英美文化基础教程-笔记总结(英国部分)

1.WhoAretheBritish?TheScotsCharacteristic:inventive,hardworking,serious-mindedandcautiouswithmoneyHighlanders:a.theyaretheScotsliveinthemountainousregionsoftheHighlandersinNorthernScotlandb.theyareproud,independentandhardypeoplewhomaintaintheirstrongculturalidentity.c.LivingbyfarmingsheepinthemountainareasorfishingonthecoastsandislandLowlanders:MostScotsarelowlanderswholiveintheindustrializedareasofsouthScotlandScottishnames:a.Campbell,Macleod,Fraser,Gordon,StuartandMacdonaldb.‘Mac’or‘Mc’meanssonofFamouswriters:RobertBurns(1759-96),SirWalterScott(1771-1893),RobertLouisStevenson(1850-94)TheWelshCharacteristic:a.consciousoftheirseparateCelticheritageb.famousfortheirloveofmusicandpoetryandtheyhavedevelopedchoralsingingtoanationalart.c.theyalsohaveagreatfeelingforthemusicofwords.TwogroupoftheWelsh:a.Those-mostlysheepfarmers-fromthemountainousregionsofthecentreandnorthb.Those(two-thirdsofthepopulation)wholiveandworkinthehighlyindustrializedsouthwherecoalminingandsteelmanufacturearethemaineconomicactivitiesTwopassions:a.rugbyfootballb.choralsinging‘LandofMyFather’—nationalanthemtheNationalEisteddfod:a.EisteddfodistheWelshwordfor‘sitting.NationalEisteddfodisthemostfamousfestivalofmusicandverseinWalesb.IttakesplaceineachAugustandlastforaboutaweekc.ThehighlightoftheEisteddfodisacompetitionforthebestepicpoemaboutWaleswrittenandreadinWelshd.ThewinneriscrownedBard,consideredthesupremehonorinWalesWelshnames:a.Jones,Williams,Thomas,Evans,Lloyd,Llewellyn,orbeginwith‘P’likePrichard,ProbertorPryseb.‘ap’meanssonofFamouswriters:DylanThomas,GwynThomas(born1913)andRichardLlewellyn(born1970)TheIrishCharacteristic:a.amainlyCelticpeopleb.haverichliteraryheritagewhichisapparenttheirloveofwordsc.intheliteraryworksofIrishwriters,theIrishareportrayedasintrospectivedreamersandpoets,aswellasargumentativeandaggressive-especiallyafteradrinkingsession.OliverCromwell:a.LordProtectorofBritainb.crushedvariousrebellionsinIreland,andsettledEnglishandScottishProtestantstherebygivingthemland.c.themaindutyofthenewimmigrantswastoputdowmanyanti-BritishrevoltbythenativeIrish.Homerule:between1840and1900,someIrishnationalists,suchasCharlesStewartParnell,demandedsomekindofautonomyandIrishmembersoftheWestminsterParliament.TheycalledpersistentlyforthecontrolofinternalaffairsbyanassemblyinDublin.Thiswaswhattheycalled‘homerule’.ThehomerulequestionledtoevenmoredisturbanceandriotsastheUlsterProtestantfearedthatanautonomousIrelandwouldbedominatedbeCatholics.*ThewholeofIrelandwascolonizedbyEnglandin1169,andwaspartitionedin1922.The26countriesofsouthernIrelandbecametheIrishFreeState,laterrenamedtheRepublicofEire.ThesixcountriesofUlster,inthenorth,remainedpartoftheUnitedKingdomwiththeirownparliament,Stormont,responsibleforinternalaffairs.TheOrangeDaycelebrations:a.celebrationsheldbyProtestanton12AugusteachyearinNorthernIrelandtocommemoratetheBattleoftheRoynein1690whentheProtestantKingWilliamIII(WilliamofOrange)crushedaCatholicrebellioninLondonderry.b.ThecelebrationswereaggressivelyprovocativeandfightingsoftenbrokeoutbetweenProtestantmarchersandCatholicbystandersTheProvisionalIRA：a.IRA,theIrishRepublicanArmy,isanationalistorganizationdedicatedtotheunificationofIrelandb.Itwasorganizedin1919c.theIRArefusedtoacceptaseparateNorthernIrelandunderBritishruled.In1969itsplitintoan‘official’majority,whichdisclaimedviolence,andaterrorist‘provisional’wing,whoseattacksonBritishtroopsinNorthernIreland,randombombings,andothersactsofterrorinEnglandkepttensionshigh.ThePeacePeople:a.inthesummerof1976BettyWilliams,aProtestanthousewife,wassohorrifiedatthekillingoftwochildrenbyarunningIRAcarthatshedecidedtoorganizedthewomenofUlster,bothProtestantandCatholicintoapressuregroup.b.ItisapressuregroupworkforpeaceandreconciliationinIreland.c.WilliamsandherCatholicpartner,Corrigan,soongatheredthousandsoffollowersdespitethreatsandintimidationfrombothsides.d.theycontinuedtopursuetheiraimsandattheendof1976thetwoleaderswereawardedtheNobelPrizeforPeace.Famouswritersandplaywrights:JohnMillingtonSynge(1871-1909),JamesJoyce(1882-1941)andSeanO’asey(1880-1964)TheEnglishCharacteristic：Reserved,unemotional,courteous;shyofstrangers;suspiciousofchangeandslowtheacceptnewideas;solidanddependablewithahighsenseofhonesty,dutyandjustice;physicallyandmorallycourageous;consciousofhisplaceinthesocialorder,dislikinganyshowofemotionandlackofcontrol;andferventlybelievingthattheBritisharesuperiortoanyotherraceonearth.Roman’sinfluence:a.theRomansinvadedEnglandin55BC,andbroughtwiththemtheirlaws,taxes,engineeringskills,architectureandsocialsystemaswellastheirlanguage,Latin,andtheirsystemofwritingandnumbering.b.theyintroducedChristianityandwhentheydepartedinAD411,theyleftbehindawellestablishedCeltic-Romanculture.c.theyalsoleftbehindthefirstwrittendescriptionofthelandanditspeoplesaswellasrecordsoftheiradministration.TheNormanConquest:a.inAD1066,WilliamofNormandylandedhisarmyinEngland(WilliamtheConqueror)b.hedefeatedtheSaxonkingHaroldandtheEnglishsoldiers,andbecamethekingofEnglandthesameyear.c.FrenchwasmadetheofficiallanguageandthefeudalsystemwasfirmlyestablishedinEngland.TheCommonwealthImmigrantsAct:Fromtheyearof1962,peoplefromcommonwealthcountriesnolongerhadfreeentrytotheUKandcouldnotclaimautomaticfullcitizenship.UK=theUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandtheNorthernIrelandTheBritishIsles:theBritishIsleslienorthwestofEuropeintheAtlanticOcean.Theyconsistoftwolargeislands-BritainandIreland.NorthernIreland(Ulster):NorthernIrelandisapartoftheUnitedKingdominthenorth-eastoftheislandofIreland.ItwaspartitionedfromtherestofIrelandduringtheIrishWarofIndependence,byanActoftheBritishParliament.NorthernIrelandsharesaborderwiththeRepublicofIrelandtothesouthandwest.NorthernIrelandislargelyself-governing.WilliamIII:knownasWilliamofOrange.BothhiswifeandheareProtestants.HewasthestadtholderoftheNetherlands.In1689hewasinvitedbyopponentsofJamesIItoaccepttheBritishthronewhichwasknownas"GloriousRevolution,andheruledjointlywithhiswifeMaryII(James'daughter).Inthesameyear,theBritishParliamentpassedtheBillofRightswhichlimitedthepowersofthecrown.ThusbegantheEnglishConstitutionalMonarchy.2.EnglishHistoryTheMiddleAges1.KingHarold:theSaxonkingwhowasdefeatedandkilledattheBattleofHastingsin1066,whentheFrench-speakingNormansunderWilliamtheConquerorinvadedEnglandfromFrance2.AlfredtheGreat:HewasafineSaxonkingwhosuccessfullydefeatedtheinvadingDanesandwastheruleroftheAnglo-SaxonkingdomofWessex,contributedgreatlytothemedievalEuropeanculture.HemadeWessextheAnglo-Saxonculturecenterbyintroducingteachersandscholars,foundingnewmonasteries,andpromotingtranslationsintothevernacularfromLatinworks.HealsoinspiredthecompilationoftheAnglo-SaxonChronicles.3.KingArthur:a.hewasthekingofEnglandinthesixthcenturyb.littlewasknowabouthim,exceptthathewasassociatedwithCornwallandisthecentralfigureofmanylegendsabouthimandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable4.Crusades:theCrusadeswereaseriesofwarsintheMiddleAgesinwhicharmiesfromalloverEuropetriedtosnatchthe‘HolyLand’(i.e.Palestine,whereJesusChristoncelived)fromtheInfidels(i.e.theMuslims)5.RichardLion-Heart:a.hewasaNormankingintheMiddleAgesb.hewasalsothemostfamousoftheEnglishCrusadersatthattimec.ManystorieshavebeentoldabouthimandhisenemySaladin6.theMagnaCarta(‘GreatCharter’):a.theMagnaCarta(‘GreatChapter’)wasadocumentsignedin1215byKingJohnundercompulsionbythepowerfulbaronsb.thepurposeoftheCharterwastomakeKingJohntorecognizetherightsofthebaronsc.TheMagnaCartaisnowintheBritishMuseum,London7.theHundredYear’sWar:a.awarbetweenEnglandandFrancewhichlasted,onandoff,forahundredyearsfrom1337to1453.b.ItwasfoughtentirelyinFrance,andthewholeofFranceverynearlyfellintoEnglandhandsinthefamousbattlesofCrecyandAgincourt.c.Eventually,partlythroughtheinspirationofthebravegirlJoanofArc,andpartlythroughtheeffectiveuseofguns,theFrenchdrovetheEnglishfromtheirlandforgood.d.EnglandbecamecompletelyseveredfromFrance,andtheEnglishLanguagefinallytookplaceofFrenchinallclassesofsociety.8.JoanofArc:a.shewasaFrenchsaintandnationalheroine.b.duringtheHundredYear’sWar,herbraveryandinspirationprovidedspiritandmoraleforFrencharmies.c.latershewascapturedandburnedatthestake.TheSixteenthCentury1.theWarsoftheRoses:a.Itisthenamegiventothestruggle(1455-1486)forthethroneofEnglandbetweentwobranchesoftheEnglishroyalfamily.b.thehousesofLancaster,whosebadgewasaredrose,andYork,whosebadgewasawhiterosec.thewarsweakenedboththenobilityandthemonarch2.ChangesinEurope:a.theinventionofprintingb.itwastheageofgreatvoyagesofdiscoverylikeColumbusandVascodaGamac.thebeginningoftheimperialistexpansionwhichresultedinEuropeansestablishingthemselvesthroughouttheAmericancontinent.d.thebeginningoffreedomofthoughtintheChristianreligion.3.HenryVIII:AkingofEnglandintheearlysixteenthcentury.WiththesupportofhisParliament,HenryestablishedhimselfasheadoftheChristianChurchinEngland,inplaceofthepope,afterthepoperefusedtoallowhismarriagetoCatherineofAragontobedissolved.Sincethattime,exceptforafewyearsofruleunderHenry'sdaughterMaryI,whowasaRomanCatholic,EnglandhasbeenofficiallyaProtestantnation.4.BloodyMary:a.itwasthenicknamegiventoMaryI,HenryIII`selderdaughter.b.shewasadevoutCatholic,andhadsomanyProtestantsburnttodeaththatsheisrememberedlessbyherofficialtitleMaryIthanbyhernicknameBloodyMary.5.ElizabethI:A.Definition:queenofEngland;successorofMaryI,daughterofHenryVIIIandAnneBoleyn.SheestablishedtheChurchofEnglandandputanendtoCatholicplots,notablybyexecutingMaryQueenofScotsanddefeatingtheSpanishArmada.Herreignwasnotableforcommercialgrowth,maritimeexpansion,andtheflourishingofliterature,music,andarchitecture.B.