英语学习中的六种基本句型结构

英语学习中的六种基本句型结构 英语学习中的六种基本句型结构 [阅读: 1828] 英语学习中的六种基本句型结构 英语的句式从表达形式上来看，形式多样且丰富多彩，但仔细观察后就不难发现，无论其怎样变化，它们大都基本保持了常见的六个句型结构。也就是说，绝大多数英语句子都是由这六个基本句式演变、衍生而成的。因此，掌握好这六个基本句型以及他们的基本用法，对于初学英语的同学们来说，就显得非常重要了。这里做一简单列举与说明，希望对同学们的学习有所帮助: 一、句型1: Subject (主语) ， Verb (谓语) 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词，常见的动词如: work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如: 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。 2) The little girl cried even harder. 小女孩哭得更厉害了。 3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。 1. Spring is coming. 春天到了。 【结构描述】 主语+不及物动词 【用法记忆】 不及物动词后面不能直接跟宾语～但有时根据意义的需要常会接状语。可在动词后加介词再接宾语。如: She smiles happily. 她高兴地笑了。 He is looking at the monkey. 他正看着猴子 二、句型2:Subject (主语) ， Link. V(系动词) ， Predicate(表语) 这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类: (1)表示状态。这样的词有:be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如: 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。 (2)表示变化。这类系动词有:become, turn, get, grow, go等。如: 1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer. 春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。 2) The tree has grown much taller than before. 这棵树比以前长得高多了。 2. Leaves turn green. 树叶变绿了。 【结构描述】 主语+系动词+表语 【用法记忆】 初中阶段常见的系动词有:一“是”(is, am, are)一“觉”(feel)一“保 持”(keep)～“起来”四个(look看起来～sound 听起来～smell 闻起来～taste 尝起来) “ 好像”(seem)“变了”四个(become, turn, get, go都有“变得”的意思)。表语通常由名词、形容词、介词短语等充当。 三、句型3:Subject(主语) ， Verb (谓语) ， Object (宾语) 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词。其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例: 1) He took his bag and left.(名词) 他拿着书包离开了。 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词) 当我遇到困难时，李雷总能给我帮助。 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式) 她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。 4) I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)我不知道下一步该干什么。 Cows eat grass on the hill. 牛儿在山上吃草。 【结构描述】 主语+谓语+宾语 【用法记忆】 宾语可以由名词、代词、动词不定式、-ing形式等充当。上句v. 中的on the hill是地点状语～即使省略也不影响句子结构的完整。 四、句型4: Subject(主语)，Verb(谓语)， Indirect object(间接宾语)，Direct object (直接宾语) 这种句型中，直接宾语为主要宾语，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当;间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动词有: buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如: 1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present. 她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 2)The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March. 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。 上述句子还可以表达为: 1)Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present. 2)The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March. The spring gives us a warm hug. 春天给我们以热情的拥抱。 【结构描述】 主语+谓语+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物) 【用法记忆】 间接宾语和直接宾语可以交换位置～但需要借助介词to或for。如: Tom gave me a book. = Tom gave a book to me. 汤姆给了我一本书。 Mum bought him an MP3 player. = Mum bought an MP3 player for him. 妈妈给他买了一个MP3播放器。 五、句型5: Subject(主语)，Verb (动词)，Object (宾语)，Complement(补语) 这种句型中的“宾语 ， 补语”统称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如: 1)You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(形容词) 2) We made him our monitor.(名词)我们选他当班长。 3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。 ? 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。 ? 注意:动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如: 1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。 2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night. 昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。 I’ll make the beauty stay in my mind forever. 我要让美丽永远留在记忆中。 【结构描述】 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 【用法记忆】 宾语补足语在宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、状态或特征。宾语补足语可以由名词、形容词、动词不定式、-ing形式和介词短语等充当～宾语v. 补足语不能省略。如: I heard someone playing the piano over there. 我听见有人在那边弹钢琴。 句型6:There be + 主语 + 其它 这一结构表示“某地有某物”。主语一般位于there be 之后。值得关注的是，当句中有两个或更多的主语时，动词一般和最近的一个保持一致: 1) There are two girls and a boy running on the playground. 2) There is a boy and two girls running on the playground. There are many birds singing in the trees. 树上有许多鸟儿在唱歌。 【结构描述】 there be+主语+状语 【用法记忆】 当动词be后接单数可数名词或不可数名词时～be用单数,当其后接复数的可数名词时～be用复数。 练习: A. 主语+系动词+表语 B. 主语+谓语 C. 主语+谓语+宾语 D. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 E. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 F. there be+主语+状语 ( ) 1. You can write down the new words on your notebook. ( ) 2. Can you see some boys playing in the playground? ( ) 3. The school bus didn’t come. ( ) 4. There are five books on the desk. ( ) 5. The bread smells delicious. ( ) 6. Our English teacher showed us all her CDs. Key: 1-6 CEBFAD “书面表达”， 一、掌握哪些基本句型, 英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句型。这五个基本句型可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句型生成的。熟悉并掌握这五个基本句型并掌握它的变式，再根据需要加上适当的定语或状语，我们写出的句子不仅可以表情达意，还会中规中矩，生动活泼。 例如: 1. We all breathe. 2. He was a strange little man. 3. I have bought some chocolate for you. 4. Mr. Smith taught us English. 5. He could make his lessons lively and interesting. 1. S十V “主语，谓语”结构 2. S十V十P “主语，系动词，表语”结构 3. S十V十O “主语，谓语，宾语”结构 4. S十V十O1十O2 “主语，谓语，双宾语”结构 5. S十V十O十C “主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语”结构 掌握了这5 种基本句型，就能基本满足我们在日常生活中的交际要求 二、运用5种基本句型应注意什么, 句型1. S十V “主语，谓语”结构 在这种句型中，除了谓语动词是不及物动词外，我们要注意掌握这个句型的变式:有时有附加成分，有时没有附加成分。有时还需要倒装，有时还要用it作形式主语。在口笔头表达时，我们要根据要求，灵活使用。如: The sun was shining. (没有附加成分) He was breathing heavily.(有附加成分) He went away. (有附加成分) We stood still in a line.(有附加成分) We went running to meet the guests. (有附加成分) We walked (for) five miles. (有附加成分) We waited (for) half an hour. We live in Nanjing. (有附加成分) We are going to meet at the school gate. (有附加成分) There comes the bus.(倒装) 句型2. S十V十P “主语，系动词，表语”结构 在这个句型结构中，联系动词是不能独立作谓语的，它必须和表语一起使用，用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质、情绪和状态等。使用这个句型，一是要注意联系动词V，二是要注意表语的多样性。 联系动词(V)，除BE动词外，还有不少动词可以作为联系动词用。以下几类动词均可作为联系动词使用: 1(seem, appear 等表示“似乎”、“好象”等意思的动词; 2(look, taste, smell, sound, feel等表示五官感觉的动词; 3(remain, keep等表示“维持，保持”等意思的动词; 4(become, grow, turn, get, go, come, run, fall等表示“变化、发展”等意思的动词; 5(一些固定搭配。如:marry young/old, make sure/certain, sit tight/still, blow open 等。 所谓表语的多样性，意思是这些动词后的作表语词类和结构等形式是多种多样的。现结合联系动词举例说明。 The lecture was over. The boys were about the same age. It is time to go to the park with my classmates. It is very nice(for me) to sit/sitting here with you. It seemed (to me) that everyone was really interested in the trip. The baby seemed to be asleep. You sound surprised. How did they become friends? He kept/remained silent. The river has run dry. The meat has gone bad. The leaves are turning brown. One of the tigers broke loose. She married old. 以上例句说明，用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质和状态的表语可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、非谓语动词和从句。有的可以和其他句式相互转换，如上面的第4 、5、6等。在使 用时要灵活变通，不可生搬硬套。 句型3. S十V十O “主语，谓语，宾语”结构 首先，我们必须明白，这里的V与前面两个句型中的V不同，它是个及物动词，必须带宾 语O;最重要的是这个句型中的谓语动词，它对后面的宾语有一些特殊的要求。 1(谓语后面直接用名词或代词作宾语。如: We answered the foreign guests’ many questions in English. Our class visited a factory last Sunday. The American guests have blue eyes. 2. 谓语动词要求动词不定式作宾语。我们学过的这些动词有:continue, dare, decide, hope, learn, plan, want, agree, promise, trouble, start, begin, would like, pretend, wish等等。 如: He wanted to have a rest. We agreed to have a talk about it. Would you like to have a look around our city? 3. 谓语动词要求用动名词作宾语。如:continue, hate, love, start, begin, enjoy, like, dislike, prefer…to…, 以及need, want作实意动词表示“需要”，后面跟动名词。如: 4(谓语动词后面既可以用不定式，也可以用动名词作宾语。如:like, begin, start, love, hate 等等。如: She likes swimming. He began talking about his country. I love walking to schools. 但是，如果begin, start 后面的是正在进行的动作，一般用动词不定式作宾语。如: It began to rain. 有些动词后面可以跟动名词，也可以跟不定式，但是意思不同，有的在语法上已经不是宾语。如:remember, forget, stop等。请比较: Please remember to wake me up at six in the morning. I remembered meeting him before. He forgot to bring an umbrella with him. He forgot returning the book to the library. We were tired so we stopped to have a rest at the foot of the hill. I stopped to have a look at the beautiful garden. 5. 有时，根据表达需要，谓语动词后面要跟“疑问代词，动词不定式”或从句作宾语。如:ask, know, see, tell, decide, think, learn等等。 I don’t know who to go to for advice (who I should go…). You must learn when to give advice and when to be silent (when you should … ) . I will ask / find out when the train leaves. I think that he is our new teacher. 句型4. S十V十O1十O2 “主语，谓语，双宾语”结构 英语中有的动词要跟双宾语，一个是直接宾语，一个是间接宾语。这个句型中，双宾语同样是由谓语动词决定的。跟双宾语的动词有:give, show, send, bring, read, pass, leave, hand, tell, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach以及make,buy, do, fetch, get, play, save, sing, find等两大类。后面的宾语可以是名词或代词，也可以是从句。间接宾语有时可以改写城一个由to或for引导的短语，意思不变。 He told us that the road was wet. Have they paid you the money? I will read you the letter. Could you lend me your computer? We give the classroom a good cleaning very weekend. Will you do me a favor? He passed the dictionary to me. My mother bought a present for me. 句型5. S十V十O十C “主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语”结构 “宾语，宾语补足语”主要有四种类型: ?名词(代词)，不定式; ?名词(代词)，分词; ?名词(代词)，名词(仅限于find, make, call, consider 等动词); ?名词(代词)，形容词(仅限于find, keep, make, leave, like, regard, see等动词)。例如: I will let you know as soon as I hear from her. The teacher asked us to work hard at our lessons after class. The foreigner said that he found us speaking very good English. When we got there, we found the park crowded with people. He kept it a secret until he had succeeded. We made him our monitor. What do we call this plant in English? We must keep the room clean. Let’s get everything ready in time. The news made us very angry. 综观以上5种句型,我们可以看出, 在表达的内容决定了之后，决定句型的核心成分就是动词。动词往往决定着我们该用的句型，决定着它后面的表语和宾语的形式。因此，在练习书面表达时，我们有必要以这5种基本句型为主线，以提高表达能力为目标，以动词的掌握和使用为重点，进行分项专题联系，熟练掌握以上5种基本句型. 五种基本句型是: S+V? The First World War broke out in 1914./S+V+O? We’re leading a happy life./S+V+P? The mixture tastes terrible. / S+V+O(I)+O(D)? Mr. Brown will give us a talk this afternoon./S+V+O+C? We should make our classroom clean and tidy. 这五种基本句型虽然能表达一定的意思，但无法自如表达思想，因此教师须对学生进行扩句训练。比如，第二个句子就可以扩为:Compared with the past, we’re living a happy life now. 3.对长、难句进行分析，利用各种句子结构进行多种表达的训练。比如喜欢，在下面的句子 中就有三种表达方式:My father likes reading and my mother enjoys cooking, but I am fond of playing games.