跨文化交际学考试名词解释

跨文化交际学题型名词解释整理：Interculturalcommunication:interculturalcommunicationisaface-to-facecommunicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentculturalback-grounds.Intraculturalcommunication:intraculturalcommunicationcanbedefinedastheextenttowhichthereissharedinterpersonalcommunicationbetweenmembersofthesameculture–whetherthisisinthemajority.orwithinminoritycultures.Perception:initssimplestsense,perceptionis,asMarshallsingertellsus“theprocessbywhichanindividualselects,evaluates,andorganizesstimulifromtheexternalworld.”inotherwords,perceptionisaninternalprocesswherebyweconvertthephysicalenergiesoftheworldintomeaningfulinternalexperiences.Individualism:broadlyspeaking,individualismreferstothedoctrinetheatertheinterestsoftheindividualareofoughttobeparamount,andthatallvalues,rightsanddutiesoriginateinindividuals,itemphasizesindividualinitiative,independence,individualexpression,andevenprivacy.Collectivism:itischaracterizedbyarigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.peopleexpecttheirin-grouptolookafterthem,andinexchangeforthattheyfelltheyoweabsoluteloyaltytothegroup.collectivismmeansgreateremphasison(1)theviews,needs,andgoalsofthein-groupsratherthanoneself;(2)socialnormsanddutydefinedbythein-groupratherthanbehaviortogetpleasure;(3)beliefssharedwiththein-group;ratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromingroup;and(4)greatreadinesstocooperatewithingroupmembership.Powerdistance:it'stheextenttowhichasocietyacceptsthatpowerinrelationships,institutions,andorganizationsisdistributedunequally.Context:it'stheinformationthatsurroundsanevent,itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.High-contextcommunication:itisakindofcommunicationinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson;whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage,e.g.,Chinese,JapaneseLow-contextcommunication:it'sjusttheoppositeofhigh-contextcommunication.it'sthemassofinformationisrestedintheexplicitcode,e.g.AmericanGermanHigh-contextculture:it'sakindofcultureinwhichpeopleareveryhomogeneouswithregardtoexperiences,informationnetworks,andthelike,e.g.Chinese,JapaneseLow-contextculture:it'sakindofcultureinwhichthepopulationislesshomogeneousandthereforetendstocompartmentalizeinterpersonalcontacts,e.g.American,GermanActivityorientation:itisthewayacultureviewsactivity,whichisclassifiedbykluckhohnsandstrodtbeckasbeing,being-in-becoming,anddoing.Nonverbalcommunication:nonverbalcommunicationinvolvesallthosenonverbalstimuliinacommunicationsettingthataregeneratedbyboththesourceandhisorheruseoftheenvironmentandthathavepotentialmessagevalueforthesourceorreceiver.Paralanguage:certainvocalcuesprovideduswithinformationwithwhichtomakejudgmentsaboutcharacters'personalities',emotionalStates,andrhetoricalactivity.Paralanguageinvolvesthelinguisticelementsofspeech,thatis,howsomethingissaidandnottheactualmeaningofthespokenwords.mostclassificationsdivideparalanguageintothreekindsofvocalizations;vocalcharacterizers;vocalqualifiers;andvocalsegregatesM-time(monochromictimeschedule):M-timeculturestendtothinkoftimeassomethingfixedinnature,somethingaroundusandfromwhichwecannotescape;andever-presentpartoftheenvironment,justliketheairwebreatheP-time(polychromictimeschedule):P-timeculturesdealwithtimeholisticallyandplacegreatstockintheactivityoccurringatthemoment.Polychronictimeculturesemphasizepeoplemorethanschedules.ForP-timecultures,timeislesstangibleandhencefeeingofwastedtimearenotasprevalentasM-timecultures.Proverbs:(1)eventhedogswaggerswhenitsmasterwinsfavor(一人得道，鸡犬升天)itrepresentsthatthecollectivenatureofChinesevaluesislargelytheproductofthousandsofyearsoflivingandworkingtogetherontheland.collectivismischaracterizedwitharigidsocialframeworkthatdistinguishesbetweenin-groupsandout-groups.peopleexpecttheirin-group(relatives,clans,organizations)membertolookafterthem.individualidentityisbasedonthesocialsystem.theindividualisemotionallydependentonorganizationsandinstitutions,thatistheirin-groupframework,ifoneofthein-groupmember,especiallytheheadofthein-group,getsagreatsuccess,alltheotherscangetbenefitfromhim.(2)wheneverybodyaddsfueltheflamesrisehigh,themorepeoplethemorestrength(众人拾柴火焰高)itshowsthecollectivism–orientationofChinesepeopleintheirwork.theyaregreatreadinesstocooperatewithingroupmembers.theytendtohaveahomogeneousworkforewithlittledifferentiationbetweenmanagersandworkers.thehighvalueplacedonthecollectivefostersmutualdependenceinagroup-orientedenvironment:theyinteractandconductworkactivitiesasgroupefforts,dependingheavilyupononeanother.incollectivism-orientedculture.everyonehasdutytocontributehismosttothecollective.(3)bettertobeafoolwiththecrowdthanwisebyoneself.itshowsthatmexicanAmericanshavemostofthecharacteristicsofcollectivism.theyputmoreemphasisonbeliefssharedwiththeingroupratherthanbeliefsthatdistinguishselffromingroupandgreatreadinesstocooperatewithingrooupmembership(4)amaninkinginhishomeitshowsthattheytendtowardamasculineworldview.sexrolesinamasculinesocietyareclearlydifferentiated,withmentaughttobeassertiveandwomennurturing.Terms/questions:1.Economicglobalization:theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationaleconomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.2.Barbersystem–Farmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.–Humansocietyhasalwaystradedgoodsacrossgreatdistances.3.Globalvillage：realtimeevents、thetimeandspacecompression–Allthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.4.Melting-pot大熔炉:asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.5.Diversity:referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofculturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.6.Interculturalcommunication:refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunicationevent.Perception7.Culture:canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.Culture:alearnedsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople8.Enculturation(文化习得):alltheactivitiesoflearningone'sculturearecalledenculturation9.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.superior.):thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundis10.Ethnocentric(文化中心主义:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartor11.Communicationshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.：12.ComponentsofCommunication交际邀请Sourcedesirestocommunicate.Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshe编码EncodingYourdirectly.sharethoughtshumansarenotabletoUnfortunately(orperhapsfortunately),representingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.intheformofasymbolcommunicationisEncodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.编码信息Messagethetheverb;Encodingistheprocess,theThetermmessageidentifiesencodedthought.messageistheresultingobject.Channel交际渠道themeansbywhichtheencodedmessageisThetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertosoundlightandelectronic,orthechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,transmitted.Thewavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.干扰Noisethemessagethesourceencodes.distortsThetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthat交际接受Receiver.Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage解码DecodingDecodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverissymbolsthemeaningtoprocessbyassigningcommunicationactivelyinvolvedinthereceived.Receiverresponse接受反应anythingtheThereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoreceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback反馈andthesourcehasknowledgeFeedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.场景ContextthedefinedasGenerally,context.contextcanbeofThefinalcomponentcommunicationisthehelpswhichdefinetakesinenvironmentwhichthecommunicationplaceand.communicationeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandthestudyofthe13.Pragmatics语用学:behavior.meaningasystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisthestudyofthe：语义学14.Semanticsofwords.15.Denotation：theliteralmeaningordefinitionofaword---theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.16.Connotation：thesuggestivemeaningofaword---allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.17.Taboo禁忌语：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyaparticulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.18.Euphemism委婉语：meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.19.Chronemics（时间学）：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.20.Proxemics（空间学）：referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.21.kinesics（肢体语言）：Thestudyofbodylanguage.22.Paralanguage(副语言)：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.23.Monochronictime一元时间观念:meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.24.Polychronictime多元时间观念:meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce25.Planetaryculture行星文化:isexplored,whichintegratesEasternmysticismwithWesternscienceandrationalism.26.Interculturalpersonhood(跨文化人格)：Representssomeonewhosecognitive,affective,andbehavioralcharacteristicsarenotlimitedbutopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparametersofhisorherownculture.1.Whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage？P8~9Fourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage:Convenienttransportationsystems/Innovativecommunicationsystems/Economicglobalization/Widespreadmigrations2.Whatarethethreeaspectswhereculturaldifferencesexist?Verbaldifference:language,thoughtpatterns…Non-verbalcommunication:body-language,timeconcept,spaciouslanguage,paralanguage,environment…Perception:values,worldviews,beliefs,attitudes3.Whatarethreeingredientsofculture?文化的三个成分（threeIngredients）P5~6Ansharedartifact（thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce）sharedBehavior（whattheydo）sharedConcepts（beliefs,values,worldviews……whattheythink）4.HowtounderstandculturalIceberg?P6~7Likeanicebergwhatwecanseeaboutcultureisjustthetipoftheiceberg;themajorityofitisintangible,beyondsight.andthepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.(Justasanicebergwhichhasavisiblesectionabovethewaterlineandalargerinvisiblesectionbeonlycanthatothersandobservablearethataspectssomehasculturewaterline,thebelowsuspectedandimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,thepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.(P7))5.Whatarethetourcharacteristicsofculture?Dynamic/shared/learned/ethnocentricCultureisshared.Allcommunicationstakeplacebymeansofsymbols.Cultureislearned.Cultureislearned,notinherited.Itderivesfromone'ssocialenvironment,notfromone'sgenes.Enculturation(文化习得):Alltheactivitiesoflearningone'sculturearecalledenculturation.Cultureisdynamic.