‘Gun-powderPlot’：a.itreferstothemostfamousofanumberofCatholicconspiraciesinEnglandhistorywhichoccurredinthereignofJamesI.b.ItwastheplottoblowuptheKingandParliament,inwhichamancalledGuyFawkeswascaughtinthecellarsoftheHouseofCommonsintheveryactofpreparingtheexplosivesc.‘GuyFawkesNight’isstillcelebratedonNovember5theachyear.TheSeventeenthCentury1.DivineRight:thedoctrinethatamonarchderiveshisorherpowerdirectlyfromGod.2.Glorious/BloodlessRevolution:a.itreferstotheeventof1688intheEnglishRevolution,whentheCatholickingJamesIIwasforcedtofleewithhisbabysontoFranceb.thethronewasofferedtohisProtestantdaughterandherhusbandDutchkingWilliam.c.ThebillofRightswaspassedbyParliamenttorestrictthepoweroftheMonarchyd.ThiswasthebeginningoftheConstitutionalMonarchyinBritain.TheEighteenthCentury1.theBattleofWaterloo:AnimportantandcompletevictorywonbyDukeofWellingtonoverthegreatNapoleoninWaterloo,Belgium2.theBattleofTrafalgar:thegreatnavalvictoryoverNapoleon’sfleetwonbyLordNelson.3.IndustrialRevolution:a.1750~1850,Greatchangestookplacewiththeinventionofthesteamengine.b.createanentirelynewsocialclass,theindustrialworker.c.madeBritainstrongerandricher.d.Morefactoriesandbigtownwerebuilt.4.ThelossofAmericancolonies:a.‘PilgrimFathers’:agroupofPuritanswhohadsailedfromEnglandintheshipMayflowertoescapereligiouspersecutionunderJamesI.b.theDeclarationofIndependenceTheNineteenthCentury1.WilliamWilberforce:leaderofanti-slaverymovementinnineteenthcentury.2.ElizabethFry:leaderoftheprisonreformmovementinnineteenthcentury.3.SirRobert(‘Bobby’)Peel:foundedthemodernpoliceforce4.ReformBill:extendedthefranchisealittlefurther.Freelyelectedtowncouncilswereestablishedforthefirsttime.5.Progressinthefieldofcommunicationsa.GorgeStephenson’slocomotive,‘Rocket’,givethesteamenginewheelsandrailstorunonforthefirsttime.b.Thebornoftelegramandthewidelyuseofelectricity.‘PennyPost’6.Victorianism:A.Definition:a.itreferstothemonarchofBritainunderthegreatQueenVictoriafrom1837to1901,thelongestreigninBritain.b.itwasanageofnationaldevelopmentandoptimismc.theVictorianswereveryreligiousandconservativeinfamilylife.d.Itwasalso,initslaterstages,anageofimperialism.B.CharlesDarwin:a.thefamousBritainscientistwhowrotetheimportantbook‘TheoriginofSpecies’,whichcontributedtothedecayofVictorianism.Andhedominatednineteenth-centuryscience.b.HistheoryofevolutioncausedviolentreactionoftheVictoriansagainstthebook,andfuriousdebateswereheldinprivateandinpubic.7.theMutinyinIndia+‘grabforAfrica,’inwhichthewholeofAfricawasdividedinto‘spheresofinfluence’.8.wehavehadthemotor-carsincethelastyearsofQueenVictoria.TheTwentiethCentury1.‘Suffragette’movement:a.atermreferstothemovementintheearlytwentiethcenturybytheBritishwomen,whohadbeenmeekandsubmissiveinVictorian’sreign.b.theyroseuptogaintheirrighttovote.c.thiswasnotsimplyapoliticalcampaignbutaprofoundrevoltagainstaninferiorstatus.2.theFirstWorldWar(1914-18)3.thegreat‘slump’oftheearly1930`s:a.It’sadreadfulperiodthattheeconomicsituationcollapsedcompletelyallovertheword.b.millionsofpeoplecannotfindajob.4.theSecondWorldWar(1939-45)‘theBattleofDunkirk’‘theblitzof1940’‘BattleofBritain’5.threeworlds:a.the‘West’(includingtheU.S.A.andBritain)b.theCommunistpowers(leadbyRussiaandChina)c.the“ThirdWorld”(i.e.thedevelopingnationsofAfrica,AsiaandSouthAmerica)3.WhichEnglish1.therootsofEnglishlanguage----CelticBritain.2.theancestorofmodernEnglish---oldEnglishofAnglo-Saxon3.OldEnglishA.definition:a.alsocalledAnglo-Saxon,itisthefirstperiodoftheEnglishlanguagefromthetimeofAnglo-SaxoninvasionofBritaininAD450totheNormanConquestin1066b.usedbothLatinandGermanicscript.c.theancestorofmodernEnglishandquitedifferentfromtoday’sEnglishB.dialectsofoldEnglish:a.Mercian(莫西亚方言)b.Northumbrian（诺森伯兰方言）c.Kentish（肯特方言）d.WestSaxon（西撒克逊方言）C.theVenerableBede:a.oneofthebest-knowOldEnglishscholar-monks.b.wrotetheEcclesiasticalHistoryoftheEnglishPeople,whichisoneofthemainsourcesofinformationaboutthehistoryofAnglo-SaxonEngland.4.MiddleEnglish:A.definition:a.fromtheNormanConquestof1066totheintroductionoftheprintingpressinEnglandin1476b.theblendofAnglo-Saxon,LatinandFrenchc.differentfromOldEnglishmainlyintheabandonmentofthesystemofgrammaticalinflexions.B.GeoffreyChaucer:a.themostimportantMiddleEnglishpoet.ThefirstshortstorytellerandthefirstmodernpoetinEnglishliterature.b.hismasterpiecewastheCanterburyTales.5.ModernEnglishA.definition:a.startedaboutAD1500b.theintroductionoftheprintingpress,spellingsandwrittenformsoftheEnglishlanguagebegantobecomestandard.c.differentfromMiddleEnglishinvolvemainlypronunciation,vocabularyandspelling.B.WilliamShakespeare6.StandardEnglishA.definition:thestyleofspeechoftheeducatedsouthernupperclass,whichisspokenbyBBSannouncersB.theBBC:a.BritishBroadcastingCorporationb.themottoisNationShallSpeakPeaceUntoNation,whichmeansthevoiceofpeacespokenovertheradioshouldbeuniversallyunderstood.c.thespeechpatternsofBBCannouncersrepresenttheeducatedsouthernupperclass,andtheirparticularstyleofspeechisrecognizedasStandardEnglishorReceivedPronunciation(RP)English7.EnglishtodayTheKing’sEnglish:a.Fowlerbrothersin1960b.itissoundadviceforstudentofEnglishPreferthefamiliarwordtothefar-fetched.　　　　Prefertheconcretewordtotheabstract.　　　　Preferthesinglewordtothecircumlocution.　　　　Prefertheshortwordtothelong.　　　　PrefertheSaxonwordtotheRomance.4.BritishGovernmentSystemA.ConstitutionalMonarchy1.Definition:a.amonarchygovernedaccordingtoaconstitutionthatlimitsanddefinesthepowersofthesovereign.b.Inlaw,themonarchisheadoftheexecutive;anintegralpartofthelegislature;headofthejudiciary;commander-inchiefofallarmedforcesandheadoftheChurchofEngland.Inpractice,therealpowerofmonarchyhasgraduallybeenreducedandtodaytheQueenactssolelyontheadviceofherministers.c.startedfromtheGloriousRevolution.d.TheBillsofRightwhichpassedin1689restrictedthepowerofthemonarchy*theQueen’sprincipalroleissymbolic:shemustrepresentthenation’spresent-dayhopesandidealsaswellasitshistoricpast.2.theroleoftheQueenintheBritishgovernmenta.participatesinvariousimportantactsofgovernment.(1)Summons,prorogues(temporarilysuspends)anddissolvesParliament;confirmsmajorpublicappointmentgovernmentministers,judges,thenewPrimeMinisters,etc.(2)ininternationalfairs,,shehasthepowerthedeclarewar,makepeace,recognizeforeignstatesandconcludetreaties.b.Confershonors.c.involveinday-to-dayworkingofgovernment(1)HoldsmeetingsofthePrivyCouncil(2)Readsdispatchedandsignscountlessdocumentandstatepapers(3)ReceivereportsofCabinetmeetings.*theQueenisinformedandconsultedoneveryaspectofnationallifeandshemustshowcompleteimpartiality.*OHMS=OnHerMajesty’sService3.theroleoftheQueenintheChurchofEnglanda.headoftheChurchofEnglandb.amemberoftheChurchc.isexpectedtoattenditsreligiousservicesandtobringupherchildrenaccordingtoitsteaching4.theActofSettlement(1701):a.neitherthemonarchnoranymemberoftheRoyalfamilyispermittedtomarryaRomanCatholic.Ifanyofthemeverwishedtodoso,orwishedtoconverttotheCatholicfaith,theywouldhavetorenounceroyalrightsandtheirplaceinthelineofsuccessiontotheThroneb.outlinedcertainconditionswithwhichtheMonarchmustcomply.5.theRoyalMarriageActof1772:MembersoftheroyalfamilymustobtaintheQueen’spermissiontomarry*theQueenisalsoasymbolofthespiritoftheCommonwealthB.TheConstitution1.Actsofparliament:a.ParliamentActs(theParliamentActof1911limitedthepoweroftheHouseofLordsinthemakinglaws)b.ReprehensiveofthePeopleActc.ActofUnion1707d.HabeasCorpusAct16792.thePrerogativeoftheCrown:a.TheCrownappointsanddismissesMinistersandOfficialsb.TheCrownmakestreatiesc.TheCrownsummonsanddissolvesParliament.3.ConventionsoftheConstitution:a.ThepowersoftheCrownareexercisedmainlybyMinisters/b.theQueenmustactontheadviceofMinisters.c.MinistersareresponsibletoParliamentfortheiractionsd.ThesovereigntyofParliament(theQueenmustassenttoBillspassedbyParliament)4.CommonLaw:Rightupheldbycourt,butnotderivedfromActsofParliament.5.ParliamentaryPrivilege:FreedomofspeechofMPsindebate*BritainhasnowrittenConstitution.6.theBillofRightsin1689:a.passedbytheParliamentin1689aftertheRigorousRevolution.b.Itlaiddownanumberofthingsthatfuturemonarchscouldnotdoc.ItmarkedasharpdeclineinthepowersoftheMonarchd.ItmarkedthebeginningoftheEnglishConstitutionalMonarchy7.PrincipalchangesoftheBritishConstitution:a.DeclineinthepoweroftheMonarch,andestablishmentofthesovereigntyofParliament.b.Adventofdemocracy.c.thedeclineinthepowersoftheHouseofLordsd.Growthofthepartysystem8GeneralElection:a.every5yearsb.Thecountryisdividedinto635constituencies,eachofwhichreturnsoneMemberofParliamentc.TheonewhohasthemostvotesinaconstituencybecauseaMemberofParliamentd.TheleaderofthepartywiththelargestnumberofmembersreturnedtotheHouseofCommonsbecomesPrimeMinister.9.PartysysteminParliament:a.theleaderofthepartywiththelargestnumberofmembersreturnedtotheHouseofCommonsbecomePrimeMinisterandisinvitedbytheQueenoftoformaGovernment.b.thepartywiththenextlargestnumberofsupportersintheHouseofCommonsbecomestheofficialOppositiontotheGovernment.c.ThePrimeMinisterandotherMinisterssitontheGovernmentFrontBenchintheHousewithmembersofthepartyinoppositionsittingdirectlyacrossfromthefloor*Whyisitessentialforacandidatetobelongtooneofthebignationalparties?Withover60,000electorstobecanvassedinalimitedperiodandwithlimitedmoney,acandidateneedstheaidofanefficient-yetinexpensive-organizationofhelperstodothis.Onlythebignationalpartieshavetheseinconstituencies-thelocalpartyassociation.C.Parliament1.BritishParliament:a.includesthreeelements:theCrow,theHouseofLordsandtheHouseofCommonsb.itisthesupremelaw-makingauthorityinBritainc.therealcertreofparliamentarypowerisintheHouseofCommonsd.Otherfunctionsinclude:tomakelaws;tocontrolandcriticizetheexecutivegovernment;tocontroltheraisingandthespendingofmoney.2.HouseofLords:a.importantpartofparliamentB.itsmembersarepeers,mostofwhomarehereditaryc.itspowershavebeenseverelyreducedbetheParliamentActsof1911and1949d.ItmustpassallfinanciallegislationsenttoitfromtheHouseofCommons,andcandecayotherBillsforonlyoneyeare.Ithasaspecialjudicialfunction.3.HouseofCommons:a.consistsof635electedMPsb.MPshaveanumberofprivileges,eg.ThefreedomofspeechinParliamentc.themostpowerfulandimportantelementinParliament,thereforeplaysthekeyroleintheactivitiesofParliamentasawhole5.Industry,AgricultureandBusiness1.Mercantilism:a.itwasaneconomictheorypracticedbyBritishgovernmentintheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.b.itheldthattheacquisitionofgoldandsilver,inpaymentforgoodsexported,increasedthewealthofanationc.Onlybyanexcessofexportsoverimportscouldacountrygrowwealthyandself-sufficient.d.Britainsolditssurplusproductsabroadforgoldandsilverthroughextensivetrade2.Greattradingcompanies:a.theHudson’sBayCompanyofCanadab.theEastIndiaCompanyofIndia3.a.theuseofnewandmoreefficientmanufacturingmethodsb.thecheapestpricesofgoods»»»»»madeBritaininuniquepositiontobenefitfromfreetrade4.theprincipalenergyresourcesinBritain:a.coal;oneoftheoldestandmostbasicofallindustriesb.waterpower5.Luddites:a.theywereagroupofworkersagainstmachinesintheearly1800sinBritainb.theysmashedanddestroyednewfactorymachinery,becausetheybelievedthatfactorymachineshadrobbedthemoftheirjobs.6.WilliamBlake:a.aBritishpoetinthenineteenthcentury.b.heattackedindustrializationseverelyinhispoemJerusalemc.hereferredtofactoriesas‘darksatanicmills’andaccusedthemofpolluting’England’sgreenandpleasantland’7.theadvantagesofIndustrialRevolutioninBritain:a.broughtmanyeconomicadvantagesandmadeBritainanexceedinglyrichandpowerfulnation.b.increasedthepopulationofurbanareasandexpandedindustrialoutputc.encouragedtechnicalinventionandpromotedcompetitiontoimprovethequalityofgoodsandservicesofferedd.leadtobettercommunicationsystems*thesuccessesandachievementsofindustrializationwerefoundedontheexploitationofworkingpeoplewhowereforcedtoendurelongworkinghoursformeagerwagesandtoliveinsqualidinadequatehousing,crowedtogether.8.factorswhichinfluencedthelocationofindustry:a.readyavailabilityofpowerB.rawmaterialsc.easyaccesstotransportfacilitiesandport9.Britain’smixedeconomy:a.nationalizedindustriesaccountforonly10percentofGrossNationalProductb.theeconomyislargelyinprivatehandsc.onetenthoftheeconomyiscontrolledbyforeigncommercialinterests10.Britain’stoptenindustrialgiantbyturnoverin1982:BritishPetroleum;ShellTransportandTrading;BATindustries;ImperialChemicalIndustries;Unilever;Imperial;ShellUK;EssoPetroleum;GeneralElectricCompany;FordMotorCompany11.MonopoliesandMergersCommission:setupin1973bythegovernmenttopreventtheemergenceofmonopoly12.changessincetheSecondWorldWar:a.manufacturingindustriesdeclinedb.serviceindustriesgrowingc.nationalizationofsomemajorindustries13.BritishAgriculture:a.oneofthecountry’smostimportantindustries.b.Farmefficiencyandproductionhaveincreasedgreatlyoverrecentyearsinspiteofthedeclineinmanpower.c.ithasoneofthehighestoutputperworkerintheworldd.BritishfarmersaredissatisfiedwiththeEECagriculturepolicybecausetheybelievethattheyaresupportinguneconomicfarminginotherpartsoftheEEC.*EEC=EuropeanEconomicCommunity*CAP=CommonAgriculturalPolicy14.Invisibleearnings:a.thewealthcreatedbyBritain’sserviceindustriesiscalledininvisibleearningsb.invisibleearningsfallintothreemaingroups:receiptsandpaymentsforservicessuppliedabroad;interest,profitsanddividendsarisingoutofBritishinvestmentoverseas;andforeigncurrencybroughtintothecountrybyvisitingtouristsc.Britain’sinvisibleearningsaresecondonlytothatoftheUnitedStates.15.thecityofLondon:a.oldestpartofthecapitalandranksasoneoftheworld’smostimportantfinancialcentersb.itcontainstheBankofEngland,theStockExchange,importantindustriesandmanyotheworld’stopcommodity,etc.c.itsmainactivityisbuyingandsellingcommodities,servicesandfinanceforcommercialinvestment,aswellasstocksandsharesinallkindsofbusinessesandindustriesthroughouttheworld16.theBankofEngland:a.thenation’scentralbankb.runbygovernorandagroupofdirectorsappointedbytheCrownc.printsandissuescurrencynotesandcontrolsthecountry’sgoldreserves.*TheissueofcoinsistheresponsibilityofRoyalMint,agovernmentdepartment17.theStockExchange:a.thelargestanmostimportantstockexchangeinBritainandintheworldb.hasthegreatestturnoverc.itsmottois‘Mywordismybondd.morethantwohundredyears`history.’6.EnglishLiteratureA.OldEnglishliterature*Englishliteraturebeginsaroundthe8thcenturyBeowulf:a.anepicpoemwrittendowninthe10thcenturyb.marksthebeginningofEnglishliteraturec.thestorytoldhasdeepmeanings,withitshero-kingstandingforChristianvirtues.*therootsofEnglishliteratureliedeepinthetalesofDenmarkandotherScandinaviancountries*afoundationstoneofEnglishhistoryisTheAnglo-SaxonChronicle,enderKingAlfred’sdirection.B.MiddleEnglishLiterature(1100~1500)GeoffreyChaucer:a.isnamedinthetrioofEnglishpoetrygiants:Chaucer,ShakespeareandMiltonb.hismasterpieceisTheCanterburyTalesC.16thcentury-----------dramaflourished1.SirThomasMore----Utopia----ittellsofajourneytoanimaginaryislandnamedUtopia,whereanidealformofsociety.2.SirThomasWyattandtheEarlofSurrey----------establishedthesonnet3.Elizabeth’sEngland-------Englandbecametheleadingseapower.4.WilliamShakespeare:a.hewasanEnglishdramