清明节起源 传说 戴柳插柳的来历 古老习俗

清明节起源 传说 戴柳插柳的来历 古老习俗 清明节起源 春雷惊蛰(杨柳青年画) “清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。借问酒家何处有,牧童遥指杏花村。” 提起清明，人们自然会想起唐代诗人杜牧的这首诗。但在起初，清明并不具有这种意味，而只是一种节气的名称。清明时节，我国大部分地区春回大地，天清地明，气候转暖，万物复苏，正是春耕春种的最佳时机，田间地头到处是农民忙碌的身影，民谚常说:“清明谷雨两相连， 浸种耕田莫迟延。” 这种敦促春耕的节气，是怎样变成纪念祖先的节日的呢,应该说这与此前两天(或一天)的寒食节有关。寒食节是中国古代较早的节日，传说是在春秋时代为纪念晋国的忠义之臣介子推而设立的。其实，从历史的实际来看，禁火冷食主要反映了中国古人改火习俗的遗迹。原始社会，我们的先民们钻木取火，火种来之不易，取火的树种往往因季节变化而不断变换，因此，改火与换取新火是古人生活中的一件大事。春三月正值改火的时节，人们在新火未到之时，要禁止生火。汉代称寒食节为禁烟节，因为这天百姓人家不得举火，到了晚上upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 才由宫中点燃烛火，并将火种传至贵戚重臣家中。对此，唐代诗人韩的《寒食》诗有生动描写:“春城无处不飞花，寒食东风御柳斜。日暮汉宫传蜡烛，轻烟散入五侯家。” 由于寒食节期间禁止生火做饭，就需准备一些事先做好的熟食(即冷食)，以备禁火期间食用，相沿成习，遂成寒食风俗。寒食节期间的食品，在北方，主要有以面粉做成蒸饼，上附红枣并捏成燕子形状的“子推燕”;有用梗米及麦芽糖调制成的醴酪。在南方，主要有油炸至金黄色近似今日点心的环饼;有用糯米与雀麦草汁舂合而成，以枣泥或豆沙为馅料的蒸食——青白团子。此外，鸭蛋、枣糕、杏仁粥、冻猪肉、冻鱼肉，也是寒食节常用的食品。 寒食节期间的习俗，除了禁火冷食，还有后来成为清明节主要内容的祭扫坟墓。中国古人对祭祀祖先十分重视。上古时候，家中有人去世时，只挖墓坑安葬，不筑坟丘标志，祭祀主要在宗庙进行。后来在挖墓坑时还筑起坟丘，将祭祖安排在墓地，便有了物质上的依托。战国时期，墓祭之风逐渐浓厚起来。 秦汉时代，祭扫坟墓的风气更盛。据《汉书》记载，大臣严延年即使离京千里，也要定期还乡祭扫墓地。在唐代，不论士人还是平民，都将寒食节扫墓视为返本追宗的仪节，由于清明距寒食节很近，人们还常常将扫墓延至清明。诗人们的作品，也往往是寒食、清明并提，如韦应物有诗句说:“清明寒食好，春园百卉开。”白居易也有诗句说:“乌啼鹊噪昏乔木，清明寒食谁家哭。”朝廷鉴于民间寒食、清明并举已相沿成习，就以官方 文书 烟草专卖行政处罚文书英文书写纸用a4纸打印行政执法文书范本护理文书的书写规范及要求原告诉讼文书送达地址确认书 的形式正式规定，清明到来时，可以与寒食节一起放假。这项规定距今已经1200多年，说明从那时起清明开始具有某种国家法定节日的色彩。 宋元时期，清明节逐渐由附属于寒食节的地位，上升到取代寒食节的地位。这不仅 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 现在上坟扫墓等仪式多在清明举行，就连寒食节原有的风俗活动如冷食、蹴鞠、荡秋千等，也都被清明节收归所有了。 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 清明节后来还吸收了另外一个较早出现的节日—上巳节的内容。上巳节古时在农历三月初三日举行，主要风俗是踏青、祓禊(临河洗浴，以祈福消灾)，反映了人们经过一个沉闷的冬天后急需精神调整的心理需要。晋代陆机有诗写到:“迟迟暮春日，天气柔且嘉。元吉隆初巳，濯秽游黄河。”即是当时人们在上巳节祓禊、踏青的生动写照。 大约从唐代开始，人们在清明扫墓的同时，也伴之以踏青游乐的活动。由于清明上坟都要到郊外去，在哀悼祖先之余，顺便在明媚的春光里骋足青青原野，也算是节哀自重转换心情的一种调剂方式吧。因此，清明节也被人们称作踏青节。秉性贪玩的孩童，常常不满足于踏青游乐仅仅在清明举行一次，诚如唐代大诗人王维诗句“少年分日作遨游，不用清明兼上巳”。 融汇了两个古老节日精华的清明节，终于在宋元时期形成一个以祭祖扫墓为中心，将寒食风俗与上巳踏青等活动相融合的传统节日。明清大体承接前代旧制，清明节仍然坚持并发展着其在春季生活中一个必不可少的大节的地位。民国时期，清明节这天，除了原有的扫墓、踏青等习俗，植树也被确定为常规项目，这实际上不过是对民间长期延续的植树风俗的一个官方认定。 在中国传统文化里，清明节是一个纪念祖先及离世亲人的节日。主要的纪念仪式是扫墓，并伴以踏青、植树等活动，节日体现饮水思源、凝聚族群、迎春健身及关爱自然的意义。杜牧的《七绝?清明》诗，勾画出了一幅美丽的水墨画，春雨、牧童、酒家，诗人匆匆的步履牵引着清明节的诗情。张择端的《清明上河图》则把人们带入另一番节日盛景，如林的店铺、熙熙攘攘的人流、形态各异的车马轿舟，一片忙碌、一派繁华尽在画卷中。今天的清明节，依然在人们的日常生活中占有着重要的位置。纪念先人，慎终追远;缅怀先烈，展望未来，共创幸福美好未来，是我们过节的主题。(来源:《我们的节日》) 清明节的传说 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 春秋时期，晋公子重耳为逃避迫害而流亡国外，流亡途中，在一处渺无人烟的地方，又累又饿，再也无力站起来。随臣找了半天也找不到一点吃的，正在大家万分焦急的，随臣介子推走到僻静处，从自己的大腿上割下了一块肉，煮了一碗肉汤让公子喝了，重耳渐渐恢复了精神，当重耳发现肉是介子推自己腿割下的时候，流下了眼泪。 十九年后，重耳作了国君，也就是历史上的晋文公。即位后文公重重赏了当初伴随他流亡的功臣，唯独忘了介子推。很多人为介子推鸣不平，劝他面君讨赏，然而介子推最鄙视那些争功讨赏的人。他打好行装，同悄悄的到绵山隐居去了。 晋文公听说后，羞愧莫及，亲自带人去请介子推 ，然而介子推已离家去了绵山。绵山山高路险，树木茂密，找寻两个人谈何容易，有人献计，从三面火烧绵山，逼出介子推。 大火烧遍绵山，却没见介子推的身影，火熄后，人们才发现背着老母亲的介子推已坐在一棵老柳树下死了。晋文公见状，恸哭。装殓时，从树洞里发现一血书，上写道:“割肉奉君尽丹心，但愿主公常清明。为纪念介子推，晋文公下令将这一天定为寒食节。 第二年晋文公率众臣登山祭奠，发现老柳树死而复活。便赐老柳树为”清明柳“，并晓谕天下，把寒食节的后一天定为清明节。 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 戴柳插柳的来历 京西碧云寺(杨柳青年画) 清明节植树的习俗，发端于清明戴柳插柳的风俗。是什么原因使得平凡的柳条有了如此非同寻常的身价,有三种传说。最古老的传说，是说为了纪念教民稼穑耕作的祖师—神农氏，后来由此发展出祈求长寿的意蕴。再晚点的传说与介子推有关。据说晋文公率众臣登山祭奠介子推时，发现介子推死前曾经靠过的老柳树死而复活，便赐老柳树为“清明柳”。更晚点的传说是唐太宗给大臣柳圈，以示赐福驱疫。这三种说法有一点是相通的，那就是都相信柳枝具有灵性，可以避邪。 清明古老习俗:扫墓、踏青、打马球 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的，除了讲究禁火、扫墓，还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因为清明节要寒食禁火，为了防止寒食冷餐伤身，所以大家来参加一些体育活动，以锻炼身体。因此，这个节日中既有祭扫新坟生别死离的悲酸泪，又有踏青游玩的欢笑声，是一个富有特色的节日。 清明习俗扫墓祭祖 中国历史上，寒食禁火，祭奠先人，早已蔚为习俗。唐朝之后，寒食节逐渐式微，于清明节扫墓祭祖成了此后持续不断的节俗传统。唐朝大诗人白居易《寒食野望吟》诗云:"乌啼鹊噪昏乔木，清明寒食谁家哭?风吹旷野纸钱飞，古墓累累春草绿。棠梨花映白杨树，尽是生死离别处。冥漠重泉哭不闻，萧萧暮雨人归去。"宋朝诗人高菊卿也曾于一诗中描写道:"南北山头多墓田，清明祭扫各纷然。纸灰飞作白蝴蝶，泪血染成红杜鹃。日落狐狸眠冢上，一滴何曾到九泉!"就是到了今天的社会，人们在清明节前后仍有上坟扫墓祭祖的习俗:铲除杂草，放上供品，于坟前上香祷祝，燃纸钱金锭，或简单地献上一束鲜花，以寄托对先人的怀念。 荡秋千，这是我国古代清明节习俗。秋千，意即揪着皮绳而迁移。它的历史很古老，最早叫千秋，后为了避忌讳，改为秋千。古时的秋千多用树桠枝为架，再栓上彩带做成。后来逐步发展为用两根绳索加上踏板的秋千。秋千之戏在南北朝时已经流行。《荆楚岁时记》upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 记载:“春时悬长绳于高木，士女衣彩服坐于其上而推引之，名曰打秋千。”唐代荡秋千已经是很普遍的游戏，并且成为清明节习俗的重要内容。由于清明荡秋千随处可见，元明清三代定清明节为秋千节，皇宫里也安设秋千供皇后、嫔妃、宫女们玩耍。打秋千不仅可以增进健康，而且可以培养勇敢精神，至今为人们特别是儿童所喜爱。 清明习俗蹴鞠 鞠是一种皮球，球皮用皮革做成，球内用毛塞紧。蹴鞠，就是用足去踢球。这是古代清明节时人们喜爱的一种游戏。相传是黄帝发明的，最初目的是用来训练武士。 清明习俗射柳 射柳是一种练习射箭技巧的游戏。据明朝人的记载，就是将鸽子放在葫芦里，然后将 葫芦高挂于柳树上，弯弓射中葫芦，鸽子飞出，以飞鸽飞的高度来判定胜负。 清明习俗斗鸡 古代清明盛行斗鸡游戏，斗鸡由清明开始，斗到夏至为止。我国最早的斗鸡记录，见于《左传》。到了唐代，斗鸡成风，不仅是民间斗鸡，连皇上也参加斗鸡。如唐玄宗最喜斗鸡。 清明习俗蚕花会 蚕花会“蚕花会”是蚕乡一种特有的民俗文化，过去清明节期间，梧桐、乌镇、崇福、洲泉等地都有此项民俗活动。其中以洲泉的马鸣庙和青石的双庙诸的蚕花会最为精彩隆重。马鸣庙位于洲泉镇西，在当地有“庙中之王”之称，每年蚕花会人山人海，活动频繁，有迎蚕神、摇快船、闹台阁、拜香凳、打拳、龙灯、翘高竿、唱戏文等十多项活动。这些活动有的在岸上进行，绝大多数在船上进行，极具水乡特色。近几年乌镇香市活动中的蚕花会，仅有迎蚕神、踏白船、翘高竿等几个项目，大有潜力可挖。 清明习俗拔河 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 早期叫“牵钩”“钩强”，唐朝始叫“拔河”。它发明于春秋后期，开始盛行于军中，后来流传于民间。唐玄宗时曾在清明时举行大规模的拔河比赛。从那时起，拔河成为清明习俗的一部分。 清明习俗踏青 清明时节，春回大地，自然界到处呈现一派生机勃勃的景象，正是郊游的大好时光。我国民间长期保持着清明踏青的习惯。 天津市天文学会理事赵之珩介绍说，清明通常在农历三月前后，恰是大地春回的时节。经历了一个漫长寒冬之后，人们纷纷走出居室，来到户外探寻春天的气息——或在田野踏青，或在郊外放风，这些郊游活动便被称为“踏青”。踏青，又叫春游。古时叫探春、寻春等。 传说，在很早以前就有清明踏青这一活动了。据《旧唐书》记载:“大历二年二月壬午，幸昆明池踏青。”可见，踏青春游的习俗早已流行。杜甫有“江边踏青罢，回首见旌旗”的诗句。到了宋代，踏青之风盛行。宋著名画家张择端的风俗画《清明上河图》就极其生动地描绘出以汴京外汴河为中心的清明时节的热闹情景。在这一画卷，画面人物就达 550多人，牲畜50余头，船20多艘，车、轿20多乘。清明踏青之盛况，可见一斑。 赵之珩表示，由于全国各地春天到来的时间不一，因而踏青节也就有先有后。农历二月二为福建一带的踏青节，三月三为陕西一带的踏青节。北京、东北由于春来得特别迟，到了五月初五才开始踏青。由于踏青是一项有意义的习俗，因此代代流传。 清明扫墓祭祖唐朝时开始盛行 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 扫墓是清明的重要内容之一。专家介绍说，清明扫墓是秦以后的事，到唐朝时才时开始盛行，一直流传至今。 据民俗专家、天津市天文学会理事赵之珩介绍，扫墓祭祖是中国古代一种相沿已久的传统习俗。在先秦时期已有祭墓活动，但并未限定在寒食、清明之际。汉代魏时上坟之礼已经得到重视，但当时尚未成为正式礼仪。清明扫墓是秦以后的事，到唐朝时才开始盛行，一直流传至今。 唐明皇在开元二十年下令:寒食上坟，礼经无文，近世相传，已成习俗，应该允许，使之永为常式。 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service 吴自牧的《梦粱录》记载:在古代，清明节这一天，“官员士庶，俱出郊省坟，以尽 思时之敬。”可见，清明出郊上坟的主要目的是为了“尽思时之敬”。到了宋代，大家都在 清明日扫墓，京都人倾城出郊，四野如市。 为什么要在清明扫墓呢,赵之珩表示，这大概是因为冬去春来，草木萌生，人们担心 自己先人的坟茔长满荒草或塌陷，所以要去察看修葺，给坟墓添土除草，同时摆上些供品， 烧些纸钱，以表示对死者的怀念和追悼之情。 upgrade and expansion, whole system construction of guideline followed following principles: Advanced: full reference both at home and abroad advanced, and mature of technology, and method and means, Project design, technical product leader, mature products as possible on the main equipment selection, technical lead and aligned with national standards of general-purpose, standard equipment. Systematization: strictly follow the view of system engineering and construction, has always been to practice engineering integrity, hierarchy, and adaptability to the external environment for constructive purposes. Maximize the business integration, functional integration and avoid different products, different standards and specifications of piecing together and combination of the system. Openness and standardization: hardware device selects the domestic and foreign well-known products, system architecture and protocol standards are in accordance with the ITU-t international industry standards and ISO standards of design, core systems and devices, following international standards, harmonization of standards, ensure system scalability and continuity of the system. Practicality: ensure high availability of the system performance with high reliability and flexibility both; first to ensure stable and reliable operation of the system, and using redundancy design of key components of the key position then to simple, technologically advanced, economical and practical. Extensible and maintainable: within the expected life cycle of systems or equipment, can be upgraded and modified to meet the needs of the user actions and application requirements change. And ensures after-sales service