职业安全健康管理体系标准的理解

职业安全健康管理体系 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 的理解 职业安全卫生管理体系是按职业安全卫生管理体系标准和要求建立的。所以，全面、正确地理解 职业安全卫生管理体系标准，是建立职业安全卫生管理体系的基础。 3(1 职业安全卫生管理体系标准的基本术语 3(1(1 事故(accident)，事件(incident) 造成死亡、职业相关病症、伤害、财产损失或其他损失的意外事件。 造成或可能造成事故的事件。 事故和事件包含着下列一些含义: (1) 事故是意外事件，它是出乎人们的意料之外、不希望看到的事故。 (2) 事件包括事故， 无职业相关病症、伤害、财产损失或其他损失的事件。 (3) 职业安全卫生中所指的事故涵盖着下列范围: ? 死亡、职业相关病症、工伤事故; ? 设施、设备破坏事故; ? 环境污染或生态破坏事故。 3(1(2 审核(audit) 判定活动和有关结果是否符合 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 的安排，以及这些安排是否得到有效实施并适用于实现组织的 方针和目标的一个系统化的验证过程。 审核是一个"判定"的验证过程，这意味着审核需要确定审核准则、界定审核范围，对所需要的信息进行收集、分析、说明。职业安全卫生管理体系审核的准则，应是建立体系依据的职业安全卫生管理体系标准，以及实施标准所展开的计划安排。职业安全卫生管理体系审核要满足3个层次内容的要求:首先，要判定职业安全卫生管理体系的运行活动和结果是否符合审核准则;其次，要判定依据职业安全卫生管理体系标准所建立的职业安全卫生管理体系是否得到有效实施和保持;最后，要判定职 业安全卫生管理体系是否有效地满足组织的方针和目标。 审核还是一个系统化的验证过程，需采用一定的方法和程序。 3( 1(3 持续改进(continual improvement) 强化职业安全卫生管理体系的过程的目的，是根据组织的职业安全卫生方针，从总体上改善职业 安全卫生绩效。 对于持续改进还应从以下几个方面理解: (1) 持续改进是职业安全卫生管理体系运行的基本要求和基本特点之一。对于已成功建立起职业安全卫生管理体系的组织而言，仅仅维护和保持现状还不能满足职业安全卫生管理体系标准的要求， 还必须不断进行改进和完善。 (2) 持续改进强调的不仅是组织的职业安全卫生绩效，同时也强调对体第自身的改进、完善。 (3) 持续改进不必同时发生在组织活动的所有方面。 3(1(4 危险源(hazard) 可能造成人员伤亡、职业相关病症、财产损失、作业环境破坏或其组合之根源或状态。 上述定义也可释义为，危险源是可能导致人员伤亡或物质损失事故的潜在不安全因素，例如，造成人员伤害的危险源有:高处坠落、机械伤害、灼伤等危险源;造成职业相关病症的危险源有:噪声导致人员音频听损、粉尘造成尘肺病等危险源;造成财产损失的危险源有:建筑物、机器设备损坏危险源;造成作业环境破坏的危险源有:使得作业环境过热、过冷、过潮湿等危险源。液化石油气泄漏发生火灾、爆炸，可燃的液化石油气是发生火灾、爆炸的根源液化石油气泄漏是导致发生火灾、爆炸 的一种状态。 3( 1(5 危险源辨识(hazard identification) 识别危险源的存在并确定其性质的过程。 危险源的存在普遍且形式多样，很多危险源不是很容易就被人们发现，人们要采用一些特定的方 法对其进行识别，并判定其可能导致事故的种类和导致事故发生的作用。 危险源辨识是控制事故发生的第一步，只有识别出危险源的存在，找出导致事故的根源，才能有 效地控制事故的发生。有关危险源的辨识方法将在后续内容中介绍。 3( 1(6 相关方(interested parties) 关注组织的职业安全卫生状况或受其职业安全卫生绩效影响的个人或团体。 关注组织职业安全卫生状况的相关方可以是:执法当局、新闻媒体、科研机构、投资者、供应方、顾客等;受组织职业安全卫生绩效影响的相关方可以是:员工、员工家属、承包方、社区居民等。 应该说，组织内部员工是组织很重要的相关方。 职业安全卫生管理体系的策划和实施，应尽可能考虑满足相关方的要求。 3( 1(7 不符合(non-conformance) 任何与作业标准、惯例、程序、规章、管理体系绩效等的偏差，由此能够直接或间接伤亡或职业 相关病症、财产损失、作业环境破坏或它们的组合。 组织依据职业安全卫生管理体系标准建立管理体系，其作业标准、惯例、程序、规章、管理体系绩效等构成了职业安全卫生管理体系的基本内容。在职业安全卫生管理体系的运行过程中，可能会出现与上述内容的偏差，由此可能会直接或者间接地导致事故，从而这种偏差构成了与职业安全卫生管 理体系标准的不一致，即不符合。 3( 1(8 目标(objectives) 一个组织依据职业安全卫生绩效规定自己所要实现的目的。 组织所要取得的职业安全卫生绩效，具体还要通过目标表达。职业安全卫生目标应具有以下几个 特点: (1) 作业组织所要实现的职业安全卫生目的，目标在内容上是可分解的，这样会使得组织的职 业安全卫生目标更加明确; (2) 组织的职业安全卫生目标在组织内部是可分解的，这样会使得组织内部各个部门的职责更 加明确; (3) 职业安全卫生目标应尽可能地量化，以便于检查和评价其完成情况。 3( 1(9 职业安全卫生(occupational health and safety) 影响作业场所内员工、临时工、 合同 劳动合同范本免费下载装修合同范本免费下载租赁合同免费下载房屋买卖合同下载劳务合同范本下载 工、访问者和其他人员安康的条件和因素。 换句话说，职业安全卫生是指防止劳动者在工作岗位上发生职业性伤害和健康危害，保护劳动者在工作过程中的安全与健康。职业安全包括工作过程中防止机械外伤、触电、中毒、车祸、坠落、塌陷、爆炸、火灾等危及人身安全的事故发生。职业卫生则是对工作过程中对人身体健康造成危害或引 起职业相关病症发生的有毒有害物质的防范。 3( 1(10 职业安全卫生管理体系(occupational health and safety management system) 便于组织与业务相关的职业安全卫生风险管理的全部管理体系的一个组成部分，包括有制定、实施、实现、评审和保持职业安全卫生方针所需的组织机构、规划活动、职责、惯例、程序、过程和资 源。 管理体系强调系统化的管理方法，它将具有特定功能的、相互间具有有机联系的要素组成一个整 体，并通过这些要素有序化地控制、调节和管理，来实现有效管理的目的。 职业安全卫生管理体系是为了进行有效的职业安全卫生管理而建立并运行的，它是组织全部管理体系的一个组成部分，它所包含的管理要素及运行模式，是人类职业安全卫生管理经验的总结，也反映了现代职业安全卫生管理科学研究的最新成果。建立并实施一个有效的职业安全卫生管理体系，可 带来巨大的经济和社会效益。 3( 1(11 组织(organization) 具有自身职能和行政管理的公司、集团公司、商行、企事业单位或社团，或是上述单位的部分或 组合，无论其是否法人团体、公有或私营。 职业安全卫生管理体系所涉及的组织概念，包含的范围十分广泛，可以是企事业单位或社会团体，可以从事第一、第二或第三产业，规模可大可小，组织不一定是法人单位。对于拥有一个以上运行单 位的组织，可以把每一个单独的运行单位视为一个组织。 3( 1(12 绩效(performance) 一个组织基于其职业安全卫生方针和目标，控制其职业安全卫生风险所取得的可测量的职业安全 卫生管理体系的成效。 职业安全卫生绩效，是职业安全卫生管理体系运行的结果，是组织通过建立和实施一个职业安全 卫生管理体系，控制自身的职业安全卫生风险所取得的实际成效。 职业安全卫生绩效是可以测量和评价的。绩效测理包括职业安全卫生管理活动和结果的测量。 3( 1(13 风险(risk) 特定危险事件发生的可能性与后果的结合。 某一危险源能够给组织带来多大的风险，一方面取决于这一危险源导致事故发生的难易程度;另一方面还要取决于事故发生后能够给组织带来多大的人员伤亡或财产损失。上述两方面的单独某一方 面都不能确定特定危险源给组织带来的风险。 3( 1(14风险评价(risk assessment) 评价风险程度并确定风险是否可容许的全过程。 评价风险程度需研究分析危险源导致事故的可能性与事故后果的严重度。通常我们可将风险评价划分为两个部分:事故易发性评价和事故后果严重度评价。事故易发性评价是建立事故易发性评价指标的基础上，采用合理数学方法进行处理，最后得出一个综合指标来实现。事故后果严重度要通过工 程学的方法分析获得。 确定风险是否可容许或可接受，需根据相关的知识，如法律、法规知识等，以及组织的具体情况 确定标准或界限值，但通常这个标准或界限值并不是一成不变的。 后文将介绍风险评价的方法。 3( 1(15 安全(safety) 免遭不可接受的风险的伤害。 安全是一个相对的概念。对于一个组织，经过风险评价，确定了不可接受的风险，那么它就要采取措施将不可接受风险降低至可容许的程度，使得人们避免遭受不可接受风险的伤害。随着组织可容 许风险标准的提高，安全的相对程度也在提高。 3(1(16 可容许风险(tolerable risk) 组织根据其法律义务和自身的职业安全卫生方针，降低至其可接受程度的风险。 对于一个组织，它要承担遵守有关职业安全卫生法律、法规的义务，职业安全卫生法律法规是保障劳动者免遭职业伤害的最基本要求。组织的职业安全卫生方针包括了遵守有关职业安全卫生法律、法规的承诺，也包含了不断改进职业安全卫生绩效的承诺。因而，对于组织的可容许风险，就是以职业安全卫生法律、法规为最低要求，不断提高安全程度至可接受风险界限值，将其风险降低到可接受 程度。 3(2 职业安全卫生管理体系的基本要素 3(2(1 总要求 组织应建立并保持职业安全卫生管理体系。 对于上述要求，应从以下两方面理解。 (1) 建立职业安全卫生管理体系 建立是从无到有的过程，是从决定开始到形成体系，包括体系的策划、设计和体系文件编写，组织机构的配置和人员、资源的安排等。但需要注意的是，组织建立职业安全卫生管理体系并不是将原有的管理手段、制度、组织机构等彻底推翻，而是应用职业安全卫生管理体系标准的框架模式重新构 造、安排、组合和完善职业安全卫生管理体系。 建立职业安全卫生管理体系，首先需要取得组织最高管理者对改进其活动、产品或服务的职业安 全卫生管理工作的承诺，才能确保成功。最高管理者自始至终的承诺与领导具有决定性作用。 组织应通过初始状态评审来考查自身的职业安全卫生风险、法律、法规要求、现行管理活动等， 以此为基础建立职业安全卫生管理体系。 有关职业安全卫生管理体系的建立，将在后文中做详细论述。 (2) 保持职业安全卫生管理体系 对于建立起的职业安全卫生管理体系，组织要予以保持，这样才能真正达到不断改进组织的职业安全卫生行为的目的。组织在建立职业安全卫生管理体系之初往往给予高度重视，集中投入人力、物 力完成体系的建立工作，而对体系的保持则重视不够，这便违背了持续改进的原则。 为保持职业安全卫生管理体系，达到持续改进的目的，组织应该做到:在组织的发展规划中，考虑体系维护的需要;在机构的调整、新项目、新产品的开发中，注重职业安全卫生风险的确定;应及时获取新法律、法规;对体系运行过程中出现的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 应及时调整，采取纠正与预防措施保证体系的良 好运转。 3(2(2 职业安全卫生方针 组织应有一个经最高管理者批准的职业安全卫生方针，以阐明整体职业安全卫生目标和改进职业 安全卫生绩效的承诺。 方针应该是: (1) 造合于组织职业安全卫生风险的性质、规模; (2) 包括对持续改进的承诺; (3) 包括对组织应遵守的现行职业安全卫生法律、法规和其他要求的承诺; (4) 形成文件，付诸实施，予以保持; (5) 传达到全体员工，使他们每个人意识到其个人在职业安全卫生方面的义务; (6) 可为相关方所获取; (7) 定期进行评审，确保其与组织保持相关的适宜。 职业安全卫生方针，是组织在职业安全卫生方面的宗旨和方向，是组织总体方针中的组织部分。 它体现了组织对待职业安全卫生问题的指导思想和承诺。 职业安全卫生方针，应主要阐明整体职业安全卫生目标和改进职业安全卫生绩效的承诺。职业安全卫生方针，是组织对其全部职业安全卫生意图的原则性陈述，方针中应阐明其宏观的职业安全卫生 的奋斗目标，同时还要承诺改进职业安全卫生绩效的持续改进思想。 此外，组织的职业安全卫生方针还要满足以下要求: 方针中还应体现两个承诺:一是对持续改进的承诺;二是对遵守有关职业安全卫生法律、法规和其他要求的承诺。第一个承诺表明组织最高管理者对待职业安全卫生问题的态度，反映组织对职业安全卫生的认识和责任;第二个承诺是对组织在职业安全卫生方面的基本要求，组织要在达到法律、法 规要求的基础上，进一步持续改进。 方针要求传达到全体员工。组织要想得到良好的职业安全卫生绩效，必须有全体员工的积极参与，只有全体员工的积极参与并履行其职业安全卫生义务，才能从根本上解决职业安全卫生问题。职业安全卫生直接面对的是组织内部的员工，组织的职业安全卫生状况的好坏，直接关系员工的切身利益， 所以全体员工有权对其实施监督。 方针的制定要适合组织职业安全卫生风险性质和规模。组织制定的方针要突出自身的特点，这样才更加具有操作性，才能准确地指导组织开展职业安全卫生工作。一个好的方针能够基本反映组织职 业安全卫生的轮廓。 职业安全卫生方针要由最高管理者批准，要形成文件，付诸实施，予以保持，可为相关方获取。职业安全卫生方针反映了组织最高管理者对待职业安全卫生的态度，它应由最高管理者批准。职业安全卫生方针又是由组织各级管理者、专业技术人员和各层次的操作人员来具体实施完成的，显然职业安全卫生方针是纲领性的文件，文字上要简洁明了，易于理解，形成文件的方针，如果不付诸实施和予以保持，等于一纸空文。组织的职业安全卫生方针不是保密的，是向公众公开的，这也是组织向社 会展现自己在职业安全卫生方面的表现和形象的渠道。 职业安全卫生方针要定期进行评审。组织的内部情况和外部环境是不断变化的，要确保职业安全卫生方针与组织保持相关和适宜，从而正确指导组织搞好职业安全卫生工作，一定要定期地对职业安 全卫生方针进行评审，以修改、补充和完善方针。 3(2(3 策划 策划阶段包括了危险源辨识、风险评价和风险控制策划，法律及其他要求，目标，职业安全卫生 管理方案四方面内容。 (1) 危险源辨识、风险评价和风险控制策划 组织应建立并保持程序，用来开展危险源辨识、风险评价和必要控制措施的实施，这些应包括:常规和非常规活动;所有进入作业场所的人员(包括分包商和访问者)的活动;作业场所内的设施， 无论其是由组织还是由外部所提供。 组织应确保在建立职业安全卫生目标时，对这些风险评价的结果及控制的效果进行考虑。组织应 将此信息文件化和保持最新。 组织的危险源辨识和风险评价的方法应该是: ? 依据其范围、性质和时间安排进行确定，以保证是主动的而不是被动的; ? 提供风险级别，识别需通过目标和管理方案所规定的措施来消除和控制的风险; ? 与运行经验和所采取的风险控制措施的能力相适应; ? 为确定设备要求、识别培训需求和(或)开展运行控制，提供输入信息; ? 提供必要的监测活动，保证它们实施的有效和及时。 危险源及其带来的职业安全卫生风险是职业安全卫生管理体系的核心，组织通过不断控制其职业 安全卫生风险来取得职业安全卫生绩效，达到持续改进的目的。 要控制风险，首先，第一步要辨识带来风险的危险源，然后评价其给组织带来的风险程度，组织依据危险源辨识和风险评价的结果，来考虑风险控制的措施及降低风险的优先顺序。且这个过程是不 断发展的。 危险源辨识、风险评价和风险控制策划要在文件化的程序指导下进行。 危险源存在于人的行为和物的因素两方面。对于组织的危险源，具体可以考虑从如下几方面进行 辨识: ? 组织的常规活动，如正常的生产活动; ? 组织的非常规活动，如临时抢修活动等; ? 所有进入作业场所的人员活动，这其中包括内部员工和外部分包商和访问者的活动; ? 作业场所的内部设施，如组织所拥有建筑物、车床、电气设备等; ? 作业场所内由外部提供给组织的设施，如组织租凭的建筑物、电气设备等。 职业安全卫生目标是为了降低职业安全卫生风险、取得良好职业安全卫生绩效而设立的，那么建立职业安全卫生目标，首先考虑的是组织的哪些风险是不可接受的，哪些风险需要首先采取措施降低， 即考虑风险评价的结果。 如上所述，组织的危险源辨识、风险评价和风险控制是一个不断发展的过程，所以组织应及时更 新这方面的信息。此外，危险源辨识和风险评价方法应该达到如下要求: ? 危险源辨识和风险评价方法并不是一成不变的，它随不同的对象和目的而改变。所以，组织的危险源辨识和风险评价应依据其针对的范围、对象性质以及时间变化来确定，保证采用造当的、可操 作的方法。 ? 危险源辨识和风险评价的结果应提供组织的风险级别，依据风险级别得出组织不可接受的风 险，进而通过目标、管理方案来消防或降低风险。 ? 组织所采取的危险源辨识和风险评价方法不能与生产的实际情况相脱离，无论从方法本身及结 果都要与实际的运行经验和所采取的风险控制措施的效果相适应。 ? 组织的危险源辨识和风险评价方法的运用结果，能够为组织提供其设备在职业安全卫生方面的 要求信息、员工职业安全卫生方面培训需求信息以及如何开展运行控制的技术和管理信息。 对于危险源辨识和风险评价方法的应用效果和频次，要有必要的监测活动，从而保证方法实施的 有效和及时。 (2) 法律及其他要求 组织应建立并保持程序，用来识别和获取它应遵守的职业安全卫生法律及其他要求。 组织应保持这些信息是最新的，应将有关法律和其他要求的信息传达给员工和相关方。 对职业安全卫生法律、法规及其他要求的遵守，是组织职业安全卫生方针中必须予以承诺的，也 是对组织建立职业安全卫生管理体系的基本要求，是持续改进的基础。 职业安全卫生法律、法规体系庞大、复杂、且包含的法规繁多，组织必须在确定它应遵守的职业安全卫生法律、法规及其他要求的基础上，来达到遵守法规的目的。职业安全卫生法规又是在不断更新和变化的，所以组织在有一个不断获取的过程，这就要求组织建立获取这些法律、法规及其他要求 的渠道。上述要求应在文件化的程序指导下进行。 (3) 目标 组织应针对其内部相关职能和层次，建立并保持文件化的职业安全卫生目标。 组织在建立与评审职业安全卫生目标时，应考虑法律与其他要求、自身职业安全卫生危险源和风险、可选技术方案、财务、运行和经营要求，以及相关方的观点。目标应符合职业安全卫生方针，并 包括对持续改进的承诺。 组织的职业安全卫生目标，是依据职业安全卫生方针制定的具体职业安全卫生目的，是职业安全 卫生方针的具体体现。 组织针对其内部相关职能和层次建立目标，这意味着职业安全卫生目标在组织内部纵向和横向都 是可分解的，这种分解使得组织的各个部门都目标明确。 文件化的目标使得其更具有可验证性和可追溯性。 法律与其他要求、职业安全卫生重大风险及相关方的观点，是建立与评审职业安全卫生目标的基础，此外，以此为基础建立的全部目标要受到组织的可选技术方案、财务、运行和经营要求的限制。 组织的职业安全卫生方针，体现了组织全部职业安全卫生绩效的意图，作为职业安全卫生方针的具体实现的目标，一定要和职业安全卫生方针相符合，不能偏离。持续改进是组织建立职业安全卫生 管理体系的主要目的，所以职业安全卫生目标要突出体现组织对持续改进的承诺。 (4) 职业安全卫生管理方案 组织应制定并保持旨在实现职业安全卫生目标的管理方案，其中包括文件化的: ? 规定组织相关职能和层次实现职业安全卫生目标的职责和权限; ? 实现目标的方法和时间表。 应定期在计划的时间内对职业安全卫生管理方案进行评审，针对组织的活动、产品、服务或运行 条件的变化，如有必要，应对职业安全卫生管理方案进行修订。 职业安全卫生管理方案是为实现目标制定的计划方案。这个方案应主要包含两方面的内容: ? 规定实现目标的职责。对于组织的目标所涉及到的相关部门，一定要规定其职责，以确保目标 的实现。特别是对于分解到各个部门的目标，各部门的主要职责是确保其实现的保证。 ? 制定实现目标的方法和时间表。实现目标的方法是职业安全卫生管理方案的主体。 组织制定的实现某一目标的方法，要从技术、经济、效益等多方面考虑它的可行性，往往有些要经过反复的论证，才能进行决策。一个完整的职业安全卫生管理方案，必须包含实现目标的时间表，否则这个方案是盲目和空洞的。具体的时间表也有助于对组织职业安全卫生管理体系运行效果的检验。 组织应考虑到它的活动、产品或服务中需要对职业安全卫生管理方案进行修订的情况，并对方案 修订做出规定。 3(2(4 实施与运行 实施与运行阶段包括有:机构和职责、培训意识与能力、协商与交流、文件、文件与资料控制、 运行控制、应急准备与响应。 (1) 机构和职责 为便于实施有效的职业安全卫生管理，对于从事管理、完成和验证组织活动的人员，由于活动本身对组织的活动、设施和过程的职业安全卫生风险有一定的影响，他们的作用、职责和权限应被界定 和文件化，并予以传达。 职业安全卫生的最终责任由最高管理者承担。组织应在最高管理层任命一名成员(例如，在某大组织内的董事会或执委会成员)承担特定职责，确保职业安全卫生管理体系的正确实施，及完成组织 所有岗位和运行范围的要求。 管理者应为实施、控制和改进职业安全卫生管理体系提供必要的资源，包括人力资源、专项技能、 技术和财力资源。 组织任命的管理者应被规定有明确的作用、职责和权限，以便: ? 确保按照本标准建立、实施与保持职业安全卫生管理体系要求: ? 向最高管理者汇报职业安全卫生管理体系的绩效，以便评审，并为改进职业安全卫生管理体系 提供依据。 所有承担管理职责的人员，都应该表明其对职业安全卫生绩效持续改进的承诺。 组织的职业安全卫生管理涉及到组织内部每个成员，所以，为便于实施有效的职业安全卫生管理， 组织内部的所有员工的作用、职责和权限应被界定和文件化，即要建立好安全生产责任制。 职业安全卫生管理经验表明，组织的最高管理者在职业安全卫生管理工作中的核心作用不容忽视，组织的职业安全卫生管理工作做得好不好，关键在于最高管理者，所以职业安全卫生管理的最终责任 应由最高管理者承担。 职业安全卫生管理体系的成功实施，需要组织的全体员工参与。因此，不能认为只有职业安全卫生管理部门才负有这方面的责任，组织内的其他所有部门，都不能置身事外，这一点与ISO 14000是相同的，而与ISO 9000有较大差异，ISO 9000要求覆盖与指定产品或服务质量有关的生产环节，不涉及全部的组织活动，而建立职业安全卫生管理体系必须覆盖组织的所有部门和活动。所以，组织必须以文件化和明确传达的方式，对组织的各部门在职业安全卫生方面的作用、职责和权限做出明确规 定。 职业安全卫生管理体系的成功运行，需要人、财、物等资源的投入，所以管理者为确保取业安全 卫生管理体系的成功实施，必须提供必要的资源。 实践证明，要搞好职业安全卫生管理工作，除最高管理者起到核心作用外，在最高管理层应指定一个分工主管职业安全卫生工作，即为管理代表，视管理工作的需要还可指定其他副代表。管理者代表或许还有其他方面的管理工作，但在职业安全卫生管理方面必须突出明确他(们)下列两方面的作 用、职责和权限: ? 建立、实施与保持职业安全卫生管理体系:在最高管理者承诺和支持的基础上，管理者代表应 全面负责职业安全卫生管理体系的建立、实施与保持，即负责日常的职业安全卫生管理工作。 ? 向最高管理者汇报职业安全卫生管理体系的运行情况:职业安全卫生管理体系的成功运行需要不断的持续改进，对于组织的职业安全卫生管理体系的改进，需要通过最高管理者的决策来进行，而决策需要建立在全面的管理评审基础上，要进行管理评审需要全面了解职业安全卫生管理体系的运行情况，所以，向最高管理者汇报职业安全卫生管理体系的运行情况，是管理者代表的一个主要职责。 (2) 培训、意识与能力 全体人员应具备完成对作业场所内职业安全卫生带来影响的任务的能力，应根据适当的教育、培 训和(或)经历，对能力进行判定。 组织应建立并保持程序，使工作在每一相关职能和层次的员工都意识到: ? 符合职业安全卫生方针与程序和符合职业安全卫生管理体系要求的重要性; ? 他们工作活动中实际或潜在的职业安全卫生后果，以及个人行为的改进所带来的职业安全卫生 效益; ? 他们在执行职业安全卫生方针与程序，实现职业安全卫生管理体系要求，包括应急准备与响应 要求方面的作用与职责; ? 偏离规定的运行程序的潜在后果。 培训程序应考虑下列不同层次: ? 职责、能力及文化; ? 风险。 职业安全卫生管理工作需要合员的参与才能做好，且其绩效关系到组织内部的每个员工。所以，组织要进行全面职业安全卫生培训，以使全体员工具备安全意识和完成与职业安全卫生相关工作任务 的能力。 开展职业安全卫生培训，首先要确定培训需求，培训需求要考虑不同层次。确定组织内部的培训需求，可从管理人员和生产岗位上的员工两个方面考察。对于管理人员要从其所在管理岗位所必需的职业安全卫生管理知识以及提高其安全管理水平来确定培训需求;对于生产岗位上的员工，要从其所必须掌握的安全技术、技能确定培训需求，特别是对特种作业人员要进行专门的安全技术知识培训， 进行资格考核。 此外，组织还应开展经常性的职业安全卫生培训、教育，并为此建立并保持一套程序，以使全体 员工逐步提高如下几个方面的安全意识: ? 符合职业安全卫生管理体系要求的重要性:职业安全卫生方针与程序及其他要求都是有效实施 职业安全卫生管理体系的保证，只有严格贯彻，才能实现职业安全卫生状况的持续改进。所以要经常 地教育员工，使得其在工作中符合职业安全卫生管理体系的要求。 ? 个人工作与组织在整个职业安全卫生工作中的关系:组织内的每个员工的工作都会直接或间接地影响到组织的职业安全卫生，所以为提高组织的总体职业安全卫生绩效，必须使每个员工都明确他 们工作中的职业安全卫生重大风险，以及个人工作对组织整个职业安全卫生工作的促进。 ? 个人的职业安全卫生职责:职业安全卫生管理工作需要组织的全员参与，组织的每个员工应明确自己的职责，立足岗位充分发挥其在职业安全卫生工作中的作用，从而使得组织的整体职业安全卫 生工作不断提高。 ? 违规管理和违章操作的后果:要使组织的每位员工都意识到，由于他们自身工作上的过失，会造成什么样的安全事故后果，这样会使他们充分认识到所从事及涉及的职业安全卫生工作的重要性。 (3) 协商与交流 组织应建立并保持程序，以确保与员工和其他相关方进行有关的职业安全卫生信息的相互交流。 员工参与和协商计划应形成文件，并向相关方通报。员工应该: ? 参与关于管理风险的方针和程序的制定和评审; ? 参与影响作业场所安全卫生任何变化的商讨; ? 在安全卫生事务上享有代表性; ? 了解谁是他们的员工职业安全卫生代表和特定被任命的管理者。 协商与交流是职业安全卫生管理体系十分重要的要素，只有在顺畅的职业安全卫生信息交流的基础上，才能保证职业安全卫生管理体系的成功运行，任何信息的停滞和不畅都会造成体系运行的失败。所以，组织应建立并保持一套文件化的程序，用来进行有关职业安全卫生风险和职业安全卫生管理体 系的信息交流。 协商与交流包括两个方面:内部的协商与交流和外部信息交流。两方面的信息交流，对职业安全 卫生管理体系的运行都十分重要的。 内部的协商与交流，主要是指员工的参与和协商，以及组织内部各部门、各层次之间的交流。 职业安全卫生和直接利益对象是组织内部员工，所以组织的职业安全卫生管理要有员工参与，要 以计划文件形式，确立员工在如下几方面的参与职业安全卫生管理的权力。 ? 对于组织的职业安全卫生风险管理的方针和程序，无论是在制定上，还是后续的评审、修订， 员工要以一定的方式进行参与。 ? 作业场所内安全卫生情况的变化，直接影响员工的安康，组织如将计划直接或间接地改变某一 作业场所安全卫生情况，要事先同员工商讨。 ? 组织的职业安全卫生状况要接受员工的监督，组织要及时听取员工在职业安全卫生方面的意见 和建议，员工在组织的职业安全卫生事务中享有代表的权利。 ? 员工在职业安全卫生方面的参与和协商，在某些情况下，需要以他们其中的代表形式开展，比如工会等，组织的员工应知道谁是他们职业安全卫生代表。同时，为便于职业安全卫生工作的协调， 员工也应知道谁是特定任命的职业安全卫生管理者。 职业安全卫生管理体系的实施与运行，需要组织内部各个环节的成功协作，这种协作要建立在相互之间不断的信息交流基础上。管理者要掌握职业安全卫生工作情况，需要逐层次向上的信息交流， 而管理者的决策信息需要逐层次向下的传达。总之，组织内部的信息交流需要横向、纵向或交叉进行。 外部信息交流主要是指外部相关方信息的接收、成文和答复。 组织的职业安全卫生管理体系不能孤立于外部环境而存在，它要满足有关法规要求，以及特定相关方的要求等，同时组织自身也要向外部学习好的经验，来充实、完善其职业安全卫生管理体系，所 以组织与外部的信息交流也是十分重要的。 (4) 文件 组织应以适当的工具如书面或电子形式建立并保持下列信息: ? 对管理体系核心要素及其相互作用的描述; ? 提供查询相关文件的途径。 任何管理活动都离不开文件的支持、指导，职业安全卫生管理也如此。职业安全卫生管理体系文件，实际上是依据职业安全卫生管理体系标准要求，针对组织活动、产品或服务的特点、规模、惯例以及人员素质等情况，而编写的以文件支持的 管理制度 档案管理制度下载食品安全管理制度下载三类维修管理制度下载财务管理制度免费下载安全设施管理制度下载 和管理办法，这套职业安全卫生管理体系文件即为组织开展职业安全卫生管理工作的依据。职业安全卫生管理体系文件一经组织最高管理者批准颁布实施，对全体员工来说就是法规性文件，必须遵照执行。组织可以以书面或电子形式建立并保持职 业安全卫生管理体系文件，文件内容要达到如下要求。 首先，对管理体系核心要素及其相互作用要做出描述。管理体系的核心要素就是职业安全卫生管理体系标准中所要求的条款。对管理体系的核心要素做出描述，意味着不但要对标准条款本身基本要求做出描述，而且还要对其具体指导职业安全卫生行为的详实内容做出描述，如程序文件和其他拓展文件等。一般职业安全卫生管理体系文件的形式也采用质量管理体系和环境管理体系的文件形式，即采用三个层次的文件编写方法:管理手册;程序文件;作业指导书、管理制度等三级支持性文件。管理手册对职业安全卫生管理体系标准条款的基本要求做出描述;程序文件及三级文件是更为具体的和具有可操作性的指导性文件。对管理体系核心要素间相互作用的描述，是指描述管理体系核心要素之间的相互支撑、相互渗透、交叉，进而使管理要素有机地结合到一起，形成一个完整的管理体系。 其次，要建立查询职业安全卫生管理体系相关文件的途径。组织的每一份职业安全卫生管理体系文件，对于开展职业安全卫生管理都是必不可少的，对管理体系而言，体系文件是一个整体，每一份文件都要有查询的途径，如上所述，职业安全卫生管理体系文件又是分层次的，那么它在横向纵向上 都要建立查询相关文件的途径。 职业安全卫生管理体系文件，是依据职业安全卫生管理体系标准，再结合组织的具体情况和自身特点而编写的，所以不同组织的职业安全卫生管理体系文件，从数量到内容不会完全相同，组织要依 据具体情况，编制正确、完整和具有可操作性的文件。 (5) 文件与资料控制 组织应建立并保持程序，控制本标准所要求的所有文件和资料，从而确保: ? 它们能够定位; ? 对它们进行定期评审，必须时予以修订并由受权人员确认其适用性; ? 凡对职业安全卫生管理体系的有效运行具有关键作用的岗位，都能得到有关文件和资料的现行 版本; ? 及时将失效文件和资料从所有发放和使用场所撤回，或采取其他措施防止误用; ? 由于法律和(或)知识保留的需要而保存的档案文件和资料，予以适当标识。 职业安全卫生管理体系文件使用及管理的失控，将会给职业安全卫生管理工作带来重大的影响。为保证文件的适用性、系统性、协调性和完整性，组织应对职业安全卫生管理体系文件进行控制，加 强管理。 这里所指的文件与资料，主要是:职业安全卫生管理手册、职业安全卫生管理体系程序文件、作业指导书或操作规程、管理制度等，组织适用的职业安全卫生法律、法规及其他要求，技术标准、检验规范以及加强职业安全卫生管理的其他文件及资料。一般常把这类文件称为受控文件或资料。 文件与资料控制需要制定程序文件，程序文件中应包含以下几点内容: ? 文件的批准和发布:文件在发布前应由其授权人员审批其适用性，并按文件控制程序发布现行 的有效文件清单，作好标识、登记注册。 ? 文件的使用与管理:发布的文件应有专人管理，不得随意翻印、复制，存放在固定、明显并易于查阅，确保对职业安全卫生管理体系有效运行起重要作用的场所使用的，都是职业安全卫生管理体 系相关文件的现行有效版本。 ? 文件的评审与修订:文件应定期地进行评审，必要时予以修订并由授权人员确认其适用性。 ? 失效文件的处理和保存:对于失效或作废文件应及时从所有发放或使用场所撤回，或采取其他 措施防止误用。 对由于法律和(或)为保留资料的需要而保存的已失效的文件和资料，则予以适当标识，并妥善 放置。 文件可以存放于多种媒体，可以是书面文字的，也可以是电子信息软件。所有文件均须字迹清楚、文字简练、不含有多义性。文件应注明日期(包括修订日期)，标识明确，妥善并用专人保管，并在 规定期限内予以留存。应规定并保持有关建立评审和修订各种类型文件的程序和职责。 (6) 运行控制 组织应确定与所认定的风险有关的需要采取控制措施的运行与活动。组织应对这些活动包括维护 工作加以规划，以确保它们在下列特定的条件下进行: ? 考虑到缺乏程序指导可能导致偏离职业安全卫生方针、目标的运行情况，建立并保持成文的程 序; ? 在程序中规定运行标准; ? 对于组织所购买和(或)使用的货物、设备和服务中已标识的职业安全卫生风险，建立并保持 管理程序，并将有关的程序与要求通报供方和承包方。 ? 为了从根本上消除或降低职业安全卫生风险，建立并保持程序，用于作业场所、过程、装置、 机械、运行程序和作业组织的设计，包括人力配置。 对组织生产活动中的职业安全卫生风险，大部分是需要采取控制措施加以控制的，那么运行控制是指，与这些需要采取控制措施的风险相关联的运行与活动都要处于受控状态。这种受控状态是指对具体生产活动在职业安全卫生方面的规划，而这种规划是指制定具体指导工作活动的程序，这种程序 大体包含三方面内容: ? 组织工作场所中与需要采取控制措施的风险相关联的工作活动，都要有相应成文的运行控制程 序，且要在程序中规定运行标准。 ? 相关方给组织带来的风险，对其要有成文的管理程序。相关方给组织带来的风险，可能包含在 供方给组织提供的货物、设备中，以及承包方给组织提供的服务中。 ? 对组织新增加的工作项目，要针对其设计和人力配置，建立并保持消除或降低其职业安全卫生 风险的控制程序。 (7) 应急准备与响应 组织应建立并保持计划和程序，以确定潜在的事故或紧急情况，做出响应，用来预防或减少可能伴随的疾病和伤害。特别是在事故或紧急情况发生后，组织应评审应急准备和响应的计划和程序。可 行时，组织还应定期检验上述程序。 组织在其活动、产品或服务过程中，由于某种主观或客观原因都有可能发生紧急情况或意外事故。如有毒、有害化学品泄漏、发生火灾及爆炸事故等。组织就应建立一套应急准备的措施，以尽可能减少或消除由于紧急情况或意外事故所造成的损失，这是控制事故的另一个重要方面，本身也体现了预 防为主的思想。 本条款要求形成的计划和程序应有以下几点规定: ? 确定组织在活动、产品或服务过程中潜在的及可能发生紧急情况和事故的活动场所，分析其后 果。 ? 根据紧急情况和事故可能发生的原因和特点，制定措施，以预防或减少可能伴随的风险。 应急措施可包括: 1) 应急工作的组织及相应职责; 2) 关键人员名单、应急服务部门(如消防部门，医疗卫生部门等); 3) 内、外部信息交流; 4) 危险物质信息，包括每种物质危害因素，以及发生事故时应采取的有效措施; 5) 相关人员的培训。 ? 虽然规定了应急准备和响应计划和程序，但由于情况估计不足，在实施过程中，计划和程序文件已规定的应急措施尚不能达到预期的要求。因此，标准中规定:"在事故或紧急情况发生后，组织应 评审应急准备和响应的计划和程序。" ? 标准中规定:"可行时，组织应定期检验上述程序"。"可行"的目的是实施某项活动不会产生新 的风险。而"检验"是通过实施该活动以验证其有效性。 3( 2(5 检查与纠正措施 检查与纠正措施阶段包括有:绩效测量与监测，事故、事件、不符合、纠正与预防措施，记录及 记录管理，审核。 (1) 绩效测量与监测 组织应建立和保持程序，对职业安全卫生绩效进行常规监测和测量，这些程序应提供: ? 适用于组织所需的定性和定量测量; ? 与组织的职业安全卫生目标相适应的监测; ? 主动的绩效测量，监测职业安全卫生管理方案、运行标准和适用的法律、法规要求的遵循情况; ? 被动的绩效测量，监测事故、职业病、事件(包括未遂过失)和其他不良的职业安全卫生绩效 的历史证据; ? 充分的数据记录和监测与测量结果，以便对后来的纠正与预防措施进行分析。 如果绩效测量和监测需要用到监测设备，组织应建立并保持程序，对这类设备进行校准和维护， 并应将校准和维护活动及结果的记录予以保存。 在职业安全卫生管理体系运行过程中，要不断对取得的职业安全卫生绩效进行测量和监测，以配 合纠正与预防措施，保证体系运行有效。绩效测量与监测应包含: ? 组织的职业安全卫生目标实现过程的监测; ? 是否遵守组织程序文件中运行标准的测量与监测; ? 组织的职业安全卫生法规符合性监测; ? 组织的事故、职业相关病证、事件和其他不良的职业安全卫生绩效的监测。 所有上述内容的测量与监测，要考虑其指标的定性和定量两方面，同时其结果和数据记录要充分， 为采取正确的纠正与预防措施提供支持。 在组织的职业安全卫生绩效测量与监测活动中，要用到一些监测设备，那么这些监测设备本身有一个计量问题，所以组织要建立并保持程序，保证监测设备得到校准与维护，以使得组织职业安全卫 生绩效测量与监测结果保持精确。 (2) 事故、事故、不符合、纠正与预防措施 组织应建立并保持程序，用来规定有关的职责和权限，以便: ? 处理和调查: 1) 事故; 2) 事件; 3) 不符合。 ? 采取措施减少由事故、事件或不符合产生的影响; ? 采取纠正和预防措施并予完成; ? 确认所采取的纠正及预防措施的有效性。 这些程序应要求，通过实施前的风险评价过程对所有拟定的纠正与预防措施进行评审。任何旨在 消除实际和潜在不符合原因的纠正或预防措施，应与问题的严重性和伴随的风险相适应。 对于纠正与预防措施引起对成文程序的更改，组织应遵照实施并予以记录。 一个组织即使建立了职业安全卫生管理体系，在其活动过程中同样还会发生事故、事件、不符合。组织在一定时期内发生一定数量的事故、事件、不符合是正常的，但在事故、事件、不符合发生后，如何总结、分析经验教育，采取纠正与预防措施避免或减少类似及其他的事故、事件、不符合的发生， 是十分重要的。所以，组织应建立并保持程序，以保证完成如下方面内容的任务: ? 处理和调查事故、事件和不符合; ? 及时采取措施减少由事故、事件和不符合产生的影响; ? 及时采取纠正和预防措施，避免或减少类似事故再次发生; ? 对所采取的纠正及措施的有效性进行确认。 对于某一具体的纠正与预防措施的实施，有可能会给组织增加新的职业安全卫生风险，要保证将新的风险控制在组织可接受的程度，在所在拟定的纠正与预防措施实施前，必须对其进行风险评价。 组织内所产生的各种事故、事件、不符合的问题严重程度和伴随的风险程度是不一样的，所以针 对特定的事故、事件、不符合所采取的纠正或预防措施，无论是行政、管理措施，还是技术措施，都 要与其问题的严重性和伴随的风险相适应。 对于组织所采取的纠正与预防措施，往往会引起对组织原有程序文件的修改，修改后的程序文件是组织的最新职业安全卫生管理体系文件，对其遵照实施也是实施纠正与预防措施过程的一部分。对 程序文件的修改，组织要有记录。 (3) 记录及记录管理 组织应建立和保持程序，用来标识、保存和处置职业安全卫生记录以及审核和评审结果。 职业安全卫生记录应字迹清楚、标识明确中并可追溯相关的活动。保存和管理的职业安全卫生记 录应便于查阅，避免损坏、变质或遗失。应规定其保存期限并予记录。 组织应保存记录，在对其体系及自身适宜时，用来证明符合本标准的要求。 记录是组织开展职业安全卫生管理所不可缺少的客观事实的文字或数字记载，有了记录才使得职业安全卫生管理体系开展过程更具可追溯性，从而获得有益的经验信息，更好地开展职业安全卫生管理工作。记录也是组织实施职业安全卫生管理体系提供第二方或第三方认证审核的见证，通过记录的审核可以具体地了解组织实施职业安全卫生管理体系的符合性及有效性;可以协助组织在内部审核时 发现体系运行当中存在的问题，根据问题的性质而采取相应的纠正与预防措施。 职业安全卫生管理体系的运行记录包括: (1) 危险源辨识、风险评价结果清单; (2) 组织适用的职业安全卫生法律、法规及其他要求清单; (3) 培训记录; (4) 协商与交流记录和相关方投诉及处理记录; (5) 文件修订记录; (6) 运行过程记录; (7) 监测记录; (8) 设备检修校准记录; (9) 紧急情况及应急措施记录; (10) 不符合、纠正与预防措施记录; (11) 分供方、分承包方等合同文本及相关记录; (12) 内部审核记录; (13) 管理评审记录。 对于记录的管理，应达到如下要求: ? 记录应按规定要求认真填写，字迹清晰，不可涂抹，标识明确，便于查阅; ? 根据记录的内容，落实保管单位，分别由专人保管，避免损坏、变质或遗失; ? 确定记录主管单位，统一造册，规定保存期限，加强监督管理，由授权人员进行记录的销毁。 ? 审核 组织应建立并保持定期开展职业安全卫生管理体系审核的方案与程序，目的是: ? 判断职业安全卫生管理体系是否: 1) 符合职业安全卫生管理工作的计划安排和本标准的要求; 2) 得到了正确的实施和保持; 3) 有效地满足组织的方针和目标; ? 评审以前审核的结果; ? 向管理者报送申核结果的信息。 组织的审核方案包括时间表，应立足于组织活动的风险评价结果和以前审核的结果。 审核程序中应包括审核的范围、频次、方法和能力，以及实施审核和报告结果的职责与要求。 如果可能，应由与所考察活动的直接责任人无关的人员来完成审核。(注:这里"无关的"并不是 意味着来自组织外部) 组织的职业安全卫生管理体系在运行过程中，除了常规的绩效测量与监测外，在经过一段时间后，还要对其进行一次系统、完整的判定，看其是否符合原定职业安全卫生管理工作的计划安排和职业安全卫生管理体系标准的要求，是否得到了正确的实施和保持，以及是否有效地满足组织的方针和目标。完成上述判定任务，需要一个采用一定方法的、程序化、系统化的经验过程，即职业安全卫生管理体 系审核。 职业安全卫生管理体系内部审核是组织的自检过程，其目的就是评价组织的职业安全卫生管理体系的符合性和有效性，向最高管理者报送审核结果，以此作业管理评审的依据。组织的内部审核由内部审核组来完成，内部审核组成员一般由组织内部挑选具备所需条件的人员，经过有资格的培训机构 培训后组成，也可以聘请外部人员来担任。 组织的审核程序文件应包含以下内容: ? 确定审核目的和范围，明确审核要求，为制定审核计划提供依据; ? 规定审核的频次，根据经验，每年可进行1~2次内部审核，但其时间间隔最长不要超过12个 月，一般在建立职业安全卫生管理体系初期，其频次可以多些; ? 确定审核的方法，内部审核一般有集中式，即每次内部审核可集中一段时间进行全部要素的审 核;滚动式审核，即按要素、逐部门地进行审核，时间可以长些; ? 制定审核计划，其中包括编制审核工作文件，如检查表、不符合报告表及跟踪检查表等有关文 件;确定审核日程安排等; ? 明确实施审核的职责和权限; ? 现场实施审核及跟踪检查; ? 向最高管理者提交审核报告，以供管理评审。 3( 2(6 管理评审 组织的最高管理者应定期对职业安全卫生管理体系进行评审，以确保体系的持续适用性、充分性和有效性。管理评审过程应确保收集到必要的信息，供管理者进行评价。评审工作应形成文件。 管理评审应根据职业安全卫生管理体系审核的结果、不断变化的客观环境和对持续改进的承诺， 指出可能需要修改的方针、目标以及职业安全卫生管理体系的其他要素。 为了保持职业安全卫生管理体系的适用性、充分性和有效性，组织的最高管理者应定期对职业安 全卫生管理体系进行评审和评价。 管理评审是职业安全卫生管理体系运行中重要的一环，是PDCA模式的改进阶段，是依据职业安全卫生管理体系运行的结果来检查和评价组织的职业安全卫生管理体系的实施的充分性、有效性及持 续适用性，以便调整和改善职业安全卫生管理体系，最终达到使组织的职业安全卫生管理和职业安全卫生绩效的持续改进。管理评审实际上就是自我约束、自我完善、改善职业安全卫生行为的过程，其 评审的结果又是下一轮PDCA运行模式的开始。 标准对管理评审有如下一些要求: (1) 管理评审是由组织的最高管理者召集，各职能和实施运行部门的主管以及其他相关人员参加的评审与评价活动，一般多以会议方式进行。可以与组织质量管理体系或环境管理体系的管理评审 以及组织其他相关活动相结合。 (2) 管理评审应定期进行，其时间间隔不能超过1年。管理评审是在组织内部审核结束后进行， 因为内部审核的结果是管理评审重要信息来源之一。 (3) 管理评审实际上是组织最高管理层的决策会议，评审的范围应该全面，能覆盖组织的活动、产品或服务中所有职业安全卫生问题，但也不必在一次评审中涉及职业安全卫生管理休系的所有要素， 需要时评审过程可以持续一段时间。 管理评审的内容主要包括: (1) 评价职业安全卫生管理体系的适用性、充分性 可以根据下列一些方面来评价职业安全卫生管理体系的适用性、充分性，以判断是否需要对体系 进行更改和完善。 ? 职业安全卫生法律、法规及其他要求的变化; ? 组织活动、产品或服务的变化; ? 科学技术进步与发展; ? 相关方愿望和要求的变化; ? 市场需求的变化; ? 职业安全卫生管理体系运行中得到的严重经验教训; ? 其他有关因素。 (2) 评审职业安全卫生管理体系的有效性 ? 评审是否满足组织的职业安全卫生方针要求，是否实现了目标要求，是否取得了预期的职业安 全卫生绩效; ? 评审内部审核的发现，是否采取了纠正与预防措施，对组织的活动、产品或服务全过程是否得 到了改善，是否得到了有效的控制; ? 评价职业安全卫生管理体系是否已形成了自我约束、自我调节和自我完善的运行机制，是否改 善了职业安全卫生行为，是否达到了持续改进的目的。 (3) 管理评审的结果 职业安全卫生管理体系体现了持续改进的管理思想。依据管理评审的结果: ? 确定改进职业安全卫生管理体系的机遇，抓住关键因素，增强管理体系的适用性、充分性，持 续改进职业安全卫生绩效; ? 分析原因，制定措施，改善职业安全卫生管理体系实施的有效性; ? 提出或修订职业安全卫生管理体系PDCA运行模式新一轮的奋斗目标; ? 最终结果应形成文件。 3( 3 职业安全卫生管理体系标准要素间的逻辑关系及系统化 职业安全卫生管理体系标准包含着实现不同管理功能的要素，每一要素都不是孤立存在独立发挥作用的，要素间存在着相互作用，存在着一定的逻辑关系。职业安全卫生管理体系是一个系统结构化 的管理体系，所以各个管理要素综合起来考虑，协调一致，系统地构成一个有机整体。 组织实施职业安全卫生管理体系的目的，是辨识组织内部存在的危险源，控制其所带来的风险，从而避免或减少事故的发生。风险控制主要通过两个步骤来实现，对于组织不可接受的风险，通过目标、管理方案的实施，来降低其风险;所有需要采取控制措施的风险都要通过运行控制使其得到控制。职业安全卫生风险是否按要求得到有效控制，还需要通过不断的绩效测量与监测，对其进行检查，从而保证职业安全卫生风除得到有效控制。因此，职业安全卫生管理体系标准中的危险源辨识、风险评价和风险控制策划，目标，职业安全卫生管理方案、运行控制，绩效测量与监测，这些要素成为职业安全卫生管理体系的一条主线，其他要素围绕这条主线展开，起到支撑、指导、控制这条主线的作用。 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.