鸵鸟风湿症的治疗
2005-4-1
家畜家禽的风湿症在临床中较为常见，临床报道也较多，但鸵鸟的风湿症尚未见正式报道过。笔者在临床曾遇4例鸵鸟风湿症，其中3例治愈，1例好转。现介绍如下:
1 病因:鸵鸟的风湿症多因久卧湿地，气候突变，风湿寒邪乘虚而入，流患经络，侵害肌肉、关节、筋骨，引起经络阻塞，气血凝滞，遂引起肌肉关节肿痛，屈伸不利。若日久不治，则肝肾亏虚，气血不足，筋骨失养，最后卧地不起，亦难治愈。
2 症状:患鸟一般精神稍沉郁，食欲正常，刚站立运动时，步态强拘，稍后好转，但不愿长久站立，喜卧不起。重症时，则卧地不起，有时挣扎欲立，但始终站不起来，开始时食欲无太大变化，但随着时间增长，食欲逐渐下降，至此时患鸟常常无法治愈。
3 方药:? 麝香风湿片，由哈尔滨世一堂生产。成鸟2次/天，每次8片，青年鸟每次6片。? 风湿灵注射液，由红花、山龙等十多种中药提纯精制而成，黑龙江省巴彦兽药有限公司生产。成鸟每次注射15ml，青年鸟每次注射12ml，2次/天。
4 小结:? 鸵鸟风湿症的治疗时机尤为关键，争取在发病早期予以治愈，否则，一旦卧地不起时，则难以奏效。这是因为鸵鸟的身体结构比较特殊，身体重量较大，双腿纤细，所以一旦双脚承受能力下降或不能负重时，则很难治愈。? 在诊断鸵鸟风湿症时，要注意与其他类似症状的疾病相区别，如海绵状脑病、布纳病、病毒性关节炎、传染性滑液囊炎、大肠杆菌性关节炎等。? 预防本病主要是鸟舍要适当封闭，防贼风，垫沙厚度不能低于20cm，垫沙要勤换，防潮，在天气变化时，要在饮水中添加电解多维、宝矿维等以提高机体的抵抗力。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
上一篇:果子狸养殖
下一篇:鸵鸟霉形体病的诊治
鸵鸟霉形体病的诊治
2005-4-1
鸵鸟的霉形体病是一种以慢性呼吸道症状为主的鸵鸟传染性疾病，一般是采取隐性感染， 但由于饲养条件不良，或者其它细菌、 病毒等微生物的混合感染，则发生严重的呼吸道障碍，明显发病。 本病常见于大肠肝菌病、传染性支气管炎、喉气管炎及传染性鼻炎混合感染,其流行范围较广，发病率较高， 难以在短时间内治愈，给养鸵鸟业带来了危害。本病在慢性发病的过程中,虽不如烈性传染病那样造成大批的死亡。 但能使鸵鸟的生产性能下降，孵化率降低，幼鸵鸟的成活率受到严重影响等， 从经营管理角度来看，总的经济损失是很高的。 并且通过感染鸵鸟所产
的代菌卵能将病原体传递给幼雏， 使本病在场内代代相传， 一时难以清除。因此，饲养鸵鸟的同行要引起广泛的重视。
一、临床症状
病鸵鸟流鼻汁、打喷嚏，炎症延至下呼吸道时气喘，有气管罗音、咳嗷、眼睑肿胀、眼球突出、失明， 病鸵鸟喜欢咂叭嘴。 个别鸵鸟颈部肿大直径约8,10 厘米，但不影响采食饮水，也没有出现呼吸障碍， 经服药几天后消失，母鸵鸟产蛋率下降。在幼鸵鸟感染上严重的Ms、不仅会造成腱鞘炎和关节炎，还会导致全身性疾病。Mg偶尔会引起鸵鸟的神经症状。(Mg:败血霉形体、Ms:滑液嗉霉形体
二、尸体剖检 喉头、气管、鼻腔内有渗出物;气管粘膜肥厚， 多数死鸵鸟眶下窦肿大，窦内可见粘液及干酪样物， 气囊混浊，囊壁增厚、肺充血、 气管中心周围发生炎症。气嗉office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
有黄色泡沫、陈旧的病灶有干酪样块状物附着。 腹部气囊也有同样的病变。有合并感染的鸵鸟、前骨、肝脏、心脏、 肠道有出血变化。有的幼鸵鸟关节肿大，滑膜炎增多
三、诊断
根据流行情况， 临床症状及病理变化可初步诊断，但进一步的确诊必须进行血清学的检查及病原的分离。血清学的检查对本病是较为可靠和准确的诊断方法。 在感染初期，首先出现凝集性抗体，因此， 在初期用凝集反应来检查较为适宜。将清洁的玻璃载物片上，先滴两滴抗原,然后用针头刺破翅膀下的血管，吸一滴新鲜血液滴入抗原中， 轻轻搅拌，充分混合，少许后， 将玻璃板轻轻左右摇动，在1,2分钟内即可判定结果(操作一般须在20?,25?下进行)，在液面中有凝集块的可判为阳性
四、病因
饲养管理不当，小鸵鸟群体拥挤、通风不良、 氨气过浓、病原微生物侵袭及应激，均可诱发本病流行。五、防治方法 1.建议无病鸵鸟群，加强饲养管理，防止拥挤， 注意消毒， 定期进行血清学检查，淘汰阳性鸵鸟。2.进行疫苗免疫接种，可用鸡毒支原体活疫苗 ( 北京兽药研究所监制)鸡的5,10倍量。3.严把种蛋消毒关。4.对已感染本病的鸵鸟群可用汉得宝(复方败毒散)，冬天以汉得宝100克溶于50千克水混饮连用5天。 夏天炎热季节以本品100克溶于100千克水混饮连用5 天。 本品100克可供400,500千克体重一日用量。此药品是广州白云山兽药厂生产的， 经我们临床使用，效果很好。5.还可用苗必治饮水剂(东北第六制药厂兽药分厂、沈阳市东陵区方陵路4—1号)。用法及用量:将苗必治7.5,12.5克加入10 升清水中搅匀后饮用，每日2次，连用3,5天。6.雏鸵鸟可用链霉素进行喷雾， office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
成鸵鸟用链霉素进行肌肉注射， 根据鸵鸟体重/千克给药。7.中药可用金银花、浦公英、苏子、黄连。 成鸵鸟各50克， 小鸵鸟各15克，煎水灌服5,7天效果好。 上一篇:鸵鸟风湿症的治疗
下一篇:管好鸵鸟种鸟是提高“三率
管好鸵鸟种鸟是提高“三率
2005-4-1
—、种鸟选配
1、种鸟群
粗略地讲，种鸟群中公鸟应该是体型高大，黑颈体重在115千克以上，蓝颈135千克以上，雄性特征明显，有良好的配种能力，其姐妹的产蛋量在80枚以上。母鸟体型略小于公鸟，结构匀称，黑颈体重在110千克以上，蓝颈120千克以上，年产蛋量在75枚以上。公母鸟都应有详细的产蛋资料和系谱记载。有了良好的种群就可以人为地进行优化，淘汰低产鸟，不断提高种群的产蛋能力
2、种鸟选配
目前习惯做法是，选择一雄二雌为一组，饲养在一个栏中，这样的组合可以充分发挥配种能力和产蛋能力，种蛋的受精率也高。在选择组合时，要详细查看系谱材料，选择那些有较高产蛋能力，体质健壮又没有血缘关系的个体，组成一个“小家庭”。这个家庭成员基本上是个体选择和种鸟的遗传基因相结合决定的。在一般情况下，产虽高，受精率高的父母代，会把这些优良性状，遗传给后代的，很可能有个别后代的繁殖能力高于亲代。种鸟交配后，要office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
注意每个组合的繁殖能力和成员的亲合力表现。对个别亲合力不强、不愿意与对方交配的或互相打斗严重的鸟，耍及时加以调整
年龄选配不能忽视，由于公、母鸟性成熟不同步，雄乌一般比雌鸟晚半年，有经验的场家主张母鸟年龄在四个月左右，公鸟年龄在36个月左右参加选种，这样选配，公、母鸟发情表现旺盛，配种能力强，种蛋质量好，受精率高，也有的地区饲养条件、气候条件好，有母鸟年龄在18个月就有发情、配种、产蛋表现，但蛋的质量和受精率略低
选配是选种并继续，是育种工作的重要阶段。选种交配是育种过程中不可分割的两个方面。有关育种中的近亲交配和非亲缘交配，同系选配和非同系选配等方法，都是想获得比亲代产蛋能力更好的后代或育成新的品系。这方面的知识和生产中的运用，待今后实践中逐步探讨和推广
二、种鸟的饲养管理
集约饲养种鸟，就是一组种鸟集中在一个栏中饲养，它的饮食全靠人工定时、定量供应，不能自由采食自已所需的食物。供给种鸟的配合饲料的营养水平是否恰到好处，是决定种鸟繁殖性能能否正常发挥的重要因素之一，所以种鸟的营养供应是极其重要的。优良的种鸟，加上全价的配合饲料和好的饲养管理方法，是种鸟较好发挥繁殖性能的先决条件，三者缺一不可
1、种鸟的营养标准
我国饲养鸵鸟的历史较短，鸵鸟的营养标准多参考南非等国现行标准。由于我国种鸟来自不同国家，饲料水平、饲养管理、气候环境都不尽相同，所沿用的饲料配方千差万别，非常不office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
统一，所以鸵鸟营养供应和饲料报酬，经济效益也自然差距很大。为了更好地解决上述问题，许多养殖专家已作了很大努力，但还希望有条件的场子与当地的科研所和高等院校挂勾，求得他们的支持和参与，利用科学手段，因地制宜地研究探讨我国鸵鸟所需的营养和最佳饲斜配制标准
上一篇:鸵鸟霉形体病的诊治
下一篇:幼鸵鸟皮肤型禽痘的防
幼鸵鸟皮肤型禽痘的防
2005-4-1
某场于98年夏秋季节，一群8周龄幼鸵鸟暴发皮肤型禽痘， 发病率高达74.5%，经采取严格的防治措施后控制了本病，现报道如下:
禽痘是禽类常见的一种高度接触传染的病毒性疾病， 对鸡和鸽的危害性较大，常见幼鸵鸟患此病。
流行特点〕:禽痘病毒通常存在于禽落下的皮屑、粪便、 喷嚏或咳嗽等排泄物中，传染主要通过皮肤或粘膜的伤口，某些吸血昆虫，特别是蚊子能够携带病毒这可能是夏秋造成幼鸵发生禽痘的一个原因。
〔临床症状〕:首先在头部无羽毛部如眼睑、口角和耳孔周围等处发生一种灰白色的小结节、很快增大变为灰黄色芝麻、 绿豆大小的痘疣，有的结节数目较多互相融合，形成大的痘痂，痂呈棕黑色干燥，表面粗糙不平，剥去痘痂，露出一种出血的陷凹。 痂皮脱落后形成平滑的灰白色瘢痕而痊愈，眼睑发生痘疹的，由于皮肤增厚，可使眼缝完全闭合， 如有细菌感染， 初期呈卡他性结膜炎进而出现大量的浓性或纤维蛋白性渗出物。在腿、翅内office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
侧和肛门等无羽毛部位也会出现痘痂，但病变不太明显。单纯皮肤型禽痘，全身症状很轻，如病变范围大表现精神沉郁，食欲不佳，体温升高，病程15,40天。
〔防治措施〕:加强饲养管理，保持良好的环境卫生， 定期做好育雏舍和用具的清洁消毒，及时扑灭，驱赶蚊、蠓等吸血昆虫， 可取得较好的预防效果，对病鸟的治疗，无特效药物，只能采取对症疗法。
用消毒的镊子剥离痂皮后用0.1%KMmO 4清洗1,2次，然后用2%碘酊消毒创面，如有眼睑肿胀鸟，用0.9%生理盐水冲洗，然后再涂红MS眼膏，2次/月，连用3至5天，同时饲料拌0.1%金MS。
接种疫苗预防禽痘，实路证明有效，采用翼翅刺种法进行免疫， 对动鸵鸟(4,6周龄)进行免疫接种，现无鸵鸟专用痘苗，采用鸡痘疫苗， 用量是鸡的2,5倍，效果较好，接种7,10天观察有无“出痘”现象，以确定免疫效果，一般接种后10,14天产生免疫力。 上一篇:管好鸵鸟种鸟是提高“三率
下一篇:鸵鸟衰竭综合征
鸵鸟衰竭综合征
2005-4-1
鸵鸟衰竭综合征又称衰弱综合征，于1995年首次在澳大利亚发生。多发生于6月龄以内的幼鸵鸟，并以消瘦、衰竭死亡为终结，由此而得名。本病在我国鸵鸟中也已发生，死亡率约占总死亡数中的34%。
[病因]
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
发病原因至今尚无定论。多数学者认为，可能是由一种致病(传染)因子与一些因素综合作用所致，大致如下。
(1)病毒 多数学者经病原学研究认为反转录病毒的可能性最大，该病毒抑制了免疫系统，从而导致病鸟的骨髓红细胞耗尽，抵抗力持续下降，体部日趋衰竭。
(2)细菌 自发病雏幼鸟的多种器官分离到绿脓杆菌;肺和气囊也经常分离到曲霉菌;肠道内时有空肠弯杆菌、隐孢属菌等感染，从而引发肠道损害、营养吸收障碍，出现一系列的症状。
(3)长时期的生理应激 诸如饲料质量低劣，营养不全、不足，影响幼鸟生长发育，甚至导致一些器官功能不全;特别是一此氨基酸、维生素和微量元素的不足或缺乏，往往引起免疫器官发育不良，炎症反应降低和法氏囊萎缩等。又如种种外界惊恐和各种应激，以及长途运输等也能引发生理调节异常，促进病的发生、恶化。
[诊断要点]
(1)流行特点 发病的多数是6月龄以内的幼鸵鸟(100%)，平均病死率为56%-94%，但也有报道大部分死亡发生在1月龄内的雏鸟。
(2)临床特征 早期精神萎靡，食欲不振乃至厌食，闭目呆立，头颈弯缩呈S形，出现浊咳，间有下痢或干硬粪便。继而生长停滞，体重减轻，消瘦，羽毛脱落，常在夜间或清晨死亡。
(3)剖检特征 尸体消瘦，腹水增加偶有纤维素，前胃扩张，肠腔内有糊状物，小肠黏膜充血水肿，对肠远端内容物常呈粒状。血液呈水样，骨髓色淡，脾和胸腺缩小。有的出现继office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
发性肠炎病变，有的肝脏有多量灰白色病灶。此外，还有鼻炎、咽喉炎、前胃炎、气囊炎和坏死性肠炎病变，以及脾、胃、肺等器官弥漫性败血症变化。
[防治措施]
目前尚未见有效的治疗方法。至于本病的预防措施方面，据澳大利亚学者介绍，建议将发病圈舍、场地空出后清扫、消毒，然后自然净化一定时间;同时在清净区场孵化育雏，然后再回原场区饲养。而加强饲养管理、改善饲养区的卫生防疫条件，以及消除一切可能存在的应激因素等，都是防止发生本病的必要措施。
上一篇:幼鸵鸟皮肤型禽痘的防
下一篇:鸵鸟白肌病
鸵鸟白肌病
2005-4-1
白肌病又称肌炎或肌营养性不良，是一种肌肉变性性疾病，实质是营养代谢性病损组织广泛的综合征(包括肌营养不良、肝营养不良和脂肪组织炎等)之一。本病在禽类中有发生，家禽和驯养特禽均可发生，并有一定的地理分布。此外，哺乳动物中马、牛、羊、鹿等也有发病。幼禽和育成禽发病多，幼龄鸵鸟更易发生。
[病因]
白肌病的病因还未完全清楚，但可以肯定的是，本病的发生与维生素E、硒的缺乏或者不足及其作用机理密切相关。
硒缺乏:世界各地土壤和植物硒的含量差异十分明显，山地、丘陵、沙漠多属低硒地区;碱性土壤中水溶性硒较高，易被植物吸收，而酸性土壤中复合硒多，但难于被植物吸收。硒office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
在动物体内有很强的抗氧化作用，可保护细胞免受氧化物的侵害;硒又是谷胱甘肽过氧化酶的组分，能促使酶活化，发挥分解过氧化物的作用。如果硒缺乏，则能导致细胞变性、坏死和维生素E破坏及不饱和脂肪酸的蓄积，最终引起肝、肌肉、脂肪组织发生炎性变化、变性坏死。
一般认为，饲料中适宜含硒量为1×00.0000001，如低于5×0.00000001，即可引起不
同程度的发病。此外，饲料中铜、锌、砷、汞、镉等颉颃等元素过多，也能影响硒的吸收，促使发病。
维生素E缺乏:维生素E也是抗氧化剂，具有保护细胞膜免受过氧化物的损害作用，其机理是抑制过氧化物的产生。如果饲料酸败，日粮配比不合理，饲料和饲草由于收割、加工、贮存不当(曝晒、烘烤、霉变、水浸和通风不良等)，均可造成维生素E缺乏。
[诊断要点]
(1)流行特点 本病具有比较明显的流行病学特征。其一是有一定的地区性，多发生于低硒地区，如在我国自黑龙江至云南的一条斜行缺硒带。全国约有2/3的面积缺硒，黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、青海、陕西、四川和西藏等地区既属缺硒地区，特别是北方地区在漫长的冬季又缺少青绿饲料，极易发生本病;其二是具有一定的季节性。本病多发生于冬春季节(10月到4月)，在此期间气候寒冷，富含维生素的青绿饲料严重缺乏，加上又值禽的繁殖、孵化旺季，因此导致幼龇禽发病多;其三是本病多呈群体性发生，但无传染性。其四是禽均有发生，雏火鸡、雏鸵鸟和雏鸡发病较多见。
(2)临床特征 本病的特征是骨骼肌、心肌发生炎性变性坏死，肝炎和脂肪组织炎(脂肪肝、黄脂肪病)，由此而出现衰弱、运动障碍、黄染和消化系统机能紊乱等症状。最后多数office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
衰竭死亡。雏幼鸵鸟病例出现全身软弱无力，头下垂，颈斜曲，贫血，腿、胸部肌肉萎缩，站立不稳甚至卧地不起，有的步态强拘，羽毛蓬乱，精神沉郁。多数出现拉稀便或呈水样。育成鸟偶有发生，成鸟很少发生。
(3)剖检特征 渗出性素质病例可见胸腹部皮下水肿，有的腿根部和翅根部也有水肿，水肿部有淡黄绿色的胶样渗出物或淡黄绿色的纤维蛋白物。颈、腹及腰内侧有郁血斑。
肌营养不良病例的主要病变在骨骼肌、心肌、肝脏和胰脏，其次是肾脏和脑。病变部肌肉变性、色淡、似煮肉样，肌纤维疏松，呈黄白色、灰黄色点状、条状或片状，质脆、变软或坏死、钙化。心肌扩张变薄，在乳头肌内膜有出血点，在心内膜、心外膜下可见与肌纤维平行的灰白色或灰黄色斑点。肝肿大，质脆呈槟榔样花纹。肾充血、肿胀，有出血点。胰脏变性。有的有肠炎病变。
[防治措施]
(1)治疗 可用0.005%亚硒酸钠溶液皮下或肌肉注射，雏禽0.1-0.3毫升，成年禽1毫升，同时注射α-生育酚0.1-0.4毫克。
2)预防 可给雏禽日粮中添加1×0.0000001-2×0.0000001亚硒酸钠和每千克饲料中加入20毫克维生素E。
应该注意的是，硒有毒性，如超量使用或长期持续使用容易引起蓄积中毒，如计算错误或混合不均匀也易发生中毒，一般每15-30天补给1次。硒的营养有效剂量为每千克体重0.03-0.04毫克，即能发挥其增重、防病的作用;中毒剂量为每千克体重3-4毫克;日粮需要量为1×0.0000001。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
上一篇:鸵鸟衰竭综合征
下一篇:雏鸵鸟卵黄囊炎
雏鸵鸟卵黄囊炎
2005-4-1
本病比较多见。雏鸵鸟孵出后自体内卵黄囊获取营养而发育生长，随着卵黄囊被吸收，卵黄囊逐渐缩小成痕迹，通常约15天左右。但若卵黄囊感染发炎，则能引起雏鸟患病、死亡。
[病因]
(1)由于亲鸟患有生殖道感染性疾病，蛋被污染而引发雏鸟卵黄囊炎。
(2)孵化时种蛋外壳未经严密清洗消毒或消毒不彻底，微生物在孵化过程中通过蛋孔进入蛋内感染。
(3)孵化室、孵化箱(器)消毒不彻底，微生物感染新生雏而发病。
(4)育雏房(室)被污染，病菌通过脐感染而发生。
[诊断要点]
(1)流行特点 本病多发生于7-10月的潮湿炎热的夏天，其中8月份发病率高，这与微生物严重污染扩散有关。
(2)临床特征 出现精神沉郁，闭目呆立，头颈卷缩，食欲减退乃至废绝，腹部膨胀，脐部红肿、愈合不良，有的下痢甚至腹泻。
(3)剖检特征 可见卵黄囊明显肿大，由核桃大肿大到拳头大，内充满绿色黏液乃至恶臭脓汁或干酪样物;有的在脐部留有硬结节或红肿的结节。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
(4)涂片镜检 取卵黄囊内容物涂片、染色、镜检，可见到细菌，如大肠杆菌、变形杆菌、沙门氏菌或肠球菌等。
[防治措施]
(1)治疗 据报道，给刚出壳或病雏经脐部(口)注入广谱抗生素有一定的疗效。
(2)预防 关键在于防止亲鸟的生殖道感染;加强种蛋、孵化室、孵化器、育雏室和饲养环境的卫生防疫，特别是消毒工作;贮蛋室、孵化室、孵化器和育雏室最好用甲醛熏蒸消毒，垫料必须经消毒后用。
上一篇:鸵鸟白肌病
下一篇:幼鸵鸟滑腱症
幼鸵鸟滑腱症
2005-4-1
滑腱症是指趾关节部的屈肌移位滑向一侧的腿病。幼鸵鸟很易发生，是一种常见病，如不及时矫正，极易发生关节脱位。
[病因]
迄今本病的确切病因尚未十分清楚，但从实践经验看，大致有下列几方面。
(1)矿物质的不足或缺乏 钙磷不足、缺乏或比例不当，都能影响幼鸟的骨骼生成，而氟、锰的缺乏或超量，则可干扰腱组织的硬度，如肠道内存有过量的钙、磷、铁，又会引起锰的缺乏。锰缺乏可引发骨短粗和胫跗关节肿大，胫骨远端或跖骨近端弯曲变形，最终导致腓肠肌腱从关节背面跖骨突上滑下。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
(2)日粮配比不合理 诸如配方不符合鸵鸟营养标准，日粮中钙、磷、铁量超限，或锰不足、缺乏等。
(3)患有胃肠道慢性疾病 例如胃肠类、消化不良等，导致矿物质、微量元素、维生素等营养素吸收利用障碍。
[临床特征]
主要表现跛行，不愿活动、行走，站立困难，或呈跳跃式行走。局部关节肿胀，发育不良。
[防治措施]
首先要立即调整日粮配方，适当搭配富含锰、钙、磷和维生素的玉米、大麦、小麦、麸皮或米糠。对早期病例可用1:3000高锰酸钾溶液作饮水，也有一定效果。对雏幼病鸟，可在手工复位后用绷带固定，使曲肌腱不再滑动，但固定不可太紧，以免影响血液循环;对较大的病鸟可作外科手术矫整。
上一篇:雏鸵鸟卵黄囊炎
下一篇:鸵鸟胃阻塞
鸵鸟胃阻塞
2005-4-1
鸵鸟在采食过程中食入一些沙石是正常的生理需要，以帮助消化粗纤维等物质。然而，如果食入砂石过多，或食入铁丝、碎木、碎塑料等物，或过量的草类粗纤维，就会引起胃阻塞。胃阻塞大致可分为砂阻塞、草阻塞和异物阻塞三种。6月龄内的育成鸵鸟发病多，发病率为4%-20%，死亡率约50%。
[病因]
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
一是由于饲养管理不善。例如日粮不恒定，时好时坏，喂饲不定时，从而造成过度饥饿，快速进食干草、异物、砂石等引起胃阻塞。二是突然更换饲料尤其是更换优质料，从而使鸵鸟过量进食而致病。三是垫料质次和使用不当，诸如长时用砂石子作垫料，或垫料中混杂碎塑料、铁钉铁丝、碎木等杂物，食后引起胃阻塞。四是鸵鸟存在异嗜癖，由此而食入大量砂石、铁丝、铁钉、碎木、碎布等异物引发胃阻塞。五是饲养环境、气候等异常，影响其采食行为，从而出现误食或异嗜。六是鸵鸟患有胃炎等疾病，影响食物的正常消化，从而诱发胃阻塞。
[诊断要点]
本病一年四季都可发生，以春季发病较多。6月龄内的育成鸟发病多。
病鸟通常出现食欲减退甚至拒食，粪便干硬，喜饮水。继而精神沉郁，运步无力，头颈下垂，呼吸困难，卧地不起，最后因心力衰竭而死亡。
剖检时可见尸体消瘦，营养不良，腺胃和肌胃明显扩张，胃内充满大量砂石和异物，胃黏膜上有溃疡灶或糜烂，十二指肠、空肠、回肠充血、出血，直肠内存有多量硬粪球。
[防治措施]
(1)治疗 对前、中期病例，可采用健胃、促进胃肠蠕动和刺激幽门开放等疗法。如取龙胆酊30毫升，大黄酊20毫升，速补-14 3克，用温水溶解、混合后胃管一次灌服，每天一次，连服3-7天。内服泻剂，液体石蜡200毫升，香油200毫升，混合后胃管一次灌服，每天一次，至好转为止。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
此外，也可在胃部作人工按摩或驱赶走动等辅助疗法。必要时也可进行补液和防止继发感染等治疗。后期病例则无治疗价值，只能淘汰处理。腺胃切开手术，一般愈后都不良。
(2)预防 重点在于加强饲养管理，保持饲养场环境安静、清洁、卫生，并对雏鸟进行正常采食行为的训练，防止异嗜癖形成。
上一篇:幼鸵鸟滑腱症
下一篇:鸵鸟的运输
鸵鸟的运输
2005-4-1
为推动鸵鸟产业的发展，提高鸵鸟的成活率，降低成本，鸵鸟运输这一关是不容忽视的。在我场运输距离最远为几千公里，路途死淘率最低为0，最高为30,，为搞好大批量鸵鸟的运输，本人曾做过一些尝试，在此浅谈儿点:
一、运输前的准备
起运前，首先应选择好运输工具、包装物，并对其进行清洗消 毒，然后再选鸟、装运。 > 1(运输工具的选择:根据运鸟的数量及其大小确定运输工具。
2(包装物设计:采用铁架木箱，长3米、宽2米、高2(5米， 框架为铁制，四面封以高为1(5米的双层木板。顶部用纱网覆盖， 似挂“蚊帐”状，箱内不分隔，每个大箱装6,8只，在木箱底面上 垫5至15厘米厚砂子和糠壳混合物，可以减轻震动的影响。
3(器械及药物准备:持针钳、线剪、镊子、注射器、缝线、止 血敏、碘叮、酒精、棉花、云南白药、抗应激药、镇静剂、广谱抗 生素、麻醉剂、苏醒灵等必备药品。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
4(将选好的鸟单独饲养，种鸟运输前10天减少精料使其停产， 运前3,4小时停饲及在水中加抗应激药、Vc，和电解质，运前30 分钟在饮水中加镇静剂。
5(每个车箱，应隔离一个小应急区域(能装2,3只鸵鸟)由 于应激、惊骇，常有个别鸵鸟卧地不起，在运输中易践踏致伤致死， 对这些鸵鸟必须及时隔离，尤其对那些惊恐不安鸵鸟要罩头罩，开 口缝用松紧带穿好。
6(长途运输，应安排好运输时间，最好是傍晚起运，到达目的 地正好是白天，有利于鸵鸟入栏的安置工作。如果晚上到达，鸵鸟 视物不清，易造成意外伤亡。
二、运输过程中的工作
1(运输鸵鸟车队前面有一辆带路车，控制车队车速，不准超车、 闯红灯、急刹车或快速启动加速，车队最后有一辆押运车，防止车 掉队或有其他意外事故好联络。
2(在运输过程中，夏季天气过热，应进行防暑降温、喷水降温， 但喷洒不能过多。冬季，雨季过冷，应加盖蓬。
3(汽车运输时，应配备两名以上司机、押运员，一方面观察鸟， 另一方面协助司机做好行车安全，车队应有一名技术人员，对伤病 鸟进行处理。
4(中途应供给足够的饮水、青料、精料，个别不吃食鸵鸟进行 人为灌服，如遇堵车、停靠站、用餐、过渡等。中途停车时，更应 观察鸟群，加强饲养管理。对个别体弱的鸟，补充能量及蛋白质(如 白糖、鸡蛋)。
三、到达目的地后的工作
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
经过长途运输后的鸵鸟，大部分又渴又饿，显得疲倦不堪，须 做好如下工作:
1(让鸟充分休息后，供给足够的清洁饮用水和优质青料，饮用 水加少许广谱抗生素及抗应激药，精料次日再饲喂。
2(精料中拌适量植物油，由于应激影响，5,7天常表现采食 量极少，粪便干燥，鸵鸟喜欢采食运动场上的沙粒，10天后转换饲 料。
3(对个别过度衰弱鸵鸟，采用人工助饮，可以减少死亡，方法 是左手抓住鸵鸟下喙，右手将胃导管置于食道中，灌服体能恢复液， 配方如下
500毫升热水，100微克50,葡萄糖，25微克复合维生素B，0(l ,Vc，四匙消化酶剂，少许苏威电解多维，鸡蛋1个。
4(对受到意外伤害的鸵鸟及时进行处理。防止细菌感染，对个 别严重感染者，可以输液，配制如下: 5,葡萄糖生理盐水500毫升,1，注射用青霉素钾80万IU,4(0 ，氢化可的松注射液10毫升,1(0，肌苷注射液混合1次静脉输液， 每日2次，连用2,3天，对撞伤重的鸟，外加风湿灵注射液。
河南省畜牧局
上一篇:鸵鸟胃阻塞
下一篇:雏鸵鸟培育中应注意的问题
雏鸵鸟培育中应注意的问题
2005-4-1
雏鸵鸟是指0—3月龄内的幼鸵鸟。育雏是养殖鸵鸟成败的关键一环，育雏的好坏直接关系到后备鸟的合格率，间接影响到种鸵鸟的种用价值，并决定鸵鸟场的经济效益和能否在激烈office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
的市场竞争中生存。我们根据近一年来的育雏经验，认为育雏过程中应着重注意如下几个问题:
1、密度
育雏密度对雏鸵鸟的生长发育有很大影响。雏鸵鸟的培育一般采用地面育雏，在出雏后第一周内，每只雏鸟需要面积至少0(16—0(2平方米，以便雏鸟既有足够的活动空间和休息场所，又可有效地减少雏鸟相互间的应激，防止腿部畸形。以后每长大一周，活动面积至少应增大10,，同时区域的角落应做成弧形，以免雏鸟因温度过低时在角落堆积而导致踩伤、挤伤，甚至造成死亡。
2、温度
温度是育雏的首要条件，必须严格而正确地掌握。初生雏鸟体温调节机能不健全，全身着生绒毛状的穗状羽毛，防寒能力较差，既怕冷又怕热，因此，对温度反应特别敏感。到第4周后，可以耐受轻微的温度变化，但夜间必须保持一定的恒温，防止气温降低。一般育雏室内供暖装置为红外线灯或电热管，功率为100—500w，根据空间的大小，在不同位置安装不同数量的红外线灯，高度可随时调节，保证室内有适于鸵鸟休息、活动、采食的保温区域，并有一定的温差，使雏鸟接受生理范围内温差的锻炼。用红外线灯育雏时，温变稳定，便于消毒，育雏效果好，温度一般控制在:0—7日龄，34—36(5摄氏度;8—14日龄，31—33摄氏度;15-24日龄，27—29摄氏度。最好不用白炽灯供热，因为白色光线易诱导雏鸟相互啄毛，不利幼鸟的休息和睡眠。
3、湿度
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
育雏期的湿度要根据出壳鸟的状况来调整。如果孵化期的湿度掌握得比较好，孵出来的鸟不水肿，不干皱，雏鸟健壮，相对湿度在50,一60,，其成活率较高;如果孵化期湿度高，孵出的鸟其腿部、腹部、头颈部严重水肿，此种情况下，若雏鸟转入育雏室时湿度太低，雏鸟会在短期内失水，衰弱而死。根据具体情况缓慢降低湿度，雏鸟成活率会提高。一般育雏室湿度控制在60,以下为宜，否则会使水肿加剧，卵黄吸收不良。容易滋生细菌和霉菌，降低雏鸟成活率。
4、卫生防疫
卫生防疫对3周内的雏鸟十分重要。雏鸟抗病力差，加之舍内密集饲养，易患肠道和呼吸道病，因此。应采取综合性防病措施，主要包括饮水卫生、环境卫生、预防接种和饲料卫生。饮用水的水质应符合人的饮水标准，最好用凉开水或过滤水;饲料要保证新鲜不变质，青饲料要求多汁、易消化、适口性好，先清洗消毒，再切碎，与精料混合饲喂;垫料要求每天清洗消毒;食盆、水盆亦应每天清洗消毒;运动场、育雏舍应定期用1:3000的百毒杀或1:400的抗毒威等喷雾式冲洗消毒。预防接种的主要疫苗有新城疫疫苗、传染性支气管炎疫苗、结核病卡介苗等，应逐只注射或滴眼，并严格按免疫程序及日寸接种。
5、通风换气和光照
通风换气的目的是排除室内污浊的空气，换入新鲜空气，同时调节舍内的温度和湿度。一般要求鸟舍内闻不到气味。冬天进入鸟舍的风要求预热，不要直接吹到雏鸟身上，防止感冒。如果天气晴朗，雏鸟出壳后1周便可放出户外运动，一方面促进卵黄吸收，另一方面保证合理的光照(从而调节雏鸟的钙、磷代谢，增强骨质，防止腿畸形，同时还可以增强雏鸟office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
机体的免疫力和对疾病的抵抗力。夏季应防止长时间暴晒，运动场内要设置凉棚或种植绿化树。
6、饲喂和管理
6(1、出壳后的鸟要求先饮水后开食。饮水要求水温24摄氏度左右，并加入B族维生素等，用电解质、葡萄糖配制成营养液效果更好。开食在初饮后l一2小时，喂给混合精料，开食料要求拌湿，水料比为1:1，在幼鸟群中放1—2只年龄稍大的鸟引导开食，因为驼鸟具有天生的好奇心和模仿性。每天每只精料喂量:1—30日龄70g;31—60日龄300g;60一90日龄525g。青饲料按精料量的1—2倍投喂。从出壳后第2周起每只每天补充砂砾4—5粒，粒度大小由米粒大逐渐增大到1cm直径大小。
6(2、管理上应按不同年龄分别饲养，并严禁工作人员串岗;雏鸟运动场内的异物(如铁钉、玻璃片、烟头等)应每天清理出去，防止胃肠梗塞等病发生;育雏区应尽量保持相对安静，减少对雏鸟惊扰，防止应激;育雏舍应保持空气新鲜，地面干燥、清洁;鸟粪要及时清除，至少每周消毒一次;食盆、水盆应置高5cm左右，以免雏鸟来回走动而造成词料、水质污染;饲养员应每天作好观察
记录
混凝土 养护记录下载土方回填监理旁站记录免费下载集备记录下载集备记录下载集备记录下载
。随时掌握雏鸟的动态，发现情况，及时处理。保证雏鸟健康生长。每育完一批雏鸟。应认真写好阶段性小结
报告
软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载
，
总结
初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf
经验，以便提高业务水平和管理水平。
2000年3月11日
鸵鸟养殖管理
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
在自然养殖条件下， 鸵鸟产蛋落地后常常被泥土、粪便污染，受污染的鸟蛋经过清洗、 消毒等多重手续处理，还是免不了受细菌感染， 孵化过程中常出现中晚期蛋内雏鸟死亡，甚至出现“炸蛋”， 以致整箱蛋受感染而报废，给饲养场带来不必要的经济损失。 我们在对孵化中的鸟蛋进行多次观察，发现， 受污染的鸟蛋在孵化中期出现蛋内有多处细菌斑点， 还有孵化后期的鸟蛋因受细菌感染，自身蛋温升高加快，致使晚期死之。 通常在孵化过程中发现有些鸟蛋后期突然失重加大， 解剖后雏鸟干枯死之，这便是典型的细菌感染。
实行“人工接蛋”， 经过长期的观察和试验，一年中接蛋率在85%以上，孵化出雏率比过去提高20%，现将此法介绍如下，供参考。
一、分管技术员受掌握鸵鸟开产期， 首先备好经过熏蒸消毒的塑料袋或干净毛巾。
二、 通知饲养员对开产期的鸟进行观察一般开产鸟在前10天左右雄鸟邦助母鸟在圈内“扒窝”， 母鸟常在坑边转圈，鼻孔发红，开产当开进食量减少， 特别是产前母鸟在圈内来回走动焦燥不安， 这时饲养员要把手用消毒液洗干净，准备好塑料袋或毛巾， 静候在鸵鸟不易发现的地方进行观察。(鸵鸟产蛋一般是在下午2点,7点左右)。
三、产蛋前2分钟左右，母鸟会蹲下，口流黏液，扇动双翅，发出震颤志声，开始产蛋。 此时接蛋人员要立即轻跑过去， 一手拿毛巾接蛋量一只手轻提鸟的尾羽，防止尾羽沾上鸟蛋而受污染。 接蛋时人要蹲下防止雄鸟对你的功击。
四、接下的蛋是干净潮湿的， 饲养员要及时送交种蛋熏蒸室，孵化员接管进行消毒立档储存。 消毒时要等蛋表面水份风干后才能进行。(雨天接蛋要用塑料袋，防止雨水污染)。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
五、熏蒸或储存鸟蛋应把有气室的一头朝上放好。 鸟产蛋时有气室的一头先出来，接蛋时只要注意一下， 告知孵化员便行了， 接蛋能解决气室方向认定的一个难题。
2001年10月10日
鸵鸟的运输
为推动鸵鸟产业的发展，提高鸵鸟的成活率，降低成本，鸵鸟运输这一关是不容忽视的。在我场运输距离最远为几千公里，路途死淘率最低为0，最高为30,，为搞好大批量鸵鸟的运输，本人曾做过一些尝试，在此浅谈儿点:
一、运输前的准备 起运前，首先应选择好运输工具、包装物，并对其进行清洗消 毒，然后再选鸟、装运。
1(运输工具的选择:根据运鸟的数量及其大小确定运输工具。
2(包装物设计:采用铁架木箱，长3米、宽2米、高2(5米， 框架为铁制，四面封以高为1(5米的双层木板。顶部用纱网覆盖， 似挂“蚊帐”状，箱内不分隔，每个大箱装6,8只，在木箱底面上 垫5至15厘米厚砂子和糠壳混合物，可以减轻震动的影响。
3(器械及药物准备:持针钳、线剪、镊子、注射器、缝线、止 血敏、碘叮、酒精、棉花、云南白药、抗应激药、镇静剂、广谱抗 生素、麻醉剂、苏醒灵等必备药品。
4(将选好的鸟单独饲养，种鸟运输前10天减少精料使其停产， 运前3,4小时停饲及在水中加抗应激药、Vc，和电解质，运前30 分钟在饮水中加镇静剂。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
5(每个车箱，应隔离一个小应急区域(能装2,3只鸵鸟)由 于应激、惊骇，常有个别鸵鸟卧地不起，在运输中易践踏致伤致死， 对这些鸵鸟必须及时隔离，尤其对那些惊恐不安鸵鸟要罩头罩，开 口缝用松紧带穿好。 6(长途运输，应安排好运输时间，最好是傍晚起运，到达目的 地正好是白天，有利于鸵鸟入栏的安置工作。如果晚上到达，鸵鸟 视物不清，易造成意外伤亡。
二、运输过程中的工作
1(运输鸵鸟车队前面有一辆带路车，控制车队车速，不准超车、 闯红灯、急刹车或快速启动加速，车队最后有一辆押运车，防止车 掉队或有其他意外事故好联络。
2(在运输过程中，夏季天气过热，应进行防暑降温、喷水降温， 但喷洒不能过多。冬季，雨季过冷，应加盖蓬。
3(汽车运输时，应配备两名以上司机、押运员，一方面观察鸟， 另一方面协助司机做好行车安全，车队应有一名技术人员，对伤病 鸟进行处理。
4(中途应供给足够的饮水、青料、精料，个别不吃食鸵鸟进行 人为灌服，如遇堵车、停靠站、用餐、过渡等。中途停车时，更应 观察鸟群，加强饲养管理。对个别体弱的鸟，补充能量及蛋白质(如 白糖、鸡蛋)。
三、到达目的地后的工作 经过长途运输后的鸵鸟，大部分又渴又饿，显得疲倦不堪，须 做好如下工作:
1(让鸟充分休息后，供给足够的清洁饮用水和优质青料，饮用 水加少许广谱抗生素及抗应激药，精料次日再饲喂。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
2(精料中拌适量植物油，由于应激影响，5,7天常表现采食 量极少，粪便干燥，鸵鸟喜欢采食运动场上的沙粒，10天后转换饲 料。
3(对个别过度衰弱鸵鸟，采用人工助饮，可以减少死亡，方法 是左手抓住鸵鸟下喙，右手将胃导管置于食道中，灌服体能恢复液， 配方如下: 500毫升热水，100微克50,葡萄糖，25微克复合维生素B，0(l ,Vc，四匙消化酶剂，少许苏威电解多维，鸡蛋1个。
4(对受到意外伤害的鸵鸟及时进行处理。防止细菌感染，对个 别严重感染者，可以输液，配制如下: 5,葡萄糖生理盐水500毫升,1，注射用青霉素钾80万IU,4(0 ，氢化可的松注射液10毫升,1(0，肌苷注射液混合1次静脉输液， 每日2次，连用2,3天，对撞伤重的鸟，外加风湿灵注射液。
2001年1月13日
鸵鸟维生素预混剂的配制方法
2001年6月11日
维生素是维持鸵鸟健康和正常生理机能的必须成份， 对种鸟的繁殖和幼鸟的生长发育起着重要的作用。 鸵鸟对维生素的需要量高于一般畜禽，因此使用鸡用的多种维生素，常造成种蛋的授精率、 孵化摩纳哥低和幼鸟的脚趾扭曲，腿变形等不良后果。笔者在大同信达鸵鸟场工作期间， 根据96年全国鸵鸟
培训
焊锡培训资料ppt免费下载焊接培训教程 ppt 下载特设培训下载班长管理培训下载培训时间表下载
班推荐的维生素标准，自配维生素预混剂， 经三年多实际应用效果良好，取得了孵化率79.9%，育雏成活率(三月龄)76.19%的较好成绩。现将维生素预混剂的配制方法介绍如下。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
一、原料的选购:常用的维生素有13种，其中脂溶性维生素有4种，即维生素A、D
3、E、K 3，水溶性维生素有9种即维生素B 1、B 2、B 6、B 12 、冷酸、叶酸、生物素、烟酸和胆碱。以上维生素的原料，均应购买单项维生素制品，购买时一定要注意质量，如有效成份的含量、 有效期、剂型，批准文号和生产厂家等，以保证维生素预混剂安全有效。
二、设计维生素预混剂应遵循的
原则
组织架构调整原则组织架构设计原则组织架构设置原则财政预算编制原则问卷调查设计原则
: 1.维生素A、D 3很不稳定，易受到温度、湿度、阳光、贮存时间等因素的影响而降低活性，因此维生素A、D 3供给量比需要量应增加1,3倍。 2.对繁殖期种鸟维生素E的供给量应增加1倍。 3.为了防止幼鸟脚趾扭曲，腿变形和滑腱症的发生，对维生素B 2 、生物素、叶酸、烟酸和胆碱等比需要量可适当增加。 4.氯化胆碱呈碱性，易潮解，为防止影响其他维生素的活性， 应在配合饲料时单独添加。 5.饲料中的维生素含量可作为安全量看待， 在配制维生素预混剂时不再计算。
三、维生素预混剂的配制方法: 1.确定鸵鸟对维生素需要量的标准，根据96 年全国鸵鸟培训班推荐的 鸵鸟维生素需要量见表1。 2.设计维生素添加量，根据鸵鸟对维生素的需要量、 青饲料供应情况和上述原则进行设计。现以产蛋鸵鸟为例，如表2(1)。 3.计算每吨饲料各种维生素添加量，并将IU和mg换算成万IU和g，如表2(2)。 例:维生素A24000IU/kg×100?10000,2400万IU维生素E60mg/kg×1000?1000=60g 4.根据每克维生
纱原料有效成份的含量， 计算出一吨饲料各种维生素原料的用量，如表2(4)。 例:维生素A2400万IU?50万IU/g=48g维生素E60g?50%=120g 5.将表2(4)各种维生素原料用量相加为361.3g，另加玉米淀粉到5000g，然后倒入锥型搅拌机中，预混15,20分钟，即为产蛋鸵鸟的维生素预混剂，使用时按0.5%加入配合饲料中。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
四、维生素预混剂使用时应注意的几个问题: 1.维生素预混剂的添加量，应根据青饲料供应情况、应激、 产蛋量等因素增减5%,15%。在青饲料充足时添加量可适当降低，在应激、免疫、产蛋高峰期可适当增加。 2.维生素预混剂应密封，在避光、避热、干燥的地方存放， 贮存时间 不要超过两个月为宜。 3.在配制维生素预混剂时，称量一定要准确，重要在100克以上的误差不超过1克，20,100克不超过0.3克，20克以下不超过0.1克。 4.维生素原料的粒度要求，除VA、VD 3的微胶车剂型外，其科粒度较大的维生素，应研磨后再通过60目筛过滤方可加入。
上一篇:鸵鸟的运输
下一篇:鸵鸟产蛋期的饲养管理
鸵鸟产蛋期的饲养管理
2005-4-1
1(产蛋期的饲养
(1)饲喂方法 人工饲养的鸵鸟每天的活动比较有规律。因此，应根据其生活规律定时、定量进行饲喂。每天早晨天一亮，鸵鸟就在运动场上围着边网跑步，跑15—20分钟后进行交配、采食。所以首次饲喂时间以早6点半至7点半为宜。1天饲喂4次，每次饲喂的间隔尽可能相等。饲喂顺序可以先粗后精，也可以把精饲料拌入青饲料中一起饲喂。精饲料喂量一般每只控制在1(5千克左右，以防过肥而使产蛋量下降或停产。
(2)饲料与营养 产蛋期鸵鸟配合饲料中粗蛋白质含量以18,为宜，代谢能10，5兆焦/千克。青饲料以自由采食为主。特别要注意种鸟对钙的摄入，除了饲料中给予足够的钙磷外，在栏舍内可以设置饲喂骨粉的食槽，任种鸵鸟自由采食。
2(产蛋期的管理
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
(1)分群 雌鸵鸟在24—30月龄达到性成熟，雄鸵鸟在36月龄达到性成熟。性成熟前以大群饲养，每群20—30只，产蛋前1个月进行配偶分群。一般是4只(1雄3雌)为一饲养单位。分群工作一般是在傍晚进行，先将雌鸵鸟引入种鸟舍，然后再将雄鸟引入，这样可以减少雌雄之间、种群之间的排异性。
(2)运动场 鸵鸟体型较大，需要的运动场面积相应也要大。1个饲养单位(1雄3雌)约需1500平方米左右。这样可以给鸵鸟提供较为自由的活动范围，有利于提高受精率，防止过肥。鸵鸟一般是有规律的自由活动，不必驱赶运动。如果饲养群较大，7只或14只以上为一饲养单位，则需要驱赶运动，最好在每天的上午和下午各驱赶1—2小时。
运动场要保持良好的卫生，随时清除场内的粪便和杂物，在鸟栏和食槽旁不要随意放置杂物，以免鸵鸟误食硬性异物，导致前胃阻塞和肠穿孔，造成非常死亡。运动场及棚舍最好每周消毒1次。
(3)休产 为了保持雌鸵鸟优良的产蛋性能，延长其使用年限，需强制休产。一般掌握在每年11月份至次年1月份为休产期。休产期开始时雌雄鸟分开饲养，停止配种，停喂精料5天使雌鸵鸟停止产蛋，然后喂以休产期饲料。
(4)捕捉 若要调换运动场或出售鸵鸟需要捕捉时，应特别小心。因为鸵鸟头骨很薄呈海绵状，头颈处连接也比较脆弱，均经不起撞击。捕捉的前1天在棚舍内饲喂，趁其采食时关入棚舍，捕捉时需3—4人合作，抓住颈部和翼羽，扶住前胸，在头部套上黑色头罩使其安定。鸵鸟一旦套上头罩，蒙住双眼，则任人摆布，可将其顺利装笼、装车。但对凶猛的鸵鸟要特别小心，在捕捉前3—4小时适量喂一些镇静药物。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
(5)运输 种鸵鸟运输前须减料停产，确保运输时输卵管中无成熟的蛋。运输前3—4小时停喂饲料，在饮水中添加维生素C、食盐和镇静剂，以防止应激反应。运输季节以秋、冬、春季为宜，最好选择夜间进行，因鸵鸟看不清外界景物，可以减少骚动。运输工具和笼具要消毒，笼具要求坚固通风，顶部加盖黑色围网。运输过程中随时观察鸵鸟动态，长途运输注意定时给水。保持车内通风良好，对燥动不安的鸵鸟戴上黑色头罩。运到的鸵鸟由于应激，1—3天内常会表现食欲下降，粪便呈粒状。应及时补充维生素、电解质，饲料投喂逐步过渡，以利鸵鸟运输应激后的恢复。
上一篇:雏鸵鸟培育中应注意的问题
下一篇:鸵鸟养殖管理
鸵鸟养殖管理
2005-4-1
在自然养殖条件下， 鸵鸟产蛋落地后常常被泥土、粪便污染，受污染的鸟蛋经过清洗、 消毒等多重手续处理，还是免不了受细菌感染， 孵化过程中常出现中晚期蛋内雏鸟死亡，甚至出现“炸蛋”， 以致整箱蛋受感染而报废，给饲养场带来不必要的经济损失。 我们在对孵化中的鸟蛋进行多次观察，发现， 受污染的鸟蛋在孵化中期出现蛋内有多处细菌斑点， 还有孵化后期的鸟蛋因受细菌感染，自身蛋温升高加快，致使晚期死之。 通常在孵化过程中发现有些鸟蛋后期突然失重加大， 解剖后雏鸟干枯死之，这便是典型的细菌感染。
实行“人工接蛋”， 经过长期的观察和试验，一年中接蛋率在85%以上，孵化出雏率比过去提高20%，现将此法介绍如下，供参考。
一、分管技术员受掌握鸵鸟开产期， 首先备好经过熏蒸消毒的塑料袋或干净毛巾。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
二、 通知饲养员对开产期的鸟进行观察一般开产鸟在前10天左右雄鸟邦助母鸟在圈内“扒窝”， 母鸟常在坑边转圈，鼻孔发红，开产当开进食量减少， 特别是产前母鸟在圈内来回走动焦燥不安， 这时饲养员要把手用消毒液洗干净，准备好塑料袋或毛巾， 静候在鸵鸟不易发现的地方进行观察。(鸵鸟产蛋一般是在下午2点,7点左右)。
三、产蛋前2分钟左右，母鸟会蹲下，口流黏液，扇动双翅，发出震颤志声，开始产蛋。 此时接蛋人员要立即轻跑过去， 一手拿毛巾接蛋量一只手轻提鸟的尾羽，防止尾羽沾上鸟蛋而受污染。 接蛋时人要蹲下防止雄鸟对你的功击。
四、接下的蛋是干净潮湿的， 饲养员要及时送交种蛋熏蒸室，孵化员接管进行消毒立档储存。 消毒时要等蛋表面水份风干后才能进行。(雨天接蛋要用塑料袋，防止雨水污染)。
五、熏蒸或储存鸟蛋应把有气室的一头朝上放好。 鸟产蛋时有气室的一头先出来，接蛋时只要注意一下， 告知孵化员便行了， 接蛋能解决气室方向认定的一个难题。 上一篇:鸵鸟产蛋期的饲养管理
下一篇:非洲鸵鸟北方冬养技术
非洲鸵鸟北方冬养技术
2005-4-1
由于非洲鸵鸟(下面简称鸵鸟或鸟)冬季不产蛋，所以越冬时只考虑成鸟(一周岁以上)和雏鸟(一周岁以内)两部分。
,(成鸟越冬
经过多年的驯化，成鸟已经具备了抗寒能力。冬季成鸟须有一间,,平方米左右的空房，即可容纳一组鸟(一雄二雌共三只)过冬了。房子里千万不要用炉子或暖气加热，否则会降office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
低鸵鸟的抗寒能力。地上的垫料可用锯末子、玉米秸、大豆秸、稻草等(内垫,,厘米厚即可)，但千万要注意玉米秸不用切碎，大豆秸和稻草最好用铡草机切碎，否则鸵鸟吃下整根的干草秸后，这些干草秸长时间不消化并缠绕在鸵鸟的肠子上造成鸵鸟死亡。一定要注意垫玉米秸时要把根朝墙，这样可避免锋利的玉米秸切茬划伤鸵鸟脚。每天早晨可根据鸵鸟的表现确定外出时间，观其活动自如可早出晚归。如鸵鸟哆嗦集堆，不愿出屋或朝房子方向拥挤时就要晚放早归。雪天过后要扫除积雪后再放鸟。
饲料方面，冬季成鸟精料同夏季精料。可加用冻白菜、萝卜、芥菜叶等冻菜，用冻菜时最好不要化开再切碎饲喂，因为化开后送到外面饲喂时又会重新冻结影响鸵鸟进食。
,(雏鸟越冬
雏鸟越冬时，晚间雏鸟睡觉处垫料要切碎，草秸长约,(,厘米左右，垫约,,厘米厚。白天雏鸟运动场处垫沙子或炉灰，沙中的石子或炉灰块直径不超过,厘米为宜。室内温度看鸵鸟月龄而定。,月龄以上雏鸟最佳室内温度在,,?以上为宜。由于冬季室内缺少日光照射所以饲料中一定要添加适量维生素,,,粉。
雏鸟越冬最重要的问题是:温度、湿度、通风三者之间的关系。一入冬时没有必要室内加温，但随着天气越来越冷，室内就要用煤炉取暖。如鸟舍过大或用塑料大棚育雏时最好用大油桶改制的炉子取暖为好，炉子周围要设置防护栏以免雏鸟烫伤。炉筒子最好用粗一些的。冬季有些人只注意加温，对湿度考虑不够。因此，温度、湿度和通风一定要综合考虑，否则就会使各种疾病不断出现，造成很多不必要的损失。
具体作法是:加温要稍高一些(大约加到,,?以上)这样通风后温度就适宜了。通风最好用鸟舍房顶的专用排气孔或用烟窗开口后当排气孔，可使得既排出浊气又不会使室外凉office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
风直接侵袭雏鸟，又可以降低湿度。饲料中还可以加一些酶制剂，这样可大量减少室内臭气的产生。必要时可在中午气温较高时开窗通风，湿度在,,,,,,,之间为好，人在鸟舍中感觉到空气新鲜、无浊气味最好。
有些人为了降低湿度而减少雏鸟的饮水量和食菜量。实践证明这不是什么好办法，好的办法是勤更换舍内运动场的垫料，垫料用干炉灰较好。更换垫料时，尽量做到少起粉尘，这样可减少呼吸系统的发病率。一旦有呼吸系统疾病出现时，可用人用的口中喷药急救后再使用红霉素药物即可治愈。初得病时，呼吸时有杂音，这时可用兽药“咳喘霸王”加到饲料中，,,,天即可治愈。
上一篇:鸵鸟养殖管理
下一篇:鸵鸟的饲养、繁育、场地建设
鸵鸟的饲养、繁育、场地建设
2005-4-1
鸵鸟的性成熟与产蛋
人工饲养条件下的雌鸵鸟一般在2—3岁时发育成熟。第一年产蛋较少，一般为20—40枚，以后逐年增加，到7岁时达到产蛋高峰，达到80—100枚左右，有效繁殖期为40—50年。雄鸵鸟性成熟略晚于雌鸵鸟，所以在引种时要注意，雄鸵鸟须要比雌鸵鸟大半年或1年，才能达到比较理想的繁殖效果。
雌鸵鸟每年3—4月份开始产蛋，持续到9月份。其持续时间的长短受食物、气候及自身条件的影响。在自然条件下，繁殖季节一开始，一只雄鸵鸟带2—3只雌鸵鸟(即通常所说office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
的“一妻二妾制”)形成一个单位而单独活动。当雄鸵鸟和雌鸵鸟求爱时，会做出优美的动作，炫耀自己的羽毛，交配时间约30秒至1分钟。雄鸵鸟一般一天交配4—6次，也有性欲强者可达8次以上。雌鸵鸟在交配后很快就会产蛋，一般隔一天产1枚蛋，通常产12—16枚就开始自然孵化。为了让母鸵鸟多产蛋进行人工孵化，可以在鸵鸟产蛋后把蛋取走，这样在整个繁殖季节可以连续产蛋，取蛋时要防止雄鸵鸟的攻击。食物供给不足，雌鸵鸟产蛋数就少;体况过肥，繁殖性能差，且无精蛋多。一般产12—20枚休息1周，然后开始下一个产蛋周期，但高产鸵鸟可连续产40枚才休息。主要与饲养管理有关。低产鸵鸟及老龄鸵鸟的产蛋几乎没有规律。正常种蛋的受精率为60,—85,。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
鸵鸟的选种选配技术
1(选种
(1)种鸵鸟选择项目
体形外貌:体格健壮，发育匀称，头部清秀，眼大有神，姿势端正，步伐灵敏。产蛋量高的雌鸵鸟，背部羽片污浊，毛尖干缩，背后半部羽毛稀短或无毛、尾巴下垂，后躯丰满肥厚。
生殖器:雄鸵鸟的阴茎粗、长，向左弯曲，阴茎长25厘米以上。
生产性能:包括产肉性能和繁殖性能。产肉性能包括生长速度、料肉比、屠宰率。繁殖性能指开产日龄、年产蛋量、蛋重、受精率、孵化率、出雏率、育雏成活率等。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
(2)选种方法
个体选择:根据鸵鸟个体品质直接进行选种。它不仅是反映种鸟生产力的指标，并在一定程度上反映种鸟的育种价值。
家系选择:以整个家系(包括全同胞和半同胞家系)作为一个选择单位，根据家系生产性能的平均值进行选择。
系谱选择:根据系谱记录的祖先、同胞和后裔的品种和性能进行选择。
在实际工作中，要综合以上方法进行选种并有所侧重。幼鸟育成阶段以系谱选择为主，辅以外形和生长发育鉴定。当种鸟已表现出生产性能时，则以个体选择为主，系谱鉴定为辅。
2(选配
(1)选配方法
亲缘选配:种鸟群的选配常采用非近亲交配，即选配种鸟没有3代以内的血缘关系。但为了巩固培育某些优良性状时，可采用全同胞或半同胞近亲交配。
同质选配:选用性能相同的雌雄种鸟进行交配。
年龄选配:用年龄较大的雄鸵鸟与青年雌鸵鸟交配，可以提高受精率。
(2)雌雄比例 优秀的雄鸵鸟每天可交配5次，性欲强的每天可达8次以上。因此，1只雄鸵鸟可以配4—5只雌鸵鸟。但为了达到最佳繁殖效果，雄雌比例以1:3为宜。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
在人工饲养条件下，雄鸵鸟对配偶没有明显的选择性，故可根据生产需要随时调配种鸟。繁殖季节按1雄3雌组成1个繁殖单位进行配种，有利于系谱记录和辨认后代血缘。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
鸵鸟的孵化
1(种蛋采集、保存、选择和消毒
(1)种蛋采集 绝大多数雌鸵鸟在下午3—6时产蛋，个别产自上午或夜间。鸵鸟产蛋后要及时捡蛋，以减少破损和污染。雄鸵鸟有保护雌鸵鸟及鸟蛋的本能，捡时要2人配合，1人将鸟赶开，1人把蛋捡走。捡蛋时应将手洗净或戴手套，以免污染种蛋。对污染的种蛋用消毒湿毛巾擦干净。种蛋须登记，注明雌、雄种鸟号码和产蛋日期，并称重编号。
(2)种蛋选择 合格的种蛋要求清洁，表面不应有泥土、粪便以及其他污物;其二要求大小适中，蛋重过大过小都会影响孵化率和雏鸟的质量，一般要求种蛋重1(5千克左右，超过2千克和小于1千克的种蛋一般应淘汰。第三要求种蛋的外形呈卵圆形，纵径16—17厘米，横径13—14厘米，过长、过圆、扁形及畸形蛋孵化率低。种蛋的颜色一般为乳白色或米黄色。洁白色的蛋孵化率较低。
(3)种蛋保存 种蛋贮存时应大头朝上垂直或倾斜放置，时间以3—5天为宜，如果贮存期不超过7天，可不翻蛋。若种蛋贮存不超过4天，保存温度以16—18?为宜;超过4天应为13?左右。相对湿度为60,。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
(4)种蛋消毒 鸵鸟蛋从母体产出时会被泄殖腔排泄物污染而附着细菌，随着时间的推移，细菌大量繁殖并通过蛋壳上的气孔进入蛋内，对种蛋的孵化有影响。因此，必须对种蛋进行严格的消毒。种蛋消毒方法较多，一般以甲醛熏蒸消毒法常用。方法是将种蛋放在储蛋室或消毒柜内，按每立方米空间用甲醛溶液(福尔马林)30毫升、高锰酸钾15克的剂量，在温度20—25?的条件下密闭熏蒸20分钟。使用这种方法要注意，甲醛与高锰酸钾反应剧烈，又具有很大的腐蚀性。所以，要用容积较大的陶瓷容器，先加入少量温水，投入高锰酸钾，再加入甲醛。20分钟以后要及时排出消毒柜中的烟雾，待种蛋的温度逐渐降至18?时，转入贮蛋柜中或入孵化器进行孵化。
2(孵化
(1)孵化前的准备 种蛋入孵前，要认真检查孵化室的密封、保温、通风条件，孵化室内温度最好恒定在22—25?。对孵化室、机具等进行全面消毒。开机试温、预热2—3天后即可人孵。
(2)孵化期的管理
孵化温、湿度控制 鸵鸟孵化期为42天，孵化中前期温度恒定在36(8?，孵化后期30—42天，胚胎自身产生大量的热，需要的温度相对较低，以36?为宜。孵化要求的湿度较低，孵化器内相对湿度为20,—40,(不同国家不同地区报道不一致)。合适的相对湿度是根据孵化种蛋失重率来确定的。种蛋在整个孵化期内失重率为14,时，说明孵化器内相对湿度最合适。孵化室内环境相对湿度在40,时，孵化器内基本不用加湿。如果孵化室相对湿度低于40,，就需要加湿。当环境相对湿度高达70,时，孵化器本身无法把孵化器内的湿度降下来，需要采用孵化室内增设空调或对进入孵化器的空气进行抽湿处理。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
照蛋:照蛋的目的是观察胚胎发育程度和异常情况，及时剔除无精蛋和死胚蛋。第一次照蛋是在入孵时进行，检查种蛋放入蛋盘时气室是否朝上。第二次照蛋是在入孵的第十二天，此时鸵鸟的喙和喙尖开始形成，腿和翅膀大致分化，尿囊膜扩展到蛋壳膜内表面，胚胎的躯干部增大，照蛋时可见到清晰的血管，能见到头部和躯干部2个小圆团，称为“双珠”。入孵第三十四天进行第三次照蛋，此时蛋内全黑色，看不见血管，蛋的小头被胚胎充满，称为“封门”。
翻蛋:鸵鸟蛋黄含脂肪多，比重较轻，浮在蛋的中间由系带系着，胚胎吸收养分，排除废物。如果长时间处于一种位置，蛋黄不能维系在蛋的中央，容易与蛋壳的内膜粘连。翻蛋的目的在于使胚胎外部空间定位，同时也防止粘连，促进羊膜运动。
鸵鸟蛋孵化期内一般每2小时翻蛋1次，40天转入出雏器后停止翻蛋。目前一般孵化器设计的翻蛋角度为前俯后仰各45度，据研究，如果翻蛋角度增大到50—55度，会促进胚胎发育和血液循环，使孵化率有所提高。
落盘与出雏:鸵鸟胚胎孵化到40天由孵化器移到出雏器为落盘。此时胚胎是从尿囊绒毛膜呼吸转换为肺呼吸的生理变化最剧烈时期。胚胎气体代谢旺盛，如氧气供应不足会导致胚胎死亡。把胚胎转入出雏器后，可以得到较多的新鲜空气，而且散热条件好，有利于胚胎渡过危险期。
如果小鸟的胎位正常，头在趾的上方，小鸟喙破蛋膜进入气室，约12小时就可自行出壳。出壳后断脐非常重要，如果断脐不好，细菌通过脐带进入造成感染。自行出壳的小鸟一般脐带吸收良好，不会出血。可在脐带端涂碘酒消毒，然后用灭菌的纱布包扎。如果小鸟啄破蛋膜进入气室，12小时还未啄破蛋壳，或是胎位不正，41天还未进入气室，就要在气室office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
的顶端打一小孔，以供给小鸟充足的氧气，并逐渐剥掉顶部的蛋壳，让小鸟白行出壳。再过6小时如果仍未出壳，就需助产，从鸟的头部开始往下剥壳，每次剥的壳占蛋纵轴长的1,5。发现内壳膜发白或有红色血管时要停止往下剥，停留2—3小时再往下剥，从鸟的头部剥到背部直到尾部，最后从脐带部拿掉蛋壳。脐带用碘酒消毒包扎。过2天后，脐带再进行一次消毒和包扎。助产是不得以才用，不要急于进行助产，原则上让其自己出壳，助产应尽量往后推迟。
雏鸟出壳后应及时捡出蛋壳，然后让雏鸟在出雏器内待到羽毛全干，且能站立行走时再转入育雏室。人工助产的雏鸟体质弱，要在出雏器内多呆一些时间。有的雏鸟出壳后就发现腿和趾有畸形现象，需要及时矫正。如果是呈外八字形，可用灭菌纱布把两条腿之间留一定距离拴在一起，一般几天后可矫正过来。
雌雄鉴别:15月龄以前的鸵鸟体形和羽毛基本一致，很难从外表上区别雌雄。进行雌雄鉴别有利于分群饲养和营养配给。雏鸵鸟的雌雄鉴别多采用翻肛法，即翻开雏鸵鸟的肛门，看是否有向左弯曲的阴茎。但这种方法只有70,左右的准确性。因此，雏鸵鸟的雌雄鉴别要进行几次，一般在1周龄、2月龄、3月龄分别进行鉴定。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
鸵鸟的营养需要
粗纤维是鸵鸟饲料中最重要的营养素之一，但目前尚未确定鸵鸟对纤维的需要量。饲料中纤维含量的确定取决于鸵鸟的年龄，一般在6,—18,之间。鸵鸟的蛋白质需要量也未准确测定，一般饲料的粗蛋白质含量为14,—22,，雏鸵鸟饲料中的粗蛋白质含量最高，以office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
后随年龄的增长而降低。种鸵鸟饲料中的粗蛋白质含量以18,为宜。有关鸵鸟营养研究的资料以美国Angel(1993)的报道最为全面。经研究证明，鸵鸟在10周龄时就能消化饲料中50,以上的中性洗涤纤维，10周龄以后的鸵鸟从饲料中获取能量的效率比鸡高40,。虽然10周龄以下的幼鸵鸟不能像成年鸵鸟那样有效利用纤维，但饲料应含纤维以促进幼鸵鸟后肠道中有益微生物区系的建立。
在鸵鸟产蛋期、育雏期和幼鸟的生长发育期，满足钙、磷的供给是非常重要的，如果饲料中供给不足或鸵鸟本身吸收发生障碍，将会严重影响幼鸟的生长发育，使新生幼鸟骨骼软弱，造成跗跖、脚趾弯曲，腿骨、翅骨易折断;种鸵鸟缺乏钙、磷时，表现为蛋壳粗糙或壳薄易碎，甚至下软壳蛋，影响产蛋数量和孵化率。镁不足的早期表现为血管扩张、充血和脉博次数增加，严重不足时会使鸵鸟出现痉挛、神经过敏等症状。鸵鸟饲料中镁的适宜添加量为0(23,—0(25,。
在鸵鸟的饲料营养中，维生素E和硒也是十分重要的。鸵鸟临床病例中的肌肉变性疾病与缺乏维生素E和硒有关。业已发现，鸵鸟的脑软化症可能是由于缺乏维生素E。成年鸟缺乏维生素E主要表现为生殖器官病理变化和生殖机能的紊乱。如发情推迟，失配增加，无精蛋明显增多，产蛋数量下降，甚至不发情、不产蛋，也就是说雌鸟失去正常的生育能力。饲料中维生素E的推荐水平为80国际单位/千克。硒的推荐量为0(1毫克/千克。各阶段鸵鸟日粮的营养水平见表4—2。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
鸵鸟的饲料与饲料配方
1(青绿饲料 鸵鸟的饲料主要有两大类，一是青绿饲料，二是配合精饲料。鸵鸟饲料以青绿饲料为主，约占全部日粮的70,，成年鸵鸟日需青料2(5—5千克。青绿饲料要求新鲜、无腐烂、无农药污染，洗净不带泥土。饲喂前切碎，长度为0(5—3厘米，放槽中自由采食。鸵鸟虽然可以消化粗纤维，但秸秆以及木质化程度很高的粗饲料不但利用率低，而且还容易造成腺胃阻塞。所以，鸵鸟对粗饲料的要求比较高。一般应以豆科牧草、禾本科牧草和各种青菜作为鸵鸟的饲料。包括苜蓿、红三叶、柱花草、象草、皇草、甘薯藤、苦荬菜、胡萝卜、黑麦草、墨西哥玉米、槐树叶等。在实际饲养中各种青绿饲料合理搭配，其饲养效果更好(表4—3)。下列植物对鸵鸟有毒有害:杜鹃花、黑刺槐、青绿色藻类、蓖麻、蔓陀罗、飞燕草、毛地黄、金链花、毒芹、印度芜菁、桧属植物、刺豆属草、桑橙、附子、龙葵、橡树、夹竹桃、山扁豆属植物等。
2(精饲料的配制 鸵鸟精饲料所使用的原料与猪、鸡类似，最大特点是可以大量使用草粉。配合精饲料最好制成颗粒饲料，鸵鸟喜欢吃同时也减少浪费，粒径以6—8毫米为宜。
(1)雏鸵鸟的精料配制 1—3月龄雏鸟的混合料中，粗蛋白质的含量在21,—22,，若单纯喂含高蛋白质的混合精料，很快会导致腿病的发生。其对钙、磷等矿物质元素的要求比雏鸡、鸭高得多，可在饲料中添加一些含钙的饲料如贝壳粉、碳酸钙、磷酸氢钙等。若以雏鸡饲料喂雏鸵鸟，应添加2,—2(5,的骨粉，可有效防止腿病的发生。
推荐饲料配方:玉米56,，小麦6,，豆粕12,，麸皮3,，进口鱼粉6,，苜蓿草粉10,，食盐0(4,，碳酸氢钙1(8,，贝壳粉0(8,，骨粉3,，蛋氨酸0(4,，赖氨酸office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
0(4,，多种维生素0(1,，微量元素0(1,。日喂量:1—30日龄120克，31—60日龄120—600克，61—90日龄600—700克。
(2)育成期鸵鸟的精料配制 3月龄以上的育成期鸵鸟应改喂生长期料，推荐的粗蛋白质含量为16,—17,。同时也要注意钙、磷的补充，育成期鸵鸟的钙磷需要量比生长鸡要高30,—40,。
推荐饲料配方:玉米46,，小麦6,，豆粕8,，麸皮10,，进口鱼粉4,，苜蓿草粉20,，食盐0(4,，磷酸氢钙2,，贝壳粉0(5,，骨粉2(5,，蛋氨酸0(2,，赖氨酸0(2,，多种维生素0(1,，微量元素0(1,。日喂量:4—7月龄0(8—1(4千克，7—12月龄1(4—1(9千克。
(3)产蛋期鸵鸟的精料配制 产蛋期鸵鸟饲养的关键是供给平衡的日粮，特别是能量的供给量不能过多，代谢能以10(5兆焦/千克为宜。否则雌鸵鸟就会肥胖，致使产蛋大幅度下降或停产。精饲料中粗蛋白质含量以18,为宜。钙及有效磷的含量分别为3,和1,。赖氨酸及蛋氨酸+胱氨酸的含量分别为0(90,和0(75,。
产蛋期鸵鸟的维生素和微量元素的需要量与种鸡相比差别较大。鸵鸟所需维生素除维生素E、泛酸、生物素与种鸡相似外，维生素A比种鸡高6000国际单位/千克，维生素D比种鸡高1000国际单位/千克，维生素B1比种鸡高1(2毫克/千克，维生素B2比种鸡高2(2毫克/千克，烟酸比种鸡高20毫克/千克，胆碱比种鸡高300毫克/千克。其所需的铁、锌、碘也比种鸡高，而铜的需要量却比种鸡低。所以使用种鸡用的多维和微量元素添加剂是不科学的，有条件的饲养场应单独配制。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
推荐饲料配方:玉米44,，小麦5,，豆粕12,，麸皮5,，进口鱼粉7,，苜蓿草粉20,，食盐0(4,，磷酸氢钙2,，贝壳粉0(6,，骨粉3(3,，蛋氨酸0(25,，赖氨酸0(25,，多维0(1,，微量元素0(1,。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
鸵鸟育雏期的饲养管理
雏鸵鸟从出壳到3月龄为育雏期。此期间的雏鸟由于各种生理机能尚未健全，抵抗力低，对环境条件的变化十分敏感。饲养管理工作稍有闪失，都将造成重大损失，影响到育雏成活率，或使淘汰率增加。因此，育雏期的饲养管理是养殖鸵鸟成败关键的一环。
1(育雏前的准备工作
(1)育雏舍 育雏舍专门用于饲养3月龄以内的雏鸟。要求干燥、卫生，保持良好通风。人雏前1周进行全面打扫和消毒，地面和墙壁用1,—2,的火碱喷洒消毒，然后关闭门窗，用甲醛溶液、高锰酸钾熏蒸消毒。在育雏室门口设置火碱消毒池。入雏前1天，将育雏室的温度升至22—25?，保持相对湿度50,—60,。
(2)育雏器具 目前我国大部分地区采用育雏伞或红外线灯来育雏。育雏伞一般采用大型号的折叠式电热育雏伞，伞顶装有电子控温器，伞内用陶瓷远红外线加热板或U型红外铁管加热，功率1000瓦。入雏前对育雏伞或育雏箱进行彻底消毒。开启育雏伞上的温控器或育雏箱上的红外线灯，温度调至34—36?。在伞和育雏箱四周加置防护网。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
食槽要求光滑平整，雏鸵鸟吃食方便，便于清洗和消毒。食槽要固定好，否则被雏鸟踩翻，既浪费饲料又可能压伤雏鸟。水槽一般使用水盆，使用前要进行清洗和消毒。鸵鸟饮水的特点是嘴向前耍水，然后头向上抬。因此，要用宽阔的盆子盛水。
2(雏鸵鸟的饲养管理
(1)入雏 雏鸟出壳后在出雏器内停留24小时，再转入育雏室内饲养。初生雏鸟的饲养密度为每平方米5—6只，随日龄的增加逐渐降低密度，到3月龄时雏鸵鸟每只最少2平方米。按雏鸟周龄的增长而逐渐分群。
(2)温度调节 育雏第一周温度控制在34—36?，以后每周降低2?，至第七周达到21—22?即可。1周龄雏鸟抵抗力低，温度骤变、风吹或雨淋等，都会使雏鸟引起感冒、肺炎而死亡。要经常观察雏鸟，根据雏鸟的活动状态来调整温度。温度低时，雏鸟就会靠近热源，挤在一起，发出震颤的吱吱叫声，易造成挤压伤或压死。尤其在晚上或停电时更要注意。温度高时，雏鸟张口呼吸，饮水增加。如果温度适中，雏鸟活泼好动，食欲旺盛，羽毛有光泽，休息和睡眠安静。2月龄时可以脱离人工保温，遇寒冷季节可适当推迟。
(3)开食与饲喂 刚出壳的雏鸟并不饥饿，其腹内的卵黄提供的营养足以满足48—72小时的营养需要。开食过早会使卵黄吸收不完全，损伤消化器官，对以后的生长发育不利。因此，雏鸟出壳后72小时开食为好。开食前应先给饮水，水中加0(01,的高锰酸钾。饮水后2小时再喂给混合精饲料，精饲料以粉状拌湿喂给，也可用嫩绿的菜叶、多汁的青草、煮熟切碎的鸡蛋作为开食料。在这期间不能在育雏伞、育雏箱内使用垫草和其他垫料，因为此时雏鸟分不清什么东西可食与不可食，只要能吞咽进去的东西就吃，往往造成肠梗阻。1周龄雏鸟的饲料以少喂勤添为原则，每隔3小时投喂1次，以后逐渐减少到4小时喂1次。每office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
次先喂青绿饲料，后喂精饲料，每次以不剩料为准。1周龄以后喂料可不用拌湿料，而改喂颗粒料。1—3月龄的雏鸟精料占日粮的60,，青饲料占40,。镁的缺乏可引起骨骼病变，从3周龄开始，可以在饮水中补充硫酸镁，添加剂量为每10升水中加5克。
(4)光照与通风 1—8日龄每天光照20—24小时，2—12周龄每天光照16—18小时。1周龄以后，如果天气晴朗，外界气温高，可将雏鸟放到运动场上活动晒太阳。阳光对雏鸟的作用很大，它可使雏鸟皮肤中的7-脱氢胆固醇转变为维生素D，后者参与体内的钙磷代谢，防止腿病的发生。所以，应尽可能让雏鸟在阳光下活动。在我国的北方，冬季育雏，可建玻璃温室运动场或塑料大棚运动场。
通风换气的目的是排出室内污浊的空气，换入新鲜空气，同时也调节室内的温湿度。在炎热的夏季，育雏舍应打开窗户通风。冬季通风要避免对流，要使雏鸟远离风口，防止感冒。一般通风以闻不到氨味为准。如果鸵鸟饲养密度较大，室内排泄物多，产生的氨就多，会直接影响鸵鸟的生长发育。
(5)综合防疫措施 雏鸟机体抵抗力较差，容易患病，所以要采取综合防疫措施。除饲料要保证营养外，主要应加强卫生和消毒，饮水要保证清洁，饲料要保证新鲜不变质。尤其是夏季喂给雏鸟的草和菜，切碎后应尽快喂，不要存放时间过长，否则极易腐烂和产生亚硝酸盐。环境卫生尤为重要，雏鸟有些疾病与环境卫生和饲养用具被污染有很大关系。如脐炎、卵黄囊感染、痢疾等，都是雏鸟常见病。主要是由于雏鸟脐部消毒不严或育雏室湿度太高，霉菌繁殖造成感染所致。运动场要经常清扫，不应存有树枝、砂砾、碎玻璃、铁丝或塑料袋等杂物，如果被鸵鸟吞食，就会导致消化不良、腺胃阻塞或创伤性胃炎。为预防疾病发生，对育雏舍、用具、工作服、鞋帽及周围环境进行定期和不定期的消毒。2月龄时，根据疫情，对雏鸟进行新城疫、支气管炎和大肠杆菌病的预防注射。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
鸵鸟育成期的饲养管理
1(育成期的饲养 当鸵鸟长到4月龄时，体重已达到36千克，已能适应各种自然条件，应改喂育成期饲料。从育雏期过渡到育成期，要做好饲料更换工作。做法是:脱温后的第1周仍喂育雏料，第二周用2,3育雏料加1,3育成料，第3周用1,3育雏料加2,3育成料，从第四周起全部用育成料。饲喂育成期的鸵鸟，最关键的是防止其过肥。所以随着鸵鸟日龄的增大，吸收利用粗纤维的能力逐渐增强，应尽可能让其采食青绿饲料，限制混合精饲料的饲喂量。夏秋季早晨可以待露水消失后，把鸵鸟驱赶到苜蓿地或人工草地放牧。不能带露水放牧，因为露水会打湿鸵鸟的腹部，引起肚胀、腹泻。不放牧的育成期鸵鸟，饲喂应定时、定量，以日喂4次为宜。
2(育成期的管理 3月龄以上的鸵鸟在春夏季可饲养在舍外，晚秋和冬季的白天在舍外饲养，夜间要赶入饲养棚。鸵鸟原生活于沙漠地区，喜欢沙浴，通过沙浴可以洁身和清除体表寄生虫，增加运动量。饲养棚和运动场要垫沙，最好用黄色河沙，沙粒大小适中，铺沙厚度为10—20厘米。运动场可采用部分铺沙，部分种草，同时种植一些遮荫的树或搭建遮荫棚。
鸵鸟的神经比较敏感，受到惊吓时全群骚动狂奔，容易造成外伤和难产。所以，要保证鸵鸟场周围环境的安静，避免汽笛、机械撞击、爆破等突发性强烈震响。
饲喂后2小时应驱赶鸵鸟运动，以避免鸵鸟过多沉积脂肪，这对大群饲养的育成期鸵鸟更重要，驱赶运动每次以1小时为宜。保证供给清洁的饮水，水盆每天清洗1次，每周消毒office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
1次。育成期鸵鸟采食量大，排泄粪便也多。因此，运动场要经常清除粪便、异物，定期消毒。
当鸵鸟长到6月龄时，可进行第一次拔毛，因为出售羽毛是养殖鸵鸟的一项可观收入。一般在温暖的季节拔毛，冬季不能拔。拔毛时勿用力过猛以免损伤皮肤，腹部的毛不能拔。以后每隔9个月拔毛1次。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
鸵鸟产蛋期的饲养管理
1(产蛋期的饲养
(1)饲喂方法 人工饲养的鸵鸟每天的活动比较有规律。因此，应根据其生活规律定时、定量进行饲喂。每天早晨天一亮，鸵鸟就在运动场上围着边网跑步，跑15—20分钟后进行交配、采食。所以首次饲喂时间以早6点半至7点半为宜。1天饲喂4次，每次饲喂的间隔尽可能相等。饲喂顺序可以先粗后精，也可以把精饲料拌入青饲料中一起饲喂。精饲料喂量一般每只控制在1(5千克左右，以防过肥而使产蛋量下降或停产。
(2)饲料与营养 产蛋期鸵鸟配合饲料中粗蛋白质含量以18,为宜，代谢能10，5兆焦/千克。青饲料以自由采食为主。特别要注意种鸟对钙的摄入，除了饲料中给予足够的钙磷外，在栏舍内可以设置饲喂骨粉的食槽，任种鸵鸟自由采食。
2(产蛋期的管理
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
(1)分群 雌鸵鸟在24—30月龄达到性成熟，雄鸵鸟在36月龄达到性成熟。性成熟前以大群饲养，每群20—30只，产蛋前1个月进行配偶分群。一般是4只(1雄3雌)为一饲养单位。分群工作一般是在傍晚进行，先将雌鸵鸟引入种鸟舍，然后再将雄鸟引入，这样可以减少雌雄之间、种群之间的排异性。
(2)运动场 鸵鸟体型较大，需要的运动场面积相应也要大。1个饲养单位(1雄3雌)约需1500平方米左右。这样可以给鸵鸟提供较为自由的活动范围，有利于提高受精率，防止过肥。鸵鸟一般是有规律的自由活动，不必驱赶运动。如果饲养群较大，7只或14只以上为一饲养单位，则需要驱赶运动，最好在每天的上午和下午各驱赶1—2小时。
运动场要保持良好的卫生，随时清除场内的粪便和杂物，在鸟栏和食槽旁不要随意放置杂物，以免鸵鸟误食硬性异物，导致前胃阻塞和肠穿孔，造成非常死亡。运动场及棚舍最好每周消毒1次。
(3)休产 为了保持雌鸵鸟优良的产蛋性能，延长其使用年限，需强制休产。一般掌握在每年11月份至次年1月份为休产期。休产期开始时雌雄鸟分开饲养，停止配种，停喂精料5天使雌鸵鸟停止产蛋，然后喂以休产期饲料。
(4)捕捉 若要调换运动场或出售鸵鸟需要捕捉时，应特别小心。因为鸵鸟头骨很薄呈海绵状，头颈处连接也比较脆弱，均经不起撞击。捕捉的前1天在棚舍内饲喂，趁其采食时关入棚舍，捕捉时需3—4人合作，抓住颈部和翼羽，扶住前胸，在头部套上黑色头罩使其安定。鸵鸟一旦套上头罩，蒙住双眼，则任人摆布，可将其顺利装笼、装车。但对凶猛的鸵鸟要特别小心，在捕捉前3—4小时适量喂一些镇静药物。
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
(5)运输 种鸵鸟运输前须减料停产，确保运输时输卵管中无成熟的蛋。运输前3—4小时停喂饲料，在饮水中添加维生素C、食盐和镇静剂，以防止应激反应。运输季节以秋、冬、春季为宜，最好选择夜间进行，因鸵鸟看不清外界景物，可以减少骚动。运输工具和笼具要消毒，笼具要求坚固通风，顶部加盖黑色围网。运输过程中随时观察鸵鸟动态，长途运输注意定时给水。保持车内通风良好，对燥动不安的鸵鸟戴上黑色头罩。运到的鸵鸟由于应激，1—3天内常会表现食欲下降，粪便呈粒状。应及时补充维生素、电解质，饲料投喂逐步过渡，以利鸵鸟运输应激后的恢复。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
场址选择
场址选择，首先考虑满足鸵鸟的生态条件，故宜选择气候温暖、干燥、少“梅雨”、非雷区和无大风暴侵袭的地方。地址最好建在沙质缓坡地，要求干燥、坚实、周围排水通畅，不受山洪、水浸的影响;场周边环境宜安静，要远离交通干道、居民区、工业生产区和养禽场，避免噪音干扰、环境污染和疫病传播。此外，还要考虑交通方便和水、电、草料的供应条件。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
规划布局
鸵鸟场设计要根据饲养规模确定占地面积，预留发展余地，按卫生防疫要求合理布局。 office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
一个体系完整的鸵鸟养殖场，应分别划分饲养区、孵化区、饲料及产品加工区、工作生活区和饲料基地等。饲养生产区应与管理、生活区分开，以减少外界对鸵鸟的干扰。饲养区内也要划分种鸵鸟区、育雏区、后备种鸵鸟区、商品鸵鸟区等，每区之间要有适当的距离。加工房、堆粪场应设在饲养场的下风向
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
栏舍建造
1(设计要求
(1)饲养面积 根据鸵鸟的生物学特征，要提供足够的饲养面积。如饲养面积不足，运动场狭窄，鸵鸟互相冲撞，造成损伤，导致生产性能下降，甚至出现消化性疾病。在广阔的草地围栏放牧，面积不受限制。在集约饲养条件下，则根据经济、合理、密度适当的原则安排。每只鸵鸟栏舍面积为:1—60日龄，室内0(3—0(8平方米，室外2平方米;61—180日龄，室内2平方米，室外15平方米;181—540日龄，室内4平方米，室外25平方米;种鸵鸟，室内10平方米，室外300平方米。
(2)围栏 鸵鸟场以围栏相隔，栏高2米左右，材料应光滑不带刺，最好有一定弹性，以免鸵鸟碰撞时受伤。可用铁丝网、金属管栏栅，也可用简易的竹木栏栅。
(3)铺沙 室内、运动场铺5—20厘米厚的沙，使地面硬度适中。
(4)排水 整个场地要分区、分栏建排水沟。
图4-1 双列式栏舍
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
图4-2 单列式栏舍
(5)绿化 栏舍周围最好能设1—1(5米宽的绿化带，既可净化环境又可种植青饲料。
2(种鸵鸟栏舍 种鸵鸟一般1雄、3雌为一个繁殖单位，分栏饲养，需使用面积1200—1500平方米，其中鸟舍面积40平方米，其余为运动场。鸟舍用作避风、挡雨、遮荫和调教种鸟产蛋。因鸵鸟高大，舍门应宽大，门高不得低于3米，便于鸵鸟进出。鸟舍正对运动场的一面敞开，舍内做一个宽1米、深0(2米的沙巢，供雌鸵鸟产蛋。在配种季节，相邻的种鸵鸟栏间最好用纤维布遮挡，避免种鸟间相互干扰配种。种鸵鸟栏舍的建筑方式有双列式小间、单列式大间和群养大围栏舍，也可根据饲养规模、地形等因地制宜选择建筑方式(参见图4—1、4—2、4—3)。
3(雏鸵鸟栏舍 雏鸟舍要求类似雏鸡舍，应具有保温、干燥、通风、防暑的功能，备有通风增温设施。栏舍宜座北朝南，带有相应的半荫棚运动场。为防鼠害，室内做水泥地面。运动场有1,3的水泥地面，其余为沙地(参见图4—4)。
图4—3 大围栏舍
图4—4 单列式雏鸵鸟栏舍
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
主要设备、用具
鸵鸟场应具备孵化设施和育雏保温设备。孵化设施大致与养鸡场相同，包括储蛋室、孵
化室和孵化机、出雏机。孵化机可订做专用机，如电子工业部41所研制的豪华型孵化设备、
江苏无锡孵化厂生产的孵化机、北京丑小鸭孵化设备等，也可由常规孵化机改制蛋盘、蛋架
后使用。常用保温设备有红外线灯、电热育雏伞等。
除切草、饲喂、消毒等用具外，鸵鸟场还应设置V型保定架，便于鸵鸟检查、诊疗时使
用。
上一篇:非洲鸵鸟北方冬养技术
下一篇:山鸡吃草药 防病又增收
office, branch offices (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: (A) on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. (B) customer credit information are not thorough verification. (Iii) to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. (D) does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. (Five) on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage
浙公网安备 33021202002483