LOVE_IS_A_FALLACY练习答案

LOVE_IS_A_FALLACY练习答案 Stuart: Introduction to the Passage ,,,, 1. Type of literature: a piece of narrative writing ,,,,,,,,--protagonist/antagonists ,,,,,,,, --climax ,,,,,,,,--denouement ,,,,2. The main theme ,,,,3. Well chosen title and words ,,,,4. Style ,,,,,,,,--a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang ,,,,,,,,--employing a variety of writing techniques to make the story vivid, dramatic and colorful III. Effective Writing Skills: ,,,,1. Employing colorful lexical spectrum, from the ultra learned terms to the infra clipped vulgar forms ,,,,2. Too much figurative language and ungrammatical inversion for specific purposes ,,,,3. The using of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes to maintain the speed of narration Love is a Fallacy ,κ,w,,,/EXERCISES I. Write a short note on: Ruskin. [SRB] 1. Oxford Companion to English Literature 2. any book on the history of English literature 3. any standard encyclopedia II. Questions on content: 1. What does the writer say about his own essay? Is he serious in his remarks?2. What, according to the writer, is the purpose of this essay? Do you agree?3. Why does the narrator consider Petey Burch dumb as an ox? 4. Why does the narrator teach Polly Espy logic? Did he succeed?5. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay. ,,. Questions on appreciation: 1. Comment on the title of this essay. Is it humorous? 2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man? 3. What is the purpose of this essay or story? What method does the writer employ? 4. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create?5. Why does the narrator argue that "the things you learn in school don't have anything to do with life"? (para. 145) 6. What is the topic sentence of paragraph 50? How does the writer develop the idea expressed in the topic sentence? 7. Why does the narrator refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions chosen aptly? 8. In what sense is the conclusion ironic? IV. Analyze the logical fallacy in each of the following statements:1. Watching television is a waste of time. 2. In the last month, fourteen students have been arrested in California for using drugs. That state is obviously filled with young addicts.3. All his life he has read comic books. Is it any wonder he's a juvenile delinquent? 4. If I had studied harder, I would definitely have passed that test.5. Religion obviously weakens the political strength of a country. After all, Rome fell after the introduction of Christianity. 6. It's true that this boy killed four people. Yet think of the poverty and misery he was raised in: his parents neglected him, and he never had enough to eat. 7.Teachers in capitalist countries are out for all the money they can get.8. Everybody in a capitalist country is basically dishonest. Look at all the politicians who are arrested every year for taking bribes and misusing public funds. V. Translate paras 145--154 into Chinese. ,,. Look up the dictionary and explain the meaning of the italicized words"1. that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline (para 3)2. my brain was as powerful as a dynamo (para 4) 3. pausing in my flight (para 8) 4. when the Charleston came back (para 11) 5. They shed. (para 16) 6. Don't you want to be in the swim? (para 17) 7. I would be out in practice (para 24) 8. She was not yet of pin-up proportions (para 25) 9. She already had the makings. (para 25) 10. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing (para 26)11. are you going steady (para 30) 12. I deposited her at the girls' dormitory (para 97) 13. lawyers have briefs to guide them (para 105) 14. hammering away without let-up (para 123) ,,. Explain how the meaning of the following sentences is affected when the italicized words are replaced with the words in brackets. Pay attention to the shades of meaning of the words: 1. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. (fashions)2. "Can you mean," I said incredulously, "that people ... again?" (incredibly)3. he said passionately. (eagerly) 4. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions (feelings)5. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object (showed)6. I was tempted to give her back to Petey. (inclined) 7. I hid my exasperation. (disappointment) 8. I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner (indulgent) 9. I chuckled with somewhat less amusement. (merriment) 10. I will languish. (suffer a lot) ,,. Discriminate the following groups of synonyms: 1. keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute 2. intelligent, bright, brilliant, clever, smart IX . Study the suffixes in the following nouns and give at least 5 examples of each: 1. analogy 4. fallacy, idiocy 2. appendicitis 5. tactics 3. chemist, faddist 6. venture [SRB] 1. Walker's Rhyming Dictionary 2. any book on lexicology or word building X . The narrator in this essay has a style all his own. In part, it is characterized by many figures of speech. Mention examples of the following: simile, metaphor, hyperbole, metonomy, antithesis. Comment on the figures that are used effectively. ,,. The style is also characterized in part by inverted sentence order. Point out the places where inversion occurs and explain the reason for the inversion.,,. One of the ways to achieve emphasis is to change the normal order of a sentence. Rewrite the following sentences by inverting sentence part:1. I don't want sympathy! 2. He would not yield, though death threatened him. 3. You mustn't miss that trip to Niagara. 4. The boy came down on his head. 5. The medical records and conduct sheets were piled on the desk in front of him. 6. The last story is completely different. 7. A man dressed in a black gown walked in. 8. He who is devoted to a just cause lives without fear. ,,,.Pick out some of the colloquialisms and slangs used in the text.,,,.Read the following passage and explain what method is used to develop the main idea. A hospital usually employs five different kinds of nurses according to their degrees and the amount of training they have had. At the highest level are the registered nurses with college degrees. This may be a doctorate, master, or bachelor of science degree. A degree is a prerequisite if a person desires a supervisory job or wants to teach in a school of nursing. Naturally, these jobs are the highest paid and carry the greatest responsibility. Next are the registered nurses with an associate degree (two years of college). This is particularly suited to a person who is not quite sure about going to college. It leaves the door open to further learning and at the same time enables the person to work as an R.N. Associate degree programs are rather new and have been instituted to help relieve the crucial need for qualified nurses.Third is the three-year diploma from a school of nursing. Upon graduation, nurses are entitled to take a state board examination. There is no degree given, however, other than R. N. These schools are rapidly disappearing from many areas as the cost of maintaining them is high, and also because state requirements insist on more attention to theory and more closely supervised clinical experience. Licensed practical nurses have only recently become important. They usually take a twelve month course followed by a written examination required by the state before licensing. Bedside nursing is stressed and a good L. P.N. can ease the work load of the R.N. tremendously. This allows the R.N. to give medications and to carry out intricate procedures once assigned only to interns.Aides are a valuable asset to the nursing team. Usually a few weeks on the job training with pay is all that is required. This job supplements and works in hand both with the L. P. N. and R.N. XV. Topics for oral work: 1. What and whom does the author satirize in this essay? Illustrate your point with examples. 2. Does the narrator love Polly? Is love a fallacy? XVI. Write a short composition on one of the following topics, using the method of classification for developing your ideas: 1. Farm Work in My Village 2. Physical Training in Our School 3. Some Successful Study Methods Love is a Fallacy w,,,,/answer ,,Ruskin,,John Ruskin(1819,,1900),,English critic and social theorist,,was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836 to 1840 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry. In 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a "universal language". The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin,,s art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin r s positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols. , 1871-- 1884). Many of his suggested programs--old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor--have become accepted doctrine. ,, . 1. The writer humorously uses words like "limp", "flaccid" and " spongy " to describe his essay . Nationally he doesn't believe his essay to be bad, or else he would not have written nor would it have been published. Max Shulman is well-known for his humor. 2. The purpose of this essay, according to the writer, is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing :thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject, but it is definitely not a living, breathing, full of beauty, passion and trauma. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. 3. The narrator considers Petey Burch dumb as an ox because he thinks Petey to be unintelligent, an emotional and impressionable type of person. However, Peteyr s worst fault is that he is a faddist, he is swept up in every new craze that comes along. 4. He decided to teach Polly Espy logic because he wanted not only a beautiful wife but also an intelligent one. The narrator wanted a wife who would help to further his career as a lawyer. He found Polly had all the necessary qualities except intelligence. This he decided to remedy by teaching her logic. He succeeded only too well for in the end Polly refused to go steady with him and employed all the "logical fallacies" she had been taught to reject his offer.5. (1) The fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances ("accident") makes the rule inapplicable. This is the "Dicto Simpliciter" fallacy in the text. (2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of "Hasty Generalization" in the text. (3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes the point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so- called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argu- ment "Ad Hominem " (speaking "against the man" rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of *'Poisoning the Well" mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument "Ad Miserieordiam" (an appeal to "pity"), as when a trial lawyer, rather than arguing for his client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4)The fallacy of circular argument or "begging the question" occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example :"Gregory always votes wisely. ""But how do you know? Because he always votes Libertarian. "). (5)The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called "post hoc, ergo propter hoc", mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a "malign event", like the dropping of a mirror. (6)The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: "Do you like the twins?""Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. ")or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example-"Have you stopped beating your wife?"). (7)The fallacy of "non Sequitur" ("it does not follow"), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plau- sible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them. ,,.1. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings. When "fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense, the title means: "There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love. " When it is taken as a specific term in logic, the title means. "Love cannot be deduced from a set of given premises. " 2. Yes, I can. The whole story is satirizing a smug, self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every chance he could get. From the very beginning in paragraph 4, he begins to help on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think: cool, powerful, precise and penetrating. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Petey Bureh. For example, he calls him "dumb", "nothing upstairs ", "'unstable ", "impressionable" and "'a faddist ".And as for Polly Espy, she is "a beautiful dumb girl", who would smarten up under his guidance. 3. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic subject, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. Logic may be an interesting subject. The writer is exaggerating for the sake of humor. The writer employs a whole variety of writing techniques to make his story vivid, dramatic and colorful. The lexical spectrum is colorful from the ultra learned terms used by the conceited narrator to the infra clipped vulgar forms of Polly Espy. He uses figurative language profusely and also grammatic inversion for special emphasis. The speed of the narration is maintained by the use of short sentences, ellip- tical sentences and dashes throughout the story. This mix adds to the realism of the story, 4. The writer deliberately makes Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like "Gee," "Oo", "' wow-dow " and clipped vulgar forms like "delish", "marvy", "sesaysh", etc. to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony. 5. The narrator does such a final attempt to make Polly forget the fallacies he has taught her. He may yet be able to convince Polly that he loves her and that she should go steady118 with him. 6. The topic sentence of paragraph 50 is the second sentence--"He was a torn man. " The writer develops the paragraph by describing the behavior of the torn man. In other words, he uses illustrative examples to develop the theme stated in his topic sentence. 7. Because he begged Polly's love, which was refused. He might get the same result as Frankenstein, who created a monster that destroyed him, not as Pygmalion, who was loved by his own statue of Galatea. 8. The conclusion is ironic because the whole thing backfires on the narrator when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. The end of the story finds that the narrator has got what he deserves. He has been too clever for his own good. IV. 1. The fallacy of unqualified generalization or "a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid". 2. The fallacy of Hasty Generalization. 3. The fallacy of "post hoe, ergo propter hoc". 4. The fallacy of Hypothesis Contrary to Fact. 5. The fallacy of "post hoc, ergo propter hoe". 6. The fallacy of Ad Misericordiam. 7. The fallacy of unqualified generalization. 8. The fallacy of HaMy Generalization. V. See the translation of the text. Vl. 1. discipline :a branch of knowledge or learning 2. dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy 3. flight :fleeing or running away from 4. Charleston: a lively dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's 5. shed: cast off or lose hair 6,,in the swim,,conforming to the current fashions,,or active in the main current of affairs 7?practice,,the exercise of a profession of occupation 8?pin,,up,,(American colloquialism)designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls 9?makings,,the material or qualities needed for the making or development of something - 10?carriage,,manner of carrying the head and body,,physical posture bearing,,way of carrying oneself,,manner 11,,go steady,,(American colloquialism)date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively,,be sweethearts 1 2,,deposit,,(facetious)put,,lay or set down l 3,,brief,,a concise statement of the main points of a law case,,usually filed by counsel for the information of the court 14,,1et,,up,,stopping,,relaxing ,,1,,fashion,,fad,,?,,,fashion,,????,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,??,,,,,,,,,, ,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,fad?,,?,?,,,,,,,,?,,?,,û,,,?,,,,е?,,С, 2?incredulous,,incredible,,?,,,,,incredulous,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,??,?,, ?,,,,,f,,,,?f,?,,,,,,,,,,,,incredible,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,?,??,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,š, 3?passion,,eagerness,,?,,,passi,,on????,,?,,,,,,,,?,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,?,,,?,,?,,, ,,,,?,,eagerness,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,顱в,,,,,,,,ζ,, 4,,feeling,,emotion,,,,,,,feeling,,û,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,?,,,,,, ,?о,,,,顣emotion?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,?,,,,,,,,,?,,?,,,,л,,,,,? 5,,reveal,,show,,?,,,,reveal??,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,,,ε?,,,,,,,?,?,,,,,,,,,,?,show???,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,õ,,,,,,,, 6,,tempt,,incline,,?,,,,tempt,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,??,,?,,f,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,?,?,,,,,incline,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,С,,,,,,,,?,,?,,,,,,ж,,,,,,?,,?,?,,?,u,,,,,,,,, 7,,exasperation,,disappointment,,?,,,exasperation??,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,f,,?,,??? ,,,,,,disappointment,,?,,,,,,,,,,??,??,,,?,,,,,,е,û,,,,,,,,?,? 8,,indulge,,tolerate,,?,,,,indulge,,?,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,? f,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,tolerate,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,?,,,,,,? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,е?,,,,,С,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,ζ,, 9,,amusement,,merriment,,?,,,amusement,,?,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,?,,,,,,,,Ц,,,е,,,,,,,,,,merriment,,?,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,?,,,,,ζ,,Ц,,,?,,,,,, 10,,1anguish,,suffer,,?,,,,languish??,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,suffer?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?顣 ,,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,?,,,,,f,,о,,,,,,,н,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,keen?,,,,f,,о,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,?,,,?,,,н,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,f,, acute,,?,,,,,,?,,,?,,,й?,,,,?û,, ?,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,塢顢?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,f,,??,,,,?,?,,,,,,,,,?,,f,,,,,,?,,f,,,,,,,,,,,, astute,,?,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,?,,,?,,?,,,,,?,,,к,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,f,? ,,f,,perspicacious,,,,Щ,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,ô,?,,,,и,,?,,,f,,? calculating,,?,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,?,,,С,,,,,2,,intelligent?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,f,,?? clever,,?,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,?,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,С,,,,,,,,??,,, ,,,,alert,,?,,,,,,?,,,?,,,,?,,,ж,,,?,,,,,,???,,,,,bright,,smart,,,,,？,,?,,,,,,,? 漸,,,,е,,κ,?,, brilliant,,?,,,,?,,?,?,,,з,,,,,,f,,,,,f,, ,,1,,biology,,mineralogy,,geology,,eulogy,,micrology 2,,gastritis,,neuritis,,hepatitis,,arthritis,,tonsillitis 3,,1inguist,,absolutist,,violinist,,chartist,,pragmatist 4,,buoyancy,,decency,,complacency,,consistency,,fluency 5,,politics,,economics,,dynamics,,histrionics,,dialectics 6,,closure,,erasure,,exposure,,puncture,,expenditure X,,Simile,, 1)My brain was as powerful as a dynamo,,as precise as a chemist,,s scales,,as penetrating as a scalpel(comparing his brain to three different things),, 2)First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window(comparing his torn expression with the expression of a hungry homeless child looking longingly at the bread at a bakery window),, 3),,the raccoon coat huddled like a great hairy beast at his feet(comparing the coat with a hairy animal),, Metaphor,, 1)There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb,,s frontier(comparing the limitations set by Lamb to a frontier). 2)'" logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma (comparing logic to a living human being). 3)In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open (meaning that if you' re no longer involved with her /if you stop dating her, others would be free to compete for her friendship).Hyperbole ~1)It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect (hyperbole for effect).2)"" he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat (an exaggeration to describe his great longing for the coat as "mad lust"). 3)You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars and the constellations of outer space (exaggeration for effect). Metonomy ~1)Otherwise you have committed a Ditto Simpliciter (Otherwise you have committed a logical fallacy called "a dictosimpliciter ad dictum secundum quid"). 2)You are guilty of Post Hoe if you blame Eula Becker (You have committed the logical fallacy called Post Hoe). 3)'-" surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation ~ " (X-rays are taken as "photographs made by means of X- rays").Antithesis ~1)It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful ("beautiful, dumb and smart" are balanced against "ugly, smart and beautiful").2)Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning ("Desire waxing" is balanced against "resolution waning"). 3)If there is an irresistible force, there can be no immovable object ("irresistible" and "immovable" are balanced against each other). ,,. 1. Vague though its category "" (inversion to emphasize "vague"). 2)Cool was I and logical (inversion for emphasizing "cool"). 3)Beautiful she was (inversion to emphasize "beautiful"). 4) Eula Becker, her name is (inversion to emphasize the name of the girl). 5)Five grueling nights this took, but it was worth it (inversion to emphasize "five gruelling nights").~ ,,. 1. Sympathy I don' t want. 2. Yield he would not, though death threatened him. 3. That trip to Niagara you mustn't miss. 4. Down came the boy on his head. 5. In front of him, on his desk, were piled the medical records and conduct sheets. 6. Completely different is the last story. 7. In walked a man dressed in a black gown. 8. Without fear lives he who is devoted to a just cause.,,,. Colloquialisms:dumb, pin-up, kid, go steady, date, casual, kick, laughs, terrific, magnificent, mad, call it a night, yummy, fire away, darn Slangs: nothing upstairs, keen, deal, knock (oneself) out, dreamy, how cute, well-heeked, rat, knot head, jitterbug, gug ,,,. The main idea is developed by the method of classification. The writer uses a series of paragraphs to develop the classification adequately and completely. To write an effective paragraph of classification, the writer can use the following procedure : 1. Clearly, and as precisely as necessary, identify the term being classified. When necessary, define it in words the reader can understand. 2. State or imply clearly the standards on which the classification is to be made. Sometimes the name of the class or classes in which the item is placed suggests the basis or standard for the classification. Classifying birds as game birds clearly specifies them as among those which can be hunted and eaten by humans. 3. Identify the names of the classes into which the items being classified belong. 4. Finally, discuss each of the classes, limiting the discussion to the standards on which the classification is based. XV. 1. The writer is satirizing a self-conceited freshman in a law school. The freshman is made the narrator of the story, who goes on smugly boasting and singing praises of himself at every conceivable opportunity. From the very beginning, in paragraph 4, he begins to heap on himself all the beautiful words of praise he can think of cool, logical, keen, calculating, perspicacious, acute, astute, pow- erful, precise and penetrating. This exaggerated self praise and the profuse use of similes and metaphors help to make the satire humorous. At the same time the narrator takes every opportunity to downgrade Percy Butch. For example, he calls him: dumb, nothing upstairs, unstable, impressionable and a faddist. And as for Polly Espy, she is "a beautiful dumb girl", who would smarten up under his guidance. In order to smarten her up, the narrator decides to give her a course in logic. He teaches her how to recognize the common fallacies of logic. He succeeds too well because the whole thing backfires on him when Polly refutes all his arguments as logical fallacies before finally rejecting him. In desperation the narrator argues that "the things you learn in school don,,t have anything to do in life". The appeal does not move Polly because she does not reject him on logical grounds. She rejects him because he does not own a raccoon coat as Petey Burch does. At the end of the story, the reader feels the narrator has got what he deserved. He has been too clever for his own good. The title of the story is humorous and well chosen. It has two meanings, When "fallacy" is taken in its ordinary sense. the title means: "There is a deceptive or delusive quality about love ,,,. Learning A proverb goes, "Learning is the eye of mind". With the "eye", not only can we develop a better understanding of ourselves but we can see a prosperous future of our nation. Then, how to make the eye sharper? Though it varies accordingly, several principles exist here. First, distint targets should be set for learning. It includes the targets of both long term and short term. Only with these, can we know how to study efficiently. Second, we should try to form a good habit of learning. We should have in mind the idea of doing one thing at a time, i.e. learn while learning, and play while playing. The last and most crucial principle is involving ourselves in our study. Learning is not only an acceptance, but a digestion and absorption. We can,,t improve ourselves without serious attitude. Love is a Fallacy ,,,,w,,,/test I. Words explanation: ,,1. fallacy A. religious belief B. false belief C. bankruptcy D. dropping ,,2. incredulous A. unbelieving B. increasing C. industrious D. unimproved ,,3.scalpel A. a carpet B. a piece of bread C. a small, light knife D. a rising market,,4.perspicacious A. determinate B. flagitious C. prestigious D. discerning ,,5.trauma A. emotional shock B. mental work C. the state of not having enough D. a reinforced structure for observers ,,6.shed A. take shelter B. prevert from C. lose hair D. keep company with ,,7.pedantic A. of a person who likes music B. of a person who pays attention to unimportant news C. of a person who stresses on sports D. of a person who emphasizes trivial points of learning,,8.desist A. insist on B. cease C. heckle D. castrate,,9.proportions A. property B. portions C. massages D. dimensions,,10.waif A. homeless child B. wandering musician C. countryman D. smuggler ,,11.perspiration A. convincing B. encouraging C. pledging D. sweating,,12. blubber A. speak quickly B. talk repeatedly C. say with sobs D. say with hiccups ,,13. modulate A. make achange in the tone B. cause to do or believe sth C. make or become soft D. change the place or position,,14.infamy A. being famous for B. being shameful C. being honest D. being refused ,,15.contrite A. sad B. honest C. penitent D. overjoyed,,16.wax A. grow bigger or greater B. become less or smaller C. drop heavily D. cover with thick coating,,17.acme A. large group of plants B. highest point C. sharp crisis D. highest mountain peak,,18.veer A. move forward B. look sideways C. change directions D. pour out ,,19.exultant A. triumphant B. foreign C. exhausted D. overflowing,,20.unsightly A. invisible B. ugly C. precipitate D. provisional,,21.testy A. examining B. proving C. impatient D. judging,,22.fracture A. break B. combine C. disagree D. repeat,,23.tug A. pull B. push C. place D. fix,,24.covet A. surround B. cover C. avoid D. desire,,25.grulling A. complaining B. moaning C. tiring D. unwilling ,,26.mince A. decrease B. minimize C. increase D. euphemize,,27.clap A. strike B. walk C. fall down D. climb up,,28.wince A. push forward B. draw back C. incise up D. draw out ,,29.qualify A. equal B. propose C. restrict D. count,,30.chink A. a precise piece B. a small piece C. a big valley D. a narrow opening ,,31.shamble A. walk in an awkward way B. tremble terribly C. close in mild way D. shine brightly,,32.contrite A. permitting easily B. seeing clearly C. feeling regret D. looking worried ,,33.chirp A. a long loud sound B. a short low-pitched sound C. a low murmuring sound D. a short,high-pitched sound,,34.contradict A. take out B. be contrary to C. withdraw D. be relevant to ,,35.immovable A. permanent B. quick C. immediate D. cold ,,36.penetrate A. spread B. pierce C. take part D. formulate ,,37.specification A. a blank or empty area B. a detailed, exact statement of particulars C. a partial excuse D. the evolutionary formation of new biological species 38.scrap A. special place B. particular area C. small piece D. unseen item ,,39.tremendous A. unique B. genuine C. unexpected D. enormous,,40.clutch A. grasp tightly B. hang loosely C. touch softly D. hold lightly II. Complete the word according to the definition, the first letter of which is given: ,,,,1.to become less or weaker w_____ ,,,,2.juice which comes from meat while it is cooking g_____,,,,3.to determine the nature of (esp. a disease) from observation of symptoms d_____ ,,,,4.flat part of either side of the head between the forehead and the ear t_____ ,,,,5..medicine causing the bowels to empty themselves l_____,,,,6.appointment between lovers to meet at a secret place t_____,,,,7.large, solid piece c_____ ,,,,8.lose health and strength l_____ ,,,,9.named group of fixed stars c_____ ,,,,10.deformed and mentally undeveloped person c_____ ,,,,11.without denial a_____ ,,,,12.small piece of burning wood or coal in a dying fire e_____,,,,13.to make a loud deep noise like a bull b_____ ,,,,14.widely known esp. for sth. bad n_____ ,,,,15.art of placing or moving fighting forces for or during battle t_____,,,,16.one, such as a person or an object, that is bulky, clumsy, or unwieldy h_____ ,,,,17.to destine to an unhappy end d_____ ,,,,18.a bowl-shaped depression at the mouth of a volcano c_____,,,,19.no longer burning or active e_____ ,,,,20.showing initiative and willingness to undertake new projects e_____,,,,21.worth being remembered or noted m_____ ,,,,22.to set free or keep free from restrictions or bonds u_____,,,,23.a business enterprise involving some risk in expectation of gain v_____,,,,24.lacking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless l_____,,,,25.lacking vigor or energy f_____ ,,,,26.suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting. A_____ ,,,,27.a specifically defined division in a system of classification; a class. C_____ ,,,,28.a branch of knowledge or teaching d_____ ,,,,29.keenly perceptive or discerning; penetrating: a_____ ,,,,30.having or showing shrewdness and discernment, especially with respect to one's own concerns. a_____ ,,,,31.something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation; an assumption h____ ,,,,32.to engage in a formal discussion or argument d_____ ,,,,33.a massive variety of the mineral uraninite p_____ ,,,,34.anger aroused by something unjust, mean, or unworthy. i_____ ,,,,35.a shrill, often frantic cry s_____ ,,,,36.a surface layer of earth containing a dense growth of grass and its matted roots t____ ,,,,37.to make known (something concealed or secret) r_____ ,,,,38.having the flavor or odor of game, especially game that is slightly spoiled g____ ,,,,39.to thrust or throw forcefully into a substance or place p____,,,,40.the skin of an animal with the fur or hair still on it p____,,,,41.to burn with little smoke and no flame s____ ,,,,42.something expected; a possibility p____ ,,,,43.gilled with a specified element or elements f_____ ,,,,44.a quality, an ability, or an accomplishment that makes a person suitable for a particular position or task q____ III. Reading Comprehension: ,,1.The writer wants to show that ______. A. love is a mistake, a deception and an emotion that follows the principles in logic B. love is an error and it has deceptive quality that does not follow the principles of logic C. love is not a dry branch of learning and it is like a human being full of beauty and passion. D.love is a dry and learned discipline and girls do want brilliant, gifted or educated husbands. ,,2. When did scientists discover that oysters were in danger? A. a jitterbug B. a tunnel C. an extinct crater D. a precision instrument ,,3.The narrator claimed that his brain is just like ______. A. a faddist B. a knot-head C.logical D. unstable ,,4.According to the law student, Petey was not ______. A. you would achieve much success if you could find another girl who was so agreeable. B. you would not achieve much success if you could find another girl who was so agreeable. C.it would be easy for you to find another girl who was as agreeable as Polly. D. it would be difficult for you to find another girl who was as agreeable as Polly. ,,5.,,You would go far to find another girl so agreeable,, means that ______. A. Frankenstein B. Pygmalion C. Petey Burch D. Walter Pidgeon IV. Point out some American colloquial expression from the text:,,,,a month of Sundays dumb ,,,,a casual kick fire away ,,,,a deal will-heeled ,,,,laughs pin-up ,,,,keen kid nothing upstairs ,,,,go steady get to ,,,,date terrific ,,,,mad Nuts ,,,,Yummy guy ,,,,dreamy knock me out ,,,,darn knot-head jitterbug V. Why the chief attraction of "Lesson Five" is its humor?,,,,The humor lies in five aspects: 1. the title, 2. the author,,s note, 3. the contrast in the language, 4. the ,,,,ending, 5. ,,,,the choice of names. VI. Comment on the rhetorical devices of the following statements:,,,,1.There is a limit for what flesh and blood can bear. ______,,,,2.The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has .hamstrung his opponent before he could even start. _____,,,,3.It was like digging a tunnel. _____ ,,,,4.it is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. _____,,,,5.I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat. _____ ,,,,6.,,Holy Toledo!,, he repeated fifteen or twenty times. ______,,,,7.Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. ______ ,,,,8.Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. .Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame. _______,,,,9.but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. ______,,,,10.My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. ________VII. Translation: ,,,,1. ?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,=,,,?,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Ρ,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,?? ,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,?,,?,,,??? ,,,,2.,,?,,,,,?,,š,?,,},?,,,,,?,,,,,,,?? ,,,й,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,?,?,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,???,,,,?,,},?,,,,,,,,,,θ,,,,,,,,,,ε?,,,õ,,,,,,?,У,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,档,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Book2 Lesson5 Key ,,1-1: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-2: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-3: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-4: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-5: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-6: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-7: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-8: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-9: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-10: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-11: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-12: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-13: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-14: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-15: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-16: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-17: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-18: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-19: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-20: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-21: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-22: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-23: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-24: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-25: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-26: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-27: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-28: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-29: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-30: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-31: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-32: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-33: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-34: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-35: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-36: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-37: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-38: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-39: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-40: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,2-1: /,,,,,,:ane ,,2-2: /,,,,,,:ravy ,,2-3: /,,,,,,:iagnose,,2-4: /,,,,,,:emple ,,2-5: /,,,,,,:axative,,2-6: /,,,,,,:ryst ,,2-7: /,,,,,,:hunk ,,2-8: /,,,,,,:anguish,,2-9: /,,,,,,:constellation,,2-10: /,,,,,,:retin,,2-11: /,,,,,,:dmittedly,,2-12: /,,,,,,:mber ,,2-13: /,,,,,,:ellow,,2-14: /,,,,,,:otorious,,2-15: /,,,,,,:actics,,2-16: /,,,,,,:ulk ,,2-17: /,,,,,,:oom ,,2-18: /,,,,,,:rater,,2-19: /,,,,,,:xtinct,,2-20: /,,,,,,:nterprising,,2-21: /,,,,,,:emorable,,2-22: /,,,,,,:nfetter,,2-23: /,,,,,,:enture,,2-24: /,,,,,,:imp ,,2-25: /,,,,,,:laccid,,2-26: /,,,,,,:ppropriate,,2-27: /,,,,,,:ategory,,2-28: /,,,,,,:iscipline,,2-29: /,,,,,,:cute ,,2-30: /,,,,,,:stute,,2-31: /,,,,,,:ypothesis,,2-32: /,,,,,,:ebate,,2-33: /,,,,,,:itchblende,,2-34: /,,,,,,:ndignation,,2-35: /,,,,,,:hriek,,2-36: /,,,,,,:urf ,,2-37: /,,,,,,:eveal,,2-38: /,,,,,,:amy ,,2-39: /,,,,,,:lunge,,2-40: /,,,,,,:elt ,,2-41: /,,,,,,:molder,,2-42: /,,,,,,:rospect,,2-43: /,,,,,,:raught,,2-44: /,,,,,,:ualification,,3-1: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,3-2: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,3-3: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,3-4: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,3-5: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,6-1: /,,,,,,:synecdoche,,6-2: /,,,,,,:metaphor,,6-3: /,,,,,,:simile,,6-4: /,,,,,,:hyperbole,,6-5: /,,,,,,:allusion; metonymy ,,6-6: /,,,,,,:hyperbole,,6-7: /,,,,,,:metaphor,,6-8: /,,,,,,:extended metaphor ,,6-9: /,,,,,,:metonymy,,6-10: /,,,,,,:mixed metaphor,,7-1:Once completed, the Three Gorges Project itself will become a new wonder of the world. The giant dam will stand upstream to hold back Wushan Mountain's clouds and rain. A gigantic shiplock will stand there to lift towboats with a total tonnage up to 10,000 over the dam. The hydropower station, as dazzling as a palace, will shoot out its mighty current through an extensive power--grid.,,7-2:As a hallmark of the great success of the concept of ,,one country, two systems,,, Hong Kong's return to the motherland constitutes a crucial step taken by the Chinese people in the great cause of the reunification of the motherland.Since Hong Kong's return, the policies of ,,one country, two systems,,, ,,Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong,, and a high degree of autonomy have been implemented conscientiously, and Hong Kong has maintained its prosperity and stability. Facts will prove that the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) and our compatriots in Hong Kong will surely be able to administer Hong Kong well in accordance with the Basic Law of the HKSAR. Love is a Fallacy ,,,,w,,,/test I. Words explanation: ,,,,1. fallacy A. religious belief B. false belief C. bankruptcy D. dropping ,,,,2. incredulous A. unbelieving B. increasing C. industrious D. unimproved ,,,,3.scalpel A. a carpet B. a piece of bread C. a small, light knife D. a rising market ,,,,4.perspicacious A. determinate B. flagitious C. prestigious D. discerning ,,,,5.trauma A. emotional shock B. mental work C. the state of not having enough D. a reinforced structure for observers ,,,,6.shed A. take shelter B. prevert from C. lose hair D. keep company with ,,,,7.pedantic A. of a person who likes music B. of a person who pays attention to unimportant news C. of a person who stresses on sports D. of a person who emphasizes trivial points of learning ,,,,8.desist A. insist on B. cease C. heckle D. castrate ,,,,9.proportions A. property B. portions C. massages D. dimensions ,,,,10.waif A. homeless child B. wandering musician C. countryman D. smuggler ,,,,11.perspiration A. convincing B. encouraging C. pledging D. sweating ,,,,12. blubber A. speak quickly B. talk repeatedly C. say with sobs D. say with hiccups,,,,13. modulate A. make achange in the tone B. cause to do or believe sth C. make or become soft D. change the place or position ,,,,14.infamy A. being famous for B. being shameful C. being honest D. being refused,,,,15.contrite A. sad B. honest C. penitent D. overjoyed ,,,,16.wax A. grow bigger or greater B. become less or smaller C. drop heavily D. cover with thick coating ,,,,17.acme A. large group of plants B. highest point C. sharp crisis D. highest mountain peak ,,,,18.veer A. move forward B. look sideways C. change directions D. pour out,,,,19.exultant A. triumphant B. foreign C. exhausted D. overflowing,,,,20.unsightly A. invisible B. ugly C. precipitate D. provisional,,,,21.testy A. examining B. proving C. impatient D. judging ,,,,22.fracture A. break B. combine C. disagree D. repeat ,,,,23.tug A. pull B. push C. place D. fix ,,,,24.covet A. surround B. cover C. avoid D. desire ,,,,25.grulling A. complaining B. moaning C. tiring D. unwilling,,,,26.mince A. decrease B. minimize C. increase D. euphemize ,,,,27.clap A. strike B. walk C. fall down D. climb up ,,,,28.wince A. push forward B. draw back C. incise up D. draw out ,,,,29.qualify A. equal B. propose C. restrict D. count ,,,,30.chink A. a precise piece B. a small piece C. a big valley D. a narrow opening,,,,31.shamble A. walk in an awkward way B. tremble terribly C. close in mild way D. shine brightly,,,,32.contrite A. permitting easily B. seeing clearly C. feeling regret D. looking worried,,,,33.chirp A. a long loud sound B. a short low-pitched sound C. a low murmuring sound D. a short,high-pitched sound ,,,,34.contradict A. take out B. be contrary to C. withdraw D. be relevant to,,,,35.immovable A. permanent B. quick C. immediate D. cold ,,,,36.penetrate A. spread B. pierce C. take part D. formulate ,,,,37.specification A. a blank or empty area B. a detailed, exact statement of particulars C. a partial excuse D. the evolutionary formation of new biological species,,,,38.scrap A. special place B. particular area C. small piece D. unseen item ,,,,39.tremendous A. unique B. genuine C. unexpected D. enormous ,,,,40.clutch A. grasp tightly B. hang loosely C. touch softly D. hold lightly II. Complete the word according to the definition, the first letter of which is given: ,,,,1.to become less or weaker w ,,,,2.juice which comes from meat while it is cooking g,,,,3.to determine the nature of (esp. a disease) from observation of symptoms d ,,,,4.flat part of either side of the head between the forehead and the ear t ,,,,5..medicine causing the bowels to empty themselves l,,,,6.appointment between lovers to meet at a secret place t,,,,7.large, solid piece c ,,,,8.lose health and strength l ,,,,9.named group of fixed stars c ,,,,10.deformed and mentally undeveloped person c,,,,11.without denial a ,,,,12.small piece of burning wood or coal in a dying fire e,,,,13.to make a loud deep noise like a bull b ,,,,14.widely known esp. for sth. bad n ,,,,15.art of placing or moving fighting forces for or during battle t,,,,16.one, such as a person or an object, that is bulky, clumsy, or unwieldy h ,,,,17.to destine to an unhappy end d ,,,,18.a bowl-shaped depression at the mouth of a volcano c,,,,19.no longer burning or active e ,,,,20.showing initiative and willingness to undertake new projects e,,,,21.worth being remembered or noted m ,,,,22.to set free or keep free from restrictions or bonds u ,,,,23.a business enterprise involving some risk in expectation of gain v,,,,24.lacking strength or firmness; weak or spiritless l ,,,,25.lacking vigor or energy f ,,,,26.suitable for a particular person, condition, occasion, or place; fitting. A ,,,,27.a specifically defined division in a system of classification; a class. C,,,,28.a branch of knowledge or teaching d ,,,,29.keenly perceptive or discerning; penetrating: a ,,,,30.having or showing shrewdness and discernment, especially with respect to one's own concerns. a ,,,,31.something taken to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation; an assumption h ,,,,32.to engage in a formal discussion or argument d ,,,,33.a massive variety of the mineral uraninite p ,,,,34.anger aroused by something unjust, mean, or unworthy. i ,,,,35.a shrill, often frantic cry s ,,,,36.a surface layer of earth containing a dense growth of grass and its matted roots t ,,,,37.to make known (something concealed or secret) r ,,,,38.having the flavor or odor of game, especially game that is slightly spoiled g ,,,,39.to thrust or throw forcefully into a substance or place p,,,,40.the skin of an animal with the fur or hair still on it p ,,,,41.to burn with little smoke and no flame s ,,,,42.something expected; a possibility p ,,,,43.gilled with a specified element or elements f ,,,,44.a quality, an ability, or an accomplishment that makes a person suitable for a particular position or task q III. Reading Comprehension: ,,,,1.The writer wants to show that ______. A. love is a mistake, a deception and an emotion that follows the principles in logic B. love is an error and it has deceptive quality that does not follow the principles of logic C. love is not a dry branch of learning and it is like a human being full of beauty and passion. D.love is a dry and learned discipline and girls do want brilliant, gifted or educated husbands. ,,,,2. When did scientists discover that oysters were in danger? A. a jitterbug B. a tunnel C. an extinct crater D. a precision instrument ,,,,3.The narrator claimed that his brain is just like ______. A. a faddist B. a knot-head C.logical D. unstable ,,,,4.According to the law student, Petey was not ______. A. you would achieve much success if you could find another girl who was so agreeable. B. you would not achieve much success if you could find another girl who was so agreeable. C.it would be easy for you to find another girl who was as agreeable as Polly. D. it would be difficult for you to find another girl who was as agreeable as Polly. ,,,,5.,,You would go far to find another girl so agreeable,, means that ______. A. Frankenstein B. Pygmalion C. Petey Burch D. Walter Pidgeon IV. Point out some American colloquial expression from the text:,,,,a month of Sundays dumb ,,,,a casual kick fire away ,,,,a deal will-heeled ,,,,laughs pin-up ,,,,keen kid nothing upstairs ,,,,go steady get to ,,,,date terrific ,,,,mad Nuts ,,,,Yummy guy ,,,,dreamy knock me out ,,,,darn knot-head jitterbug V. Why the chief attraction of "Lesson Five" is its humor?,,,,The humor lies in five aspects: 1. the title, 2. the author,,s note, 3. the contrast in the language, 4. the ,,,,ending, 5. ,,,,the choice of names. VI. Comment on the rhetorical devices of the following statements:,,,,1.There is a limit for what flesh and blood can bear.,,,,2.The first man has poisoned the well before anybody could drink from it. He has .hamstrung his opponent before he could even start. ,,,,3.It was like digging a tunnel. ,,,,4.it is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect.,,,,5.I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat. ,,,,6.,,Holy Toledo!,, he repeated fifteen or twenty times. ,,,,7.Logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma. ,,,,8.Maybe somewhere in the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered. .Maybe somehow I could fan them into flame.,,,,9.but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. ,,,,10.My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear.VII. Translation: ,,,,1. ?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,=,,,?,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Ρ,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,??,,,,?? ,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,?,,?,,,??? ,,,,2.,,?,,,,,?,,š,?,,},?,,,,,?,,,,,,,?? ,,,й,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,?,?,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,???,,,,?,,},?,,,,,,,,,,θ,,,,,,,,,,ε?,,,õ,,,,,,?,У,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,档,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Book2 Lesson5 Key ,,1-1: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-2: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-3: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-4: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-5: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-6: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-7: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-8: /,,,,,,,,: B ,,1-9: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-10: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-11: /,,,,,,,,: D ,,1-12: /,,,,,,,,: C ,,1-13: /,,,,,,,,: A ,,1-14: /,,,,,,,,: B,,1-15: /,,,,,,,,: C,,1-16: /,,,,,,,,: A,,1-17: /,,,,,,,,: B,,1-18: /,,,,,,,,: C,,1-19: /,,,,,,,,: A,,1-20: /,,,,,,,,: B,,1-21: /,,,,,,,,: C,,1-22: /,,,,,,,,: A,,1-23: /,,,,,,,,: A,,1-24: /,,,,,,,,: D,,1-25: /,,,,,,,,: C,,1-26: /,,,,,,,,: D,,1-27: /,,,,,,,,: A,,1-28: /,,,,,,,,: B,,1-29: /,,,,,,,,: C,,1-30: /,,,,,,,,: D,,1-31: /,,,,,,,,: A,,1-32: /,,,,,,,,: C,,1-33: /,,,,,,,,: D,,1-34: /,,,,,,,,: B,,1-35: /,,,,,,,,: A,,1-36: /,,,,,,,,: B,,1-37: /,,,,,,,,: B,,1-38: /,,,,,,,,: C,,1-39: /,,,,,,,,: D,,1-40: /,,,,,,,,: A,,2-1: / ,,,,,,:ane ,,2-2: / ,,,,,,:ravy ,,2-3: / ,,,,,,:iagnose ,,2-4: / ,,,,,,:emple ,,2-5: / ,,,,,,:axative ,,2-6: / ,,,,,,:ryst ,,2-7: / ,,,,,,:hunk ,,2-8: / ,,,,,,:anguish ,,2-9: / ,,,,,,:constellation,,2-10: / ,,,,,,:retin ,,2-11: / ,,,,,,:dmittedly,,2-12: / ,,,,,,:mber ,,2-13: / ,,,,,,:ellow ,,2-14: / ,,,,,,:otorious ,,2-15: / ,,,,,,:actics ,,2-16: / ,,,,,,:ulk ,,2-17: / ,,,,,,:oom ,,2-18: / ,,,,,,:rater ,,2-19: / ,,,,,,:xtinct ,,2-20: / ,,,,,,:nterprising,,2-21: / ,,,,,,:emorable,,2-22: / ,,,,,,:nfetter,,2-23: / ,,,,,,:enture ,,2-24: / ,,,,,,:imp ,,2-25: / ,,,,,,:laccid ,,2-26: / ,,,,,,:ppropriate,,2-27: / ,,,,,,:ategory,,2-28: / ,,,,,,:iscipline,,2-29: / ,,,,,,:cute ,,2-30: / ,,,,,,:stute ,,2-31: / ,,,,,,:ypothesis,,2-32: / ,,,,,,:ebate ,,2-33: / ,,,,,,:itchblende,,2-34: / ,,,,,,:ndignation,,2-35: / ,,,,,,:hriek ,,2-36: / ,,,,,,:urf ,,2-37: / ,,,,,,:eveal ,,2-38: / ,,,,,,:amy ,,2-39: / ,,,,,,:lunge ,,2-40: / ,,,,,,:elt ,,2-41: / ,,,,,,:molder ,,2-42: / ,,,,,,:rospect,,2-43: / ,,,,,,:raught ,,2-44: / ,,,,,,:ualification,,3-1: /,,,,,,,,: B,,3-2: /,,,,,,,,: D,,3-3: /,,,,,,,,: C,,3-4: /,,,,,,,,: D,,3-5: /,,,,,,,,: A,,6-1: / ,,,,,,:synecdoche,,6-2: / ,,,,,,:metaphor,,6-3: / ,,,,,,:simile ,,6-4: / ,,,,,,:hyperbole ,,6-5: / ,,,,,,:allusion; metonymy ,,6-6: / ,,,,,,:hyperbole ,,6-7: / ,,,,,,:metaphor ,,6-8: / ,,,,,,:extended metaphor ,,6-9: / ,,,,,,:metonymy ,,6-10: / ,,,,,,:mixed metaphor ,,7-1:Once completed, the Three Gorges Project itself will become a new wonder of the world. The giant dam will stand upstream to hold back Wushan Mountain's clouds and rain. A gigantic shiplock will stand there to lift towboats with a total tonnage up to 10,000 over the dam. The hydropower station, as dazzling as a palace, will shoot out its mighty current through an extensive power--grid.,,7-2:As a hallmark of the great success of the concept of ,,one country, two systems,,, Hong Kong's return to the motherland constitutes a crucial step taken by the Chinese people in the great cause of the reunification of the motherland.Since Hong Kong's return, the policies of ,,one country, two systems,,, ,,Hong Kong people administering Hong Kong,, and a high degree of autonomy have been implemented conscientiously, and Hong Kong has maintained its prosperity and stability. Facts will prove that the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) and our compatriots in Hong Kong will surely be able to administer Hong Kong well in accordance with the Basic Law of the HKSAR. Background Information: 1. Logical fallacy: An argument in logic presents evidence in support of some thesis or conclusion. An argument has two components: a conclusion, the thesis argued for; and certain premises, the considerations adduced on behalf of the conclusion. The conclusion is said to be drawn, or inferred, from the premises. An argument is deductively valid when its premises provide conclusive evidence for the conclusion. An argument that fails to be conclusively deduced is invalid; it is said to be fallacious. An argument may be fallacious in three ways: in its material content, through a misstatement of the facts; in its wording, through an incorrect use of terms; or in its structure (or form), through the use of an improper process of inference. Fallacies are, therefore, divided into three groups and classified as (1) material, (2) verbal and (3) formal. The material fallacies are also known as fallacies of presumption, because the premises "presume" too much-- they either covertly assume the conclusion, or avoid the issue in view. The verbal fallacies, called fallacies of ambiguity, arise when the conclusion is achieved though an improper use of words. Strictly logical, or formal, fallacies arise not from the specific matter of the argument but from a structural pattern of reasoning that is generically incorrect. The fallacies mentioned in the text belong to the first group, i.e. they are material fallacies. Some of the important fallacies in this category may be stated as follows: (1) the fallacy of accident is committed by an argument that applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances ("accident") makes the rule inapplicable. This is the ,,Dicto Simpliciter" fallacy in the text. (2) The converse fallacy of accident argues improperly from a special case to a general rule. The fact that a certain drug is beneficial to some sick persons does not imply that it is beneficial to all men. This is the fallacy of "Hasty Generalization" in the text. (3) The fallacy of irrelevant conclusion is committed when the conclusion changes me point that is at issue in the premises. Special cases of irrelevant conclusion are presented by the so-called fallacies of relevance. These include: (a) the argument ad hominem (speaking "against the man" rather than to the issue, or the fallacy of 'Poisoning the Welt" mentioned in the text) in which the premises may only make a personal attack on a person who holds some thesis, instead of offering grounds showing why what he says is false; (b) the argument ad misericordiam (an appeal to "pity"), as when a trial lawyer,' rather than arguing for his client's innocence, tries to move the jury to sympathy for him. (4) The fallacy of circular argument or "begging the question" occurs when the premises presume, openly or covertly, the very conclusion that is to be demonstrated (example: "Gregory always votes wisely." "But how do you know?" " Because he always votes Libertarian.") (5) The fallacy of false cause mislocates the cause of one phenomenon in another that is only seemingly related. The most common version of this fallacy, called post hoc ergo propter hoc, mistakes temporal sequence for causal connection--as when a misfortune is attributed to a "malign event", like the dropping of a mirror. (6) The fallacy of many questions consists in demanding or giving a single answer to a question when this answer could either be divided (example: "Do you like the twins?" "Neither yes nor no; but Ann yes and Mary no. ") or refused altogether, because a mistaken presupposition is involved (example: "Have you stopped beating your wife?"). (7) The fallacy of non sequitur ("it does not follow''), still more drastic than the preceding, occurs when there is not even a deceptively plausible appearance of valid reasoning, because there is a virtually complete lack of connection between the given premises and the conclusion drawn from them. 2. Ruskin: John Ruskin (1819-1900), English critic and social theorist, was the virtual dictator of artistic opinion in England during the mid-19th century'. Ruskin attended Oxford from 1836-40 and won the Newdigate Prize for poetry, in 1843 appeared the first volume of Modern Painters. This work elaborates the principles that art is based on national and individual integrity and morality and also that art is a "universal language". The Seven Lamps of Architecture applied these same theories to architecture. About 1857, Ruskin's art criticism became more broadly social and political. In his works he attacked bourgeois England and charged that modern art reflected the ugliness and waste of modern industry. Ruskin's positive program for social reform appeared in Sesame and Lilies (1865), The Crown of Wild Olive (1866), Time and Tide (1867), and Fors Clavigera (8 vols., 1871-84). Many of his suggested programs- old age pensions, nationalization of education, organization of labor---have become accepted doctrine. Unit Ten Love is a Fallacy By Max Shulman Detailed Study of the Text: 1. Love is a Fallacy: This piece is taken from Max Shulman's The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, 1951. The narrator is Dobie. 2. Charles Lamb ... Dream's Children: a metaphor. Charles Lamb ..., with his essays Old China and Dream's Children, set free (loosened the chains that bound) the informal essay. as ... as: a correlative construction used to indicate the equality or sameness of two things month of Sundays: (colloquial) long time Old China and Dream's Children: Title of two essays written by Charles Lamb. Charles Lamb is a very merry and enterprising person. You'll meet such a person only after a long time. He wrote the essays, Old China and Dream's Children, which set free the informal essay. (Note: the word "and" in the phrase "Old China and Dream's Children" in the text should not be in italics.) 3. "limp"... appropriate: It would perhaps be more correct to call this essay a limp, flaccid-or a spongy essay. limp: drooping; lacking firmness flaccid: soft, flabby; hanging in loose folds spongy: like a sponge; soft and porous 4. logic, far from ... and trauma: metaphor and hyperbole. It is a metaphor comparing logic to a living human being. It is a hyperbole because it exaggerates for the sake of effect. Logic is not at all a dry, learned branch of learning. It is tike a living human being, full of beauty, passion and painful emotional shocks. far from (it): not at all discipline: a branch of knowledge or learning trauma: a term in psychiatry meaning a painful emotional experience or shock, often producing a lasting psychic effect 5. My brain . . scalpel: simile, comparing his brain to three different things; also hyperbole, exaggerating for effect dynamo: an earlier form for generator, a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy chemist's scales: Such scales are more precise and accurate for they have to weigh small quantities of powder or other medicine. Scalpel: a surgeon's sharp knife used in operations 6. And-- think of it! ,C eighteen: Notice the use of dashes. think of it: an exclamatory phrase to intensify that which follows. Some other such phrases are "only think!" and "you can't think!" 7. Same age,, ox: ellipsis. He is of the same age and has the same background but he is dumb as an ox. dumb as an ox: simile, as stupid as an ox; very stupid dumb: (American colloquialism or slang) stupid; moronic; unintelligent 8. A nice ... upstairs: ellipsis. He is a nice enough young fellow, you understand, but there is nothing upstairs. nothing upstairs: (American slang) empty-headed; a nitwit. The corresponding British slang is "unfurnished in the upper storey. 9. Emotional ... faddist: All four sentences are elliptical. The subject and verb "he is" is left out. faddist: a person who follows fads (a passing fashion or craze ) 10. Fads ... reason: Fads (a passing fashion or craze), in my opinion, show a complete lack of reason. Submit: to offer as an opinion; suggest, propose very negation: complete (absolute) lack 11. To be swept up in ... acme of mindlessness: Notice the grammar construction used here. The long infinitive subject (the real subject) is first stated followed by a dash and then a pronoun "this" (the grammatical subject) is used to represent it in the sentence that follows. Compare sentence 2 in paragraph 4, where the predicative is dealt with in the same manner. to be swept up in: to be carried away by; to follow enthusiastically craze: something that is currently the fashion: fad to surrender yourself: to yield; to indulge (in) acme of mindlessness: the height of stupidity; the greatest lack of intelligence 12. should have ... came back: "Should" is an auxiliary used to express expectation or probability, equivalent to "ought to" and not replacable by "would". "They" stands for raccoon coats. Charleston: a livery dance in 4/4 time, characterized by a twisting step and popular during the 1920's 13. They shed: The raccoon coats (the fur of the coats) cast off or lose hair (all the time). 14. Don't you ... in the swim: Don't you want to follow the current fashions? Don' t you want to be doing what everyone else is doing? in the swim: conforming to the current fashions, or active in the main current of affairs 15. my brain ... high gear: mixed metaphor, comparing at the same time the narrators brain to a precision instrument and also to a machine (like a car) that has gears slipped into high gear: began to work at high speed or efficiency. A machine is in high gear when the arrangement of gears provide the greatest speed but little power. slip: to pass, move, etc. smoothly, quickly, or easily 16. She was ... my head: She was beautiful and attractive enough to arouse the desires and passions of men, but the narrator didn't pick her out for this. He chose her after coldly analyzing her merits and demerits, after concluding that she would be able to further his career. to let my heart rule my head: metonymy. "Heart" stands for feelings and emotions" and "head" for "reason and good sense". I do not let feelings or emotions get the upper hand of reason or good sense. I'm guided in my actions by reason and good sense and not by feelings and emotions. 17. In a few years ... in practice: In a few years I would be out of school and working as a lawyer. practice: the exercise of a profession or occupation 18. She was not ... lack: She was not yet as beautiful as a pin-up girl but I felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time. pin-up: ( American colloquialism) designating a girl whose sexual attractiveness makes her a subject for the kind of pictures often pinned up on walls proportions: lines, shape of the body supply the tack: supply what is wanting 19. She had an erectness,, best of breeding: She walked with her head and body erect and moved in a natural and dignified manner- all this showed she was well educated and trained in manners and social behaviour. carriage: manner of carrying the head and body; physical posture bearing: way of carrying oneself; manner These two words are synonymous. "Bearing", in this comparison, denotes manner of carrying or conducting oneself and refers to characteristic physical and mental posture. "Carriage", also applied to posture, specifically stresses the physical aspects of a person's bearing, e.g. and erect carriage. erectness of carriage: using a noun plus an phrase instead of an adjective plus noun phrase (erect carriage) helps to emphasize the noun "erectness". So also: "ease of bearing" and "best of breeding". 20. I had seen her at . . . her fingers moist: a concrete example to show Polly's good table manners, her good breeding Kozy Kampus Korner: for "Cosy Campus Corner", name of a campus restaurant or cafeteria specialty of the house: the special dish which the restaurant or cafeteria sells pot roast: meat, usually a large cut of beef, cooked in one piece by braising a dipper of sauerkraut: a small cupful of pickled chopped cabbage without even getting her fingers moist: (showing her dainty and refined table manners) Her fingers didn't even get slightly wet. 21. It is, after all ... girl beautiful: antithesis, "beautiful, dumb and smart" are balanced against "ugly, smart and beautiful". dumb: (American colloquialism or slang) stupid, moronic; unintelligent 22. I think; ... kid: I think she's a nice girl. keen: (American slang)good, fine, excellent, etc.: a general term of approval kid: (American colloquialism) a young person 23. I mean are ... steady: I mean are you two sweethearts? go steady: (American colloquialism) to date someone of the opposite sex regularly and exclusively; be sweethearts 24. In other words ... would be open: metaphor. If you' re no longer involved with her (if you stop dating her) others would be free to compete for her friendship. out of the picture: not considered as involved in a situation field: an area where games or athletic events are held open: free to take part or compete in (games being held in the field) 25. It's just been ... that's all: A final reason that eases Petey's conscience. We occasionally went out just for a bit of fun or pleasure, that' s all. casual kick: (American colloquialism or slang) an occasional pleasure laughs: (American colloquialism or slang) mere diversion or pleasure 26. Is it a deal: Is it a bargain? deal: (American slang) an unethical transaction or agreement from which both parties benefit, specifically, the securing of favored treatment by extortion or bribery 27. Gee, that was a delish dinner: The writer deliberately make, Polly Espy use a lot of exclamatory words like: "Gee, Oo, wowdow" and clipped vulgar forms like: "delish, marvy, sensaysh. etc." to create the impression of a simple and rather stupid girl. This contrasts strongly with the boasting of the narrator and thus helps to increase the force of satire and irony. Gee: an exclamation of surprise, wonder, etc. delish: clipped vulgar form for "delicious" 28. I went back ... heart: I went back to my room feeling sad and depressed. heavy heart: depressed, sorrowful (feeling) 29. But then I got to ... and fork: The narrator recapitulates Polly's good points or those qualities which made the narrator choose Polly as his future wife. got to: (Americanism) began to, started to physical charms: beautiful face and figure way she entered a room: carriage and poise of bearing way she handled a knife and fork: refined table manners 30. I picked ... next date: On our next social engagement day I called on her to take her along with me. pick up: to stop for (to call on) and take or bring along 31. By all means: of course; certainly, expressing her approval 32. I was getting,, girl: I was making no progress with this girl get nowhere: to make no progress; accomplish nothing 33. I consulted my watch: I looked at my watch to see what time it was. consult: to refer to or turn to, especially for information 34. I think ... a night: Let's stop our talk for the night here. call it a night: (colloquial) to stop working for the night; also "call it a day" 35. Admittedly ... hope: One must admit the outcome does not look very hopeful. admittedly: (adv.) by admission or general agreement; confessedly prospect: something hoped for or expected; anticipated outcome fraught: filled, charged, or loaded (with) 36. "Nuts": I muttered: "Nuts": is an American slang. It is an exclamation of disgust, scorn, disappointment, refusal, etc. 37. Sounds yummy: Sounds fine. yummy: (American colloquialism, echoic of a sound made in expressing pleasure at a taste) very tasty; delectable delicious: also used, chiefly by women, as a generalized term of approval 38. it just ... out: I was excited and filled with pleasure by the movie. knock (oneself) out: (American slang) to elicit enthusiasm or an emotional response, especially deep sympathy or laughter 39. Fire away: (American colloquialism) begin; start; especially to talk or ask questions 40. Over and over ... without let-up: Over and over again I gave examples and pointed out the mistakes in her thinking. I kept emphasizing all this without stopping. to hammer away (at): to keep emphasizing or talking about let-up: stopping; relaxing 41. I will wander ... hulk: hyperbole. Worn, wearied and dragging my feet, I'll roam disconsolately all over the world a hollow-eyed wreck. wander: roam, go about aimlessly shambling: walking in a lazy or clumsy manner, barely lifting the feet hollow-eyed: having deep-set eyes or dark areas under the eyes, as from sickness, mental suffering or fatigue hulk: an abandoned wreck or shell [ the hulks of British tanks rusting in the fields. that ought ... it: This direct declaration of love should move Polly to accept my love. 42. At all costs ... cool: I tried, by every means possible, to keep calm. at all costs: regardless of the cost or difficulty involved; by any means required to keep cool: to keep calm; not to get excited 43. Look at me ... coming from: antithesis. "Brilliant, intellectual and assured" are balanced against "knothead, jitterbug and never know where his next meal is coming from". assured future: a safe and secure future knothead: (American slang) an incompetent or stupid person jitterbug: (slang) a jittery, emotionally unstable person guy: (slang) any person or fellow never know where his next meal is coming from: a very uncertain future. He doesn't know whether he'll have something to eat for his next meal or whether he'll have to go hungry.