagro-industrialroad,cutthecostofcassavamaterial,thusreducingtheriskofthegovernment’splan建议充分发挥广西水电资源丰富的优势，采用电热锅炉生产蒸汽用于发酵；同时增加复合肥、减少氮肥的使用，从而减少全生命周期的排放污染；Guangxihasrichhydropowerresources,usingelectricboilersforsteamproductionfermentationatthesametimeincreasingcompositefertilizerandreducetheuseofnitrogenfertilizer,thusreducingthetotallifecycleemissionspollution世界石油价格在相当长的时间里，将保持上涨的态势，因此，是发展乙醇燃料的良好时机；inalongfuture,theworldoilpriceswillmaintainarisingtrend,therefore,isagoodtimetodevelopfuelethanol制定新的木薯收购、乙醇生产、E10燃料税收政策，大力扶持木薯乙醇燃料的生产；enactanewcassavapurchase,theproductionofethanol,E10fueltaxpolicy,andvigorouslysupportcassavaethanolfuelproduction;加大科技投入，开发木薯高产良种与低温发酵技术。Putmoretechnologicalskillintocassavaethanolproduction,researchanewhighyieldingvarietyofcassavaandlowtemperaturefermentationtechnology研究目标：objective对电动助动车系统进行环境影响分析，并和燃油助动车系统进行比较。Conductanenvironmentalimpactanalysisoftheelectricbicyclesystem,compareitwiththemotorcyclepowersystem燃油助动车motorcycle电动助动车electricbicycle案例二project2福特中国电动助动车计划全生命周期评估LCAofFordelectricbicycleplaninchina随着人民生活水平的提高，自行车已不能满足人们出行的要求，但轿车一时还不能进入家庭，因此助动车是人们最好的选择。Withtheimprovementoflivingstandards,abikehasbeenunabletomeettherequirementsofthepeople,butit’stooearlyforcarenteringthefamily,electricbicycleisthebestchoiceforpeople.上海市有600,000辆燃油摩托车，造成城市大量的空气污染，上海市政府计划用电动自行车替代燃油摩托车。Thereare600,000motorcyclesinShanghaiwhichcausealotofurbanairpollution,tochangethiscondition,themetropolisgovernmentdecidetoreplacemotorcyclewithelectricbicyclewhichisclean.两轮动力车辆是发展中国家重要的私人交通工具，福特有意进入这一市场。Twowheeltransporttoolsplaythemainroleinpersonaltravelindevelopingcountries,Fordintendstoenterthemarket.背景background产品生命周期分析(LCA)方法ThemethodofLCALCA分析模型与边界条件AnalysismodelandboundaryconditionofLCA燃油助动车油耗3.3升/100公里；consuming3.3L/Kmformotorcycle电动助动车35公里，每次充电耗电量1.24瓦时；consuming1.24watthourfor35Km每个电池可充电300次；thebatterycouldrechargefor300times两种车使用寿命10万公里；life-longrunningdistanceis100,000Kmfortwoofthem上海为100％火电，1千瓦时需消耗409克无烟煤。Shanghaipowerplantsare100%thermalpower,whichconsumes409gblindcoalforonewatthour.模型model边界条件boundarycondition总量分析结果analysisoftotalresult1）总的能源消耗energyconsumption两种车的能量消耗（kJ）energyconsumption(kJ)oftwokindsoftool电动助动车：electricbike电池制造50x106kJBatterymanufacture发电41x106kJElectricitygenerate燃油助动车：motorcycle汽油生产23.5x106kJGasolineproduction燃烧115x106kJfuel2）排放emissions统计19种气体排放、27种水排放与固体排放Statisticsshowthereare19gasemissions,27liquidsandsolids气体排放gasemission温室气体（GWP）碳化物（AP）电动助动车：总排放3964.9kgthetotalforelectricbikeis3964.9kg燃油助动车：总排放10707.8kgthetotalformotorcycleis10707.8kg液态排放(磅)liquidemission(pound)对于大多数排放因素，燃油助动车的排放大于电动助动车。Formostfactors,themotorcycleemissionmorepollutionthanelectricbicycle对于重金属，电动助动车的排放大于燃油助动车。Forheavymetal,theelectricbicycleisoverthemotorcycle成分component原料生产Materialproduce自行车制造bicycleproduction自行车使用bicycleusing报废处置discardtreatment整个生命周期lifecycle电动助动车electricalbikeBOD0.0100.000078.8E-031.3E-040.02COD0.0620.00020.0140.00040.08SS0.0910.00010.0540.00020.15DS0.3020.0761.0490.0291.46HM0.1110.0580.6530.0090.83HC0.0220.000050.0080.00010.03合计1.2550.202.5050.0484.01燃油助动车motorcycleBOD0.026.62252E-050.092.20264E-050.10COD0.130.0001986750.426.60793E-050.54SS0.180.00010.072.20264E-050.25DS0.290.07118.010.0044118.38HM0.110.050.280.00140.44HC0.044.41501E-051.472.20264E-051.51合计1.550.19120.130.01121.87固态排放(磅)solidemission电动助动车的固态排放大于燃油助动车thesolidemissionofelectricbicycleismorethanmotorcycle评估与决策assessment&decisionmaking电动助动车能量利用（48X106kJ）优于燃油助动车（142X106kJ）；theenergyefficiencyofelectricitybicycleishigherthanthatofmotorcycle电动助动车CO、NOX、PM、GWP等气体排放明显优于燃油助动车，故能给城市空气质量改进带来明显改善；theelectricalgasemissionssuchasCO、NOX、PM、GWParemuchlowerthanmotorcycle,soitwillimprovetheurbanairquality电动助动车酸化物、SO2、固体排放物指标明显高于燃油助动车，对人类环境的总体污染不亚于燃油助动车，主要来源于煤电。Howevertheacidification,SO2,andsolidemissionismuchhigherthanmotorcycle,sonaturalenvironmentallyspeaking,electricalbicycledonotstandabetterpositionthanmotorcycle结论：没有清洁的电，电动助动车就不是清洁的车。Result:thereisnocleanelectricbicycle,unlesstheelectricitypowerisgeneratedfromcleanenergy其他产品生命周期分析得出的重要结论：importantresultsfortheLCAofotherproducts岩石粉碎机的主要环境影响阶段是使用阶段，即由于耗电而导致的环境排放非常严重。RockCrushermajorenvironmentalimpactstageisduringitsusingprocess,theelectricitypowerconsumptionleadsveryseriousenvironmentalemissions.由于铂元素催化剂和流场金属板生产材料和能量消耗，燃料电池堆生产阶段的环境影响与燃油汽车使用过程相当；如果推广使用，铂资源将先于石油耗尽。theenvironmentalimpactoffuelcellproductionstageisequivalentwithitsusingstage,whentaketheplatinumcatalyst,flowsheetmetalandenergyconsumptionintoaccount.Ifpromotingtheuseoffuelcell,platinumwillbeexhaustedevenearlierthanoilresources.陶瓷三元催化排气净化器生命周期中的主要环境影响发生在铂元素的开采、提炼和使用阶段，而且与使用阶段减少的汽车尾气污染相差不大。从生命周期角度来看，汽车排气净化器仅是一个“转化器”，把一个地方的环境污染转移到另一个地方；InthelifecyclethemainenvironmentalimpactsofCeramics3-waycatalyticexhaustpurificationequipmentareplatinummining,refiningandusingstage,andtheseenvironmentpollutionsareequivalenttothosewhichthisequipmentcouldreducefromemittingdirectly.Fromalife-cycleperspective,automobileexhaustpurificationisjusta“transferor",whichtransfersalocalenvironmentalpollutiontoanotherplace;电动汽车的生命周期成本较高。当电动汽车的制造成本降低到$100/kWh，充电次数达到1200次或使用寿命达到12年，能量/重量达到100Wh/kg时，电动汽车才具有成本竞争性。用煤电和铅酸电池技术支撑的电动车是“肮脏的”。Thecostsofelectricvehicleinthewholelife-cycleishigh.Unlesselectricvehiclesmanufacturingcostisreducedto$100/kWh,therechargetimesrisesto1,200,orusing12years,energy/weightto100Wh/kg,electriccarsbecomecompetitiveinthevehiclemarket.Theelectricvehiclesare"dirty"whichdependingoncoalandlead-acidbatteries.此 课件 超市陈列培训课件免费下载搭石ppt课件免费下载公安保密教育课件下载病媒生物防治课件 可下载高中数学必修四课件打包下载 下载可自行编辑修改，供参考！感谢您的支持，我们努力做得更好！