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联想公司组织结构联想公司组织结构 联想集团组织变革 1(联想简介 联想集团有限公司成立于1984年,由联想集团和IBM个人电脑事业部组合而成。联想公司主要生产台式电脑、服务器、笔记本电脑、打印机、掌上电脑、主机板、手机等商品。1996年开始,联想电脑销量位居中国国内市场首位。 目前联想的总部设在纽约的Purchase,同时在中国北京和美国北卡罗来纳州的罗利设立两个主要运营中心,通过联想自己的销售机构、联想业务合作伙伴以及与IBM的联盟,新联想的销售网络遍及全世界。联想在全球有19000多名员工。研发中心分布在中国的北京、深...

联想公司组织结构
联想公司组织结构 联想集团组织变革 1(联想简介 联想集团有限公司成立于1984年,由联想集团和IBM个人电脑事业部组合而成。联想公司主要生产台式电脑、服务器、笔记本电脑、打印机、掌上电脑、主机板、手机等商品。1996年开始,联想电脑销量位居中国国内市场首位。 目前联想的总部设在纽约的Purchase,同时在中国北京和美国北卡罗来纳州的罗利设立两个主要运营中心,通过联想自己的销售机构、联想业务合作伙伴以及与IBM的联盟,新联想的销售网络遍及全世界。联想在全球有19000多名员工。研发中心分布在中国的北京、深圳、厦门、成都和上海,日本的东京以及美国北卡罗来纳州的罗利。 在过去的十几年里,联想集团一贯秉承“让用户用得更好”的理念,始终致力于为中国用户提供最新最好的科技产品,推动中国信息产业的发展。面向未来,作为IT技术与服务的提供者,联想将以全面客户导向为原则,满足家庭、个人、中小企业、大行业大企业四类客户的需求,为其提供针对性的信息产品和服务。2(联想的历史演变 1984年11月1日,11人以20万元创立联想,当时名称是:中国科学院计算技术研究所新技术发展公司。 1985年推出第一款具有联想功能的汉卡产品联想式汉卡,联想这一品牌名称由此而来。 1988年6月23日香港联想开业,新技术发展公司与导远公司和中国技术转让公司共同创办香港联想,采用英文名称:Legend.第一次使用了联想作为公司名称。 1989年11月联想集团公司成立,第一次在国内把联想作为企业及集团名称。 1990年推出联想电脑,联想开始生产及供应联想品牌个人电脑。 1994年2月14日联想股票在香港上市,联想品牌首次在海外财经市场亮相。 1996年,联想首次超越国外品牌,市场占有率位居国内市场第一,并持续6年稳居榜首 1999年联想电脑以8.5,的市场占有率荣登亚太市场PC销量榜首。2002年8provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 月,联想成功推出万亿次计算机,成为国内首台实测速度超过万亿次的高性能计算机。 2002年12月3日-7日,LEGENDWORLD2002技术创新大会圆满举行,标志着联想在产品技术上已经取得了实质性的进展。2004年联想集团将其英文名称修改为Lenovo Group Limited,并成为国际奥委会全球合作伙伴。 2004年12月8日,联想集团和IBM签署收购IBM个人电脑事业部的协议,迈出了国际化最重要的一步。2008年12月17日正式发表官方声明将在2009赛季携手F1迈凯轮车队开展战略合作。联想将为迈凯轮提供包括在赛道以及总部的台式电脑和笔记本电脑以及计算机方案。在美国《财富》杂志公布的2008年度全球企业500强排行榜,联想集团首次上榜,排名第499位,年收入167.88亿美元。 2011年1月28日,联想集团与NEC公司宣布成立合资公司,形成战略合作,共同组建日本市场上最大的个人电脑集团。2011年6月1日联想以每股13欧元的价格收购德国电子厂商Medion36.66%股份,交易总价格达到2.31亿欧元(约合3.4亿美元)。交易完成后,联想在德国的市场份额将扩大一倍,成为第三大厂商。 2013年,联想集团在美国北卡罗莱纳州罗利市三角研究园总部、中华人民共和国北京市和新加坡三处设立总部。2013年1月30日以29亿美元左右的价格购买谷歌的摩托罗拉移动智能手机业务,并将全面接管摩托罗拉移动的产品规划。在2013年度《财富》世界500强榜单中,联想集团排名大幅提升,从2012年的第370名跃至第329名。联想集团的营业额达340亿美元,已超越部分国际知名的品牌企业。 provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 3.联想组织模式的演变 3.1联想集团组织变革演变路径表1 联想集团组织结构变革中的路径依赖与路径创造 3.2联想集团组织 架构 酒店人事架构图下载公司架构图下载企业应用架构模式pdf监理组织架构图免费下载银行管理与it架构pdf 演变路径分析 (1)“平底快船”与“建章立制” 作为联想集团前身的北京新技术发展公司,在1984年成立时只有11人。公司运营初期的工作分工比较简单,在总经理领导下设立小规模的技术开发部、工程部、办公室、财务室、业务部。人员和部门都是一专多能,只要是市场需要的,什么事都要干。比如,业务部内的工作就包括:宣传培训、维修、门市和技术实体。权力高度集中于创业者,没有明确的管理层次,总经理直接指挥一切经营活动,能维持组织的灵活性和快速决策。这种后来在联想内部称为“平底快船”的组织结构,适应了创业初期运营活动以获取外部资源为着重点的内在需要。以罗宾斯提出的描述组织结构特征的复杂化、正规化和集权化三个结构变量的理论框架来考察,可以看到,此时的联想组织是非常简单、非正规和集权的,是一种有provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 机式组织。这点与大多数初创企业的组织特性相一致。凭借这种机动灵活的组织运作方式,联想经营规模逐渐扩大,业务量大幅度提升,创业5年后营业额达2400万元。但与大多数初创企业往往在规模扩大中出现失控和发展停滞、倒退甚至破产不一样的是,联想却在适时的组织转型中克服了秩序危机,获得了日后飞速发展的制度基础。那么,从组织结构特征描述的具体因素(结构变量)来分析,到底是什么样的组织变革让联想与众不同的呢, 图1联想1984年初创时期直线职能型组织结构图 发展中的联想在1990年上半年发生的所谓“孙宏斌事件”,是一个不容忽视的转折点。为联想各地分公司建设立下汉马功劳的企业部负责人孙宏斌年轻能干,但骄傲自满,引发了公司内部年轻人和老员工的一场冲突,他本人因被控挪用公款进了监狱。此事对于联想公司的影响可谓利弊兼具。“弊”的主要表现是:一方面,接班人 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 受到重创;另一方面,分公司人心浮动,业务陷于瘫痪,公司财务一片混乱。在此背景下,刚加入联想的法律背景出身的唐旭东提出的“把公司纳入制度化轨道”建议,很快得到了公司高层的支持,使1990年成为了联想发展史上一个有名的“制度建设年”,并在该年底完成了第一批公司规章。通过建章立制,联想逐步发展出涉及决策权、绩效考核、奖励和惩罚等方面的管理体系。可以推断,这起在企业部意外发生的事件,是联想组织结构步入规范化阶段的一股未经设计的驱动力量,因此是一个间接的“利”。正是作为有机式组织向科层制组织转型的关键结构变量的正规化程度的提高,支持了联想业务规模扩大后日趋复杂化的组织的有序运行,并带动了公司从早期依赖创业者的集权式管理向法理性分权的方向逐步演进。 (2)“大船结构”与“贸、工、技”关系 1992年,联想发生了历史上著名的“倪柳之争”。在解决这一冲突的过程中,面临技术和市场“孰重孰轻”选择难题的联想,摸索出了“贸—工—技”的发展provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 道路。随着市场销售、生产制造、研究开发三大职能分化的加大和体现销售环节“龙头”作用的新的较为复杂的职能分工型组织结构的形成,联想开始由初创期简单、扁平的“平底快船”式结构,逐步转变为以业务上的专业化分工和管理上的直线职能制为特征来运作的“大船结构”模式。在前期加强制度化、规范化管理的基础上,联想以市场为主线,以经济承包 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 制将各业务舱连接起来,形成既有分工又有协作的架构,这样既提高了各“船舱”的工作效率,又照顾了公司的整体利益和目标。 图2联想1989年直线型组织结构图 这一时期联想在公司层面是按工作性质分设各专业部门,研发、生产、销售系统的直线部门实行专业化分工,任务非常明确,类似“船舱式”管理,有利于实现业务工作的规模经济和效率。而伴随业务分工细化导致的组织复杂化及专业部门间协调问题,联想增设了发挥参谋职能作用的管理部门,进一步提高了组织的正规化程度,降低了创业家的(横向)集权度。在其金字塔型结构的顶端,联想还实行了董事会领导下的总裁室(团队)决策体制。为维护集体领导,联想规定了几条正式的组织原则,确保领导班子成员有共同的思想基础又配合默契,使总裁室一班人成为公司的坚强核心。联想在实行“大船结构”体制时期,虽然横provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 向分权度提升,但仍然坚持纵向集权,集中调配使用资金、人力和进口渠道,这对确保公司形成拳头和快速成长起了重要作用。另一个意义是,它在金字塔顶端的横向分权,为联想公司发展共同的信念和价值观创造了条件。联想的企业文化就是在大船结构的组织形态下逐渐形成的。此时的联想,已经是一个组织结构相当复杂,形成了初步正规化且有较大的横向分权的中等规模企业。这一阶段,复杂化这一特征因素成为联想组织演变的关键结构变量,业务部门分立的格局催生了经济承包合同制这一正规化制度,而管理部门增设的结果则增强了管理决策过程本身的横向分权,但保持了纵向上的集权状态。 (3)“舰队结构”与企划办职能 在“大船结构”模式下,“贸、工、技”的职能分化导致管理协调难度越来越大,组织费用上升。在当时的直线职能制架构中,开发系统负责自有品牌机硬件和软件的研发,业务一部负责微机销售,生产基地负责微机生产计划和管理,供应部负责配套元器件的采购。尽管这些专业部负责人的能力都很强,但是由于分段管理,各段衔接的“接口”容易出现脱节,结果不是产品积压就是脱销。而且,由于高技术产品升级速度快,职能切割的专业化分工体制导致了公司对微机市场需求和竞争变化反应迟缓。组织复杂度的提高,客观上要求整合性流程。1994年3月联想正式成立微机事业部,形成研发、生产、销售、服务一体化的微 机产业体系。这一年,公司开始进行纵向分权,将原有经营部门按产品分解为14个事业部。经营权力向下分配给了各个事业部。具体表现是,在公司总体战略部署和统一经营计划指导下,事业部对产供销各环节实行统一管理,享有经营决策决、财务支配权和人事管理权,由此便从“大船里的船舱”变成了“小舰艇”,“舰队结构”逐渐形成。与这种纵向分权对应的,公司总部则对事业部进行“目标管理、过程监控”,正规化程度也进一步增强。对于公司事业部分权体制的强化起重要作用的是所谓的“杨元庆事件”。杨元庆在1994年掌管微机事业部后,大刀阔斧地进行组织和业务模式的调整,很快取得了骄人的业绩,但这一分权化过程引发了公司的内部冲突。杨元庆先是不肯接受老一代创业者要把积压在仓库里的几千台电脑移交给微机事业部的要求,接下来,又坚持要把联想地区分公司在销售价格方面的某些特权收回。因此而一再发生的冲突,让柳传志做出了决定:一定要让这个年轻人学会妥协。在1996年年初的一次会议上,柳传志毫不容情provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 地命令杨元庆在一年内必须做出几件妥协的事情来。这位年轻的少帅最终接受了柳传志的批评,并在谋求妥协中锤炼了自己作为管理者应有的人际技能。在解决分权引发的冲突中,柳传志出色地平衡了公司全局与事业部局部的利益和诉求及新老员工关系问题。由于事业部制的推行,原先产品经营流程上的横向分割得以解决,微机业务在公司销售总额中的贡献率由1993年的12%逐年迅速上升。1996年,联想实现微机销量增长101,,在中国大陆市场占有率超过了康柏公司,取得国内市场位居第一的份额。微机业务作为事业部成功运作的典范,不但加强了杨元庆在公司内部的领袖地位,而且也使分权的“舰队结构”迅速推广到了公司其他业务领域。 图3联想1994年事业部型组织结构图 杨元庆事件在联想中引发的另一个影响是,微机事业部副主管刘晓林被调到公司总部的企业规划办公室担任副主任。这本来是柳传志为缓解分权中的矛盾冲突而采取的一个妥协策略,但客观上却大大强化了公司总部的管控能力。刘调至企划办后所做的薪酬体系设计等工作,奠定了联想不久后成为中国一个领先公司的管理基础架构。这一具有联想独创特色的“企划”职能,与信息、人力、财务等其他统称为“间接增值活动”的职能管理部门的设立,不仅使公司运行的正规化程度进一步增强,同时也基本上搭建了多业务公司总部管理的总体组织框架。值得说明的是,这个在联想后续发展中功不可没的“企划”部门及其职能的建设,provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 并不是当初有意为之的。 (4)“矩阵”型结构探索中的资源平台搭建 从1992年开始尝试,经过试点和不断完善,联想到1997年已形成了覆盖公司所有产品线的全面的事业部制。然而,由于没有对权力和业务两个维度的集中与分散化关系进行辩证处理,导致事业部之间“小而全”比较严重,尤其是随着事业部数量的增多,资源共享不足问题日益突出。分权并不必然地要求所有业务职能需要在事业部内部配齐。完全自我包容的事业部,带来了因资源分散配置产生的效率损失。对此,1998年,联想对前期实行的产品事业部制结构进行了调整,引入所谓的“矩阵管理模式”。一方面,将与业务个性关联紧密的主要增值活动,如产品、研发、质量、资材等职能组合在产品事业部内;另一方面,将与增值要素(或某一类客户群的特点)紧密关联但与业务个性关联较弱的增值活动,组成集中设置的各专业部门,如技术发展、质量管理、商务、供应链管理、企划、信息、人力资源服务,等等。这一名为“矩阵式”的组织调整,实际上涉及的只是业务关系方面的机构设立变化,而不是权力关系方面的变更。联想并未因该项调整而形成通常意义上的体现双重职权关系叠加的真正的“矩阵”,而只是将经营业务线条(产品事业部)的划分与非直接增值职能或资源的专业化这两种部门化方式相混合的机构设立方面的调整,从而没有在任何一项活动上形成横向和纵向权力的交汇。就实质而言,这一组织调整只是将原来事业部一切“自我包容”,变为把与业务个性关联较弱的增值要素外部化、集中化,形成事业部与公司总部资源平台及区域销售平台之间“内协”(Insourcing)的公司内部合作体制。 provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 图4联想1998年事业部型组织结构图 在资源共享型结构探索的基础上,1997—1998年,联想还进行了大陆、香港集团一体化整合。整合后联想进一步完善事业部体制,形成了以产品业务线条为事业部制主体、以地区平台为全国性网络的新事业部体制。公司总部只把握主要事业部的战略方向,充分授权,形成既高效统一同时各事业部又有很大的自主权限,并与公司经营发展战略相适应的集分权平衡的结构。从组织结构特征描述的具体因素分析,这一阶段的关键结构变量是在非直接增值活动方面的专业化分工的强化,也就是将事业部内部的流程整合与专业平台搭建相结合,使权力分散化与辅助业务的集中化得以兼容。在对各事业部共享资源的集中(Concentration)配置过程中,联想集团不仅获得了范围经济性,还通过平台体制的引入而加强了公司内部的业务合作关系。企业内部跨部门协作的网络化结构,开始与层级制结构并存,呈现出混合型形态。 (5)“联合舰队”的形成与“治理经济”获取中的得失 世纪之交时,柳传志经过半年试验,最终发现把杨元庆和郭为两个年轻人放在一个公司内共同承担领导工作,并不如预想的那么可行。柳传志决定利用新业务独立上市的机会将联想分拆,一则更好迎接以互联网经济为代表的新时代的挑战,二则解决接班人选任中杨与郭的关系问题。这次于2001年实施的“联想电脑”与“神州数码”的战略性分拆,被业界评论为具有很强的“以人设事”色彩。provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 分拆时,柳传志为避免集团内部的竞争,以“君子协定”方式划好了两家公司各自的“车道”。但分拆后不久,因业务分立大大激发了两位少帅的创业主动性和创造性,两家公司经营领域开始出现越来越明显的交叉。比如,在拆分出的神州数码公司全力向无线通讯、电子商务分销和全线网络产品进军的同时,联想集团公司开始在“向技术和服务转型”的三年战略规划实施中,在新组建的5大业务群组架构支撑下向多元化领域挺进,力图使自己由原来的硬件生产商蜕变成互联网服务供应商。神州数码公司也不局限于原先划好的车道,以网络电脑(NC)、显示器产品等进入原本是联想集团公司传统业务的领域。直到2003年进军手机市场的尝试失败后,神州数码公司才将业务聚焦在分销和信息服务业领域。而这一时期退居联想控股公司总裁位置的柳传志,则在诸如餐饮、物流、地产、投资等非IT领域布局“联想大家庭”,打造联想的“联合舰队”,以图开辟未来新的发展领域。且不论“联想大家庭”中各成员企业独立经营带来的集团内部相互竞争所产生的利弊如何 评价 LEC评价法下载LEC评价法下载评价量规免费下载学院评价表文档下载学院评价表文档下载 ,分权经营带来的治理经济性是多元化经营集团的活力来源,这一点是毋庸置疑的。至于如何避免业务雷同或重复带来的规模经济性与范围经济性的缺失,一方面取决于整个集团在战略层面上对业务经营领域及其相关性的布局,另一方面与集团管控架构设计中对业务运营权的配置以及对相似或具有协同效应的业务在资源共享方面的协调力有关。