(P6)Cultureissubjecttochange.It'sdynamicratherthanstatic,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.Cultureisethnographic(文化中心主义).Ethnographicisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Ethnocentrism:thebeliefthatyourownculturebackgroundissuperior.6.Whatarethesixcharacteristicsofcommunication?Dynamic/irreversible/symbolic/systematic/transactional/contextualCommunicationisdynamic.frozennotstayAwordoractiondoesever-changingCommunicationisongoing,activity.whenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.Communicationisirreversible.themessage,decodedtheelsehasreceivedandweOncehavesaidsomethingandsomeonetakeitback.originalsendercannotCommunicationissymbolic.thesharedmeaningsSymbolsarecentraltothecommunicationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthatarecommunicated.Symbolsarevehiclebywhichthethoughtsandideasofonepersoncanbecommunicatedtoanotherperson.CommunicationissystematicCommunicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargesystem.thethatgovernestablishtherulesphysicalandasocialcontext;bothplaceIttakesinainteraction.Communicationistransactional.(P8)receivingandsimultaneouslysendingtransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsareAmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversation.Communicationiscontextual.(P8)weBycontext.context,orsituationcalledawithinAllcommunicationtakesplaceasettingtheofnaturetogether,andthetheplacewherepeoplemeet,socialpurposeforbeingthemeanthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.relationship.Thusthecontextincludes)P22~24三方面7.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?(InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname/butinEnglishthisorderisreversed.InChinaseniorityispaidrespectto.JuniorsaresupposedtoaddressAddressingbynames:seniorsinaproperway.Theuseofgivennamesislimitedtohusbandandwife,veryclosefriends,juniorsbyeldersorsuperiors/Nowadays,moreandmoreEnglish-speakingpeopleaddressothersbyusingthefirstname,evenwhenpeoplemeetforthefirsttime.(intimacyandequality)ChineseoftenextendkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodAddressingbyrelationship:ormarriage.Thesetermsareusedafterthesurnametoshowpolitenessandrespect/TheEnglishequivalentsoftheabovekinshiptermsarenotsoused.Evenwithrelatives,Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.nothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofAddressingbytitle,office,profession:Asinfluentialstatus.InEnglish,onlyafew'aperson'stitle,office,professiontoindicatethepersontheytrivialtitlestoAmericansused.couldoroccupationstitlesbe(P24)tendregardasunlesshaveaclearideaofwhatkindofworkapersondoesandwhathisresponsibilitiesare.8.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobe‘turningandturninginawideninggyre'.Thecirclesorgyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphusuallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesofsubdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomething.9.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-time?P97M:DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizepromptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommittedtopeopleandhumanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.10.WhatdifferentworldviewcanbedrivefromBuddhismandChristianity?Buddhistsdonotbelieveinagodorgodswhocreatedtheworld.However,theydobelievethatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththatwordscannotteach,andritualcannotattain.Buddhistsarenotfavorablydisposedtothenotionoffreeenterpriseandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Seenfromawesternworldview,havingnodesiresadverselyaffectsmotivesforpersonalenrichmentandgrowthgenerally.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.Christianityrecognizestheimportanceofworkandfreeownershipofproperty.Protestant,inparticular,seesthesalvationoftheindividualthroughhardworkandpiety.11.WhatistheAmericanculturalvaluelikeintermsofvalueorientation?Asfarasthehumannatureisconcerned,theAmericancultureholdsthatitisevilbutperfectiblethroughhardwork.Astotherelationofmantonature,theythinkmankindcanconquerthenature.Theyalsohavealineartimeconceptandthereforetheyarefuture-oriented.Theyfocusondoingandthinkthatonlyactionscansolvetheproblem.Theyarequiteindividualisticandthereforetheyfocuslessonthebenefitsofthegroup.12.WhatistheChineseculturalvaluelikeintermsofvalueorientation?PWhatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?Whatistherelationofmantonature?Whatisthetemporalfocusofhumanlife?Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?11.Itisevilbutperfectible/Mancanconquerthenature/present/being-orientedanon-developmentalmodelofsociety/Competitive12.Goodbutcorruptible/harmonywithnature/Past/being-and-becomingisakindofspiritualgoodofinnerharmonyandpeace/cooperation13.Howisgenderdifferentfromsex?P119~120Sex:biological,permanent,withaindividualpropertyGender:sociallyconstructed,variedovertimeandacrosscultures,withasocialandrelationalquality14.WhatarethetwoprimaryinfluencesprocessesofGenderSocialization?P121FamilycommunicationRecreationalinteraction15.IdentifythefeaturesofeachoffourHofsted'sculturaldimensionsandthecontrastbetweenhigh-contextandlow-contextculture.（语境案例分析）P192~193IndividualismVScollectivism/MasculinityVSfemininity/Powerdistance/UncertaintyavoidanceHigh-contextVS.low-contextHigh-contextculturesassignmeaningtomanyofthestimulisurroundinganexplicitmessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthesurroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextculturesexcludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything.