现在完成时的用法

句型： 基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed） e.g done   ①肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语.   ②否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语.   ③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语.   ④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词（V-ed）+其他） 定义： （1）强调动作是从过去持续到现在，并有可能继续持续下去。   （2） 强调对现在的影响或结果，此用法容易和一般过去时混淆。两者的区别是：一般过去时有动作发生的时间点，即过去某一时间发生某一动作；现在完成时则没有，即不强调是哪个时间点发生的动作，而强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。   （3）在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。   但过去分词一定要选择准确。   时间状语：recently,lately,since...for... ,in the past few years　 2 、不规则动词：   AAA型   原型 过去式 过去分词 burst burst burst cast cast cast cut cut cut hit hit hit hurt hurt hurt put put put set set set shut shut shut spread spread spread let let let read read read cost cost cost       。 etc. AAB型  beat beat beaten , beat       ABA型  become became become run ran run come came come       特殊情况  read read read       (read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/)   ABB型   bring brought brought buy bought bought build built built burn burnt burnt catch caught caught dig dug dug feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found feed fed fed       get got got hang hung,hanged hung,hanged hear heard heard hold held held keep kept kept lay laid laid lead led led lose lost lost leave left left lend lent lent       make made made mean meant meant meet met met pay paid paid sell sold sold shoot shot shot say said said sit sat sat stand stood stood shine shone shone       sweep swept swept sleep slept slept teach taught taught tell told told think thought thought win won won wind wound wound       ABC型  begin began begun bear bore born,borne blow blew blown break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn drive drove driven do / does did done fly flew flown forgive forgave forgiven forget forgot forgotten,forgot freeze froze frozen       drink drank drunk give gave given go went gone know knew known grow grew grown lie lay lain ride rode ridden rise rose risen ring rang rung shake shook shaken sing sang sung       sink sank sunk swim swam swum throw threw thrown write wrote written take took taken wear wore worn see saw seen be was/were been       AB型  can could may might shall should will would be was/were     用法  （1）现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在，也就是说，动作发生在过去，而对现在造成的影响和结果. I have spent all of my money.(现在我没有钱花了.)   Jane has laid the table.(简已经摆好了桌子)   Michael has been ill.(现在仍然很虚弱)   He has returned from abroad. (现在已在此地)   （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. ①for+时段 为…时间   ②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）   ③since+时段+ago   ④since+从句（过去时）   ●⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时） 　　Mary has been ill for three days.   I have lived here since 1998.   ●注：瞬间动词（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词   come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in   go out----be out   finish----be over   open----be open   die----be dead   Buy---have   Fall ill---be ill   Come back---be back   Put on ---be on/wear   Worry---be worried   Catch a cold---have a cold   ………………   ★1.have代替buy   My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.   ★2、用keep或have代替borrow   I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.   ★3、用be替代become   How long has your sister been a teacher?   ★4、用have a cold代替catch a cold   Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.   ★5、用wear代替put on   b)用“be+形容词”代终止性动词   1、be+married代marry 2、be+ill代fall (get) ill   3、be+dead代die 4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep   5、be+awake代wake/wake up 6、be+gone代lose,die,sell,leave   7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut   9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose   c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词   1“be+on”代start,begin   2“be+up”代get up   3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to   4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等   d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词   1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to   2.用be in the army 代替join the army   3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表+相应的介词：   1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. ——have been in sw./at…   2. have come/gone back/returned ——have been back   3. have come/gone out ——have been out   4. have become ——have been   5. have closed / opened ——have been closed/opened   6. have got up ——have been up；   7. have died ——have been dead；   8. have left sw. ——have been away from sw.   9  have fallen asleep/got to sleep —— have been asleep；   10  have finished/ended/completed ——have been over；   11.  have married ——have been married；   12.  have started/begun to do sth. —— have done sth. ；   13.  have begun ——have been on   14.  have borrowed/bought ——have kept/had   15.  have lost ——haven’t had   16.  have put on ——have worn