在业务多元化的大型集团中,居于控股地位的大股东在应对经营业务及组织结构复杂化方面,必须权衡并妥善解决业务边界的清晰度与业务发展决策权的下授程度之间的两难关系。 provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 图5联想2002年矩阵制组织结构图 在业务边界清晰度不高的情况下,业务发展决策权的下授程度本应该是相对受限的,即要实行有控制的分权。然而,此时忙于在新产业领域进行战略布局的联想控股公司,迟迟未对“大家庭”旗下的IT业及其相关业务的发展(如手机业务的规模化和合并重组)和业务冲突或关联问题,进行原本以“大股东”身份能够施予的干预。在手机市场激烈竞争中,联想集团内部有多家业务单位或控股子公司分散经营手持设备业务,没能及早通过资产合并而形成归口的专业化经营及规模经济。从组织结构特征描述的角度分析,这也正是相关多元化经营中分权过度导致的复杂化程度过高、业务整合不足的问题。联想手机从2005年国内市场占有率第四位,到被出售前夕净亏损达1.3亿元,组织欠当不能不说是其一大原因。 (6)主业并购整合中的全球组织调整 联想集团公司从新世纪初多元化经营“三年规划失败”中回归到PC主业后,加快了国际化发展征程,并在2004年底以“蛇吞象”方式并购了IBM PC事业部。从跨国并购后的业务管理组织看,新联想由合并之初的国际业务与中国业务“双运营中心”的分治,经过两个阶段“分步整合”完成后在2005年10月形成全球范围内集权的、复杂的“一体化架构”,再到2009年初将销售端业务单元由区域结构(分设美洲区、欧洲—中东—非洲、亚太与俄罗斯区三大区域总部)重组provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 为按照不同客户群分设的成熟市场与新兴市场两个业务集团,直至最近宣布的将在2012年4月正式生效的全球业务将按照北美、中国、欧洲—中东—非洲(EMEA)、亚太—拉美(AP—LA)四个大区进行运营的架构调整,反映出成为国际化企业后的联想集团继续表现出其业务管理组织结构频繁变化的特点。具体剖析其组织演变过程发现,因应解决现存问题需要的应变式调整是一个主要的特征。联想在完成了跨国并购交易后,先是在2005年5月开展了对包括财务、人力资源、法务、沟通和采购等容易整合且具有协同效应的职能部门的整合工作以及集团总部职能的建设。随着初期整合的顺利进行以及业务的健康发展,合并进入联想的原IBMPC业务很快在5个月内扭亏为盈,紧接着联想便宣布比原计划提前8个月进入“全球整合”的阶段,并依照“直线职能制”结构逻辑在2005年10月形成了一个由全球产品部、全球供应链部、全球销售部和全球研发中心构成的“一体化架构”,由此结束了过渡期双组织并行的状态。这个由分治走向整合的过程,是一个集权化的变革过程。联想在受全球金融危机影响而出现经营亏损的情况下,为确保运营高效、执行到位和专注,在2009年初进行了并购以后的第二次全球组织架构大调整,将其实施3年多的大型、集权的直线职能制结构重组为新的前端部门与后端部门并行的结构。其中前端的调整是,从相关区域合并管理和更好针对客户需求的考虑中,将分布全球各个地区的产品销售和客户服务机构合并调整为两个新成立的业务集团,即总部设在北京的新兴市场和总部设在巴黎的成熟市场,由它们按照不同市场进行销售推广;同时在公司品牌切换和产品品牌梳理基础上,重组成立负责相应产品系列研发设计的Think和Idea产品集团这两个后端部门。这样的组织调整,使得并购后因市场范围扩大和产品线增多而带来的错综复杂的组织结构得以简单化,因此被认为是“试图建立更简单、更轻便的组织架构”的一次大变局。 provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 图6联想2004年立体多维矩阵组织结构图 值得注意,在这次调整中,原先以地理位置划分的全球三大区业务运作结构被打破,取而代之的是前端按客户群不同而分设的两个业务集团以及后端基本上与不同类型客户需求对口的两个产品集团。这种面向新兴和成熟两类市场建立的流程化组织架构,一方面,可使联想在特定市场的销售推广中通过共享最佳实践,更好地在那些客户需求“具有相似特性”从而“销售什么产品和采用什么方法开发市场也会相似”的市场中获得协同效应,而“传统上它们可能分属于不同的地理区域”,制约了跨区域的销售工作协调与实践经验共享;另一方面,在多区域和多产品线业务按集中、统一模式运行的“一体化架构”下,贸、技、工之间的跨专业职能的协调比较复杂,而改为根据前端的部门化方式对应地分设后端的部门,实现前、后端部门之间的流程化联结,有利于将市场拓展需要的支撑落到实处,从而“因应不同的市场特色,迅速而有效地执行适当的‘保卫和进攻’的战略”。然而,这种去复杂化并利于寻求新的高增长机会的前、后端并行架构,运行了不到2年,联想又在2012年初宣布了其全球业务架构将变更为四个大区的结构。从机构划分依据看,之前按照地理区域分设机构的部门化方式这次又重新得到了重视,而且从架构调整的目的看,两次组织变革都是着眼于更好地执行“保卫和进攻”战略,但之前主要是求“更简单、更轻便”,本次宣布的重组则重在形成“更强大、更快速、更加专注”的组织架构,以便更好地对不同市场业务进provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 行规划来促进业务增长。 两年前变集权式管理的“一体化架构”为更注重横向协调的流程型结构,并不纯粹是联想应对全球金融危机导致的企业业绩不良而进行的“情势急迫性”调整,而是在其业务模式优化中为了因应不同市场特色而迅速有效地执行“保卫和进攻”战略的需要,因此,在大方向上符合国际化经营中增强本地市场响应力的趋势。按照新兴市场和成熟市场设立两大业务集团,对联想在守住中国市场的业务和从IBM购并来的Think品牌的大客户业务外谋求在中国地区外的新兴市场上的业务快速增长起了很大促进作用,但是,将日本、美国、西欧等地交易型业务笼统归并在“成熟市场”业务集团内来集中管理,不便于联想在这些“进攻”难度更大的区域内提升其交易型业务的市场份额。勇于克服探索中出现问题的联想,在2011年7月与NEC公司成立合资公司而共同创立日本最大的个人电脑集团后,又在8月完成了对德国第三大PC厂商和电子产品零售商Medion的收购,随即还将在欧洲零售渠道方面拥有丰富经验的宏碁公司前CEO蒋凡可?兰奇聘为联想集团顾问,帮助公司实施对Medion的整合,同时筹谋如何针对欧洲成熟市场的个性特点更有针对性地发展消费业务。这些不无摸索色彩的举措,正推动联想在多个不同地区以“多点”方式进军发达国家的消费类市场,使继续实行以产品为重心的发展战略的联想能够在规模扩大中迅速改善其在海外市场的利润率。可以说,即将在今年4月生效的本次全球组织架构调整,是由前期仅在“面”上区分成熟与新兴市场,细化并深入到在“点”上按四个区域设立业务部门,从而推动联想在对各个地区市场做出“更加专注”和“更快速”的反应中争取成为全球第一PC厂商。引用已正式受聘为联想欧洲—中东—非洲(EMEA)负责人兰奇的话,联想在商用领域的根基非常深厚,如果能把消费业务再做上去的话,未来将是一片光明。只是做好消费业务的责任单元,在全球整合实现的初期是落在公司层面,之后下沉到了两个业务集团,现在又转到了区域层次。(7)手机业务的分拆和回归与二度多元化战略的启动联想在实施对IBM PC业务的分步整合及其之后几年的运营中,集团高管班子出现了频繁的更迭,这点彰显了“联想大家庭”中核心子公司战略管理组织架构的变迁,以及对IT业相关业务(尤其是手机业务)战略重要性的重新考量与结构安排。在并购IBM PC业务后,杨元庆仅担任联想集团公司董事会主席之职,而具有实质性影响的CEO职位,则先后交与provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 了原IBM公司的沃德及聘自戴尔公司的阿梅里奥。2009年初,为扭转全球金融危机中联想集团2008年巨亏问题,联想重又形成了以柳为董事会主席、杨为CEO的“二度组合”。2011年,在公司迅速扭亏并连续第8个财季取得高速增长的业绩后,“保驾护航”的柳传志再度退位,将董事会主席之职交给了已从前两任外籍CEO中习得如何做一个“国际化的CEO”的“经验丰富、善于总结、善于带兵”的杨元庆。而在跨国并购后的高管班子更迭中,联想手机业务出现了“一卖一买”的周折。在对PC主业组织架构做应变式调整的同时,2008年初,联想将其属下的法律意义上为独立的子公司,但实际上仅作为事业部运作的联想移动公司分拆了出去。当时以阿梅里奥为首的联想管理层认为,手机业务不仅不能带来盈利,还分散了公司资源与精力,所以,将该业务所有权益作价1亿美元出售。然而,时隔不到两年,为应对苹果公司为首的移动互联网挑战,更换了高层班子的联想集团公司又不惜以2亿美元的高价回购了手机业务。回归后的联想移动保持了相对独立运营状态,除财务、研发共享集团资源外,生产制造、渠道销售、服务都独立运作,被赋予了很高的自主经营权。经过这一代价高昂的“试误”过程,联想集团才正式启动“移动互联网”战略布局,并在2010年成立了移动互联及数字家庭产品(MIDH)业务集团,加速其向智能手机、平板电脑和智能电视等领域多元化经营的步伐。可是,这“一卖一买”之间,不仅延缓了智能手机的追赶进程,而且使公司财务上损失了1亿美元。并且直到2011年,联想的智能手机也未挤进第一梯队,市场份额还不到2%。如若在提升PC主业全球竞争力的过程中能适时实施对手机业务的做强并加大授权度的战略与组织安排,联想在“移动互联网”方向上的多元化经营格局本应会更早呈现,结果也会比现在更好。而联想自2011年下半年开始的在全球市场通过对当地企业的并购或联合来寻求在移动互联网及数字家庭等领域的发展机会,以及主动物色成熟市场上经营经验丰富的将帅,可以说多少受益于其二度启动多元化战略初期在试误与探索中所获得的经验教训。“能及时复盘,总结经验教训以改进工作和提高能力”,是联想擅长于“总结过去”的一个管理方法论层面的最佳实践。 provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 图7联想2012年立体多维矩阵组织结构图 4(促成联想组织变革演变轨迹的因素分析 联想的组织结构变革,常常并不是一次就变到位,而是在若干次变革探索的积累乃至修正中最终形成了与其发展阶段及战略相适应的组织状态。联想不无曲折但不断前行的组织演变过程显示,其组织体内在地具有一种与其渐进性变革相应的可塑或可调适的特性。本文结合联想集团的一些重要事件,总结了促进联想组织架构演变的关键节点,如下图所示: provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 图8联想组织结构演进中的关键节点示例 5.联想的核心价值观 核心价值观是企业精神的集中体现,它告诉员工“我们应该怎么做,”或 者“什么对我们是最重要的”。联想的核心价值观经历了长期积累和演变,现在已经得到进一步明确和丰富,经过系统整理和反复论证,现在确立了四条联想核心价值观:服务客户、精准求实、诚信共享、创业创新服务客户:服务客户是联想的首要价值观,因为联想最重要的使命就是为客户创造价值,联想将要成为一个服务型公司。联想和联想人的价值在于拥有客户,为客户提供全方位的服务,让客户获得超出期望的满意。联想人把技术、产品和方案作为服务客户的手段,在全员中树立一种“客户至上”的意识。 我们的存在取决于我们能否找到自己的客户,我们的价值取决于我们能否满足客户的需求”。精准求实:联想能够取得今天的成就,从管理和做事的方法来看,主要得益于联想人能够“以事实为依据,用数据来说话”,“乐于发现问题,勇于面对现实”。企业经营管理既是艺术的,更是科学的。联想人以科学的态度provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 对待每项工作,“注重目标可衡量性和计划的可操作性”;联想人以求实的精神对待每一件事,“尊重规和 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ,纪律严明”,养成“认真、严格、主动、高效”的做事风格。诚信共享:在股市上,在客户心目中,在合作伙伴的眼里,联想集团是一个以诚信著称的公司。诚实做人,注重信誉;坦诚相待,开诚布公是联想人最基本的道德准则;取信于用户,取信于员工,取信于合作伙伴是联想人的待人之道。作为一间以人为本的公司,联想集团在企业设计和目标设立时充分考虑到了所有员工的发展和员工的主人地位,努力做到把员工的个人追求融入到企业的长远发展之中。今天,联想正在进一步塑造平等、信任、欣赏、亲情的亲情文化,有效地降低企业管理中的尊重成本和信任成本,激发了联想人的工作激情和工作效率。创业创新:曾经,老一代联想创业者创造了把5%的希望变成100%的现实的拚搏精神,也把每一年,每一天,我们都在进步的进取信念融入了新一代联想人的血液之中。 今天,创业精神已经在新一代联想人身上得到了继承和发扬。虽然公司做大了,联想人意识到“创业永无止境”,还要“开源节流,创新奋斗”, 还要保持危机意识,放下以前的成就,要充满激情和拼劲,永不满足,勇于拚搏,不断超越自我。联想把员工看作联想主人,不希望员工成为“螺丝钉”那样发挥作用,而是以主人的心态对待自己的工作,像“发动机”一样主动工作,并坚持学习与开拓,灵活应对各种挑战和变化。 联想的使命和远景 (一)联想的使命 企业的使命告诉人们:“企业为什么存在”,企业存在的理由或价值是什么,员工在这里工作的意义又是什么,使命宣言是非常有力的工具,能把所有员工聚集到一起,并激发他们向使命前进。从成立之初联想就有着非常明确的使命感,是一个使命驱动型的公司,并且随着联想的发展,联想的使命得到了逐渐提升。 联想的使命可以概括为“四为”:为客户、为股东、为社会、为员工为客户——提供信息技术、工具和服务,使人们的生活和工作更加简便、高效、丰富多彩; 概括来说就是,让科技走近大众,走近我们每一个人的生活和工作。为社会——服务社会文明进步;联想一如既往地严格遵守着中国的和其它已开展业务的国家和地区的法律,做当地的好公民,为社会贡献越来越多的税收,积极参与科技、教育、环保、赈灾、体育等各种公益事业,提供先进科技产品,为社会的进步做provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work 出自己的贡献。为股东——回报股东长远利益;联想将要成为百年老店,为股东创造长远的价值,不为一时短期利益而损害长期发展。为员工——创造发展空间, 提升员工价值,提高工作生活质量。联想的未来就是大家共同的未来,联想的宗旨是与员工共同发展。 (二) 联想的远景 远景告诉人们“企业是什么”,告诉人们企业将做成什么样子,是对企业未来发展的一种期望和描述。只有清晰地描述企业的远景,员工、社会、投资者和合作伙伴才能对企业有更为清晰的认识。一个美好的远景能够激发人们发自内心的感召力量,激发人们强大的凝聚力和向心力。未来的联想应该是高科技的联想、 服务的联想、国际化的联想。 provisions and time limits, monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment measures submitted plans, planting details and measures of protection submitted to the supervisor for approval. (3) construction of I Board will be coordinated under the auspices of the supervisor's monitoring equipment installation, Embedment interference and civil construction and equipment installation, Embedment plans included in the construction schedule, planted for the timely provision of necessary face and working hours. (4) will strictly follow the approved installation, Embedment in the construction plan and manufacturers use the specification of procedures and methods of monitoring instruments and equipment installation, Embedment. Buried in the install process, I Council inspectors should work closely with the supervisor, supervisor to report problems in a timely manner, and to provide relevant quality records. (5) construction process due to damage caused by any monitoring equipment for construction, we will promptly repair or replace equipment caused the shift should be corrected immediately, until a supervisor recognized and made detailed records. (6) monitoring equipment installation, Embedment and all related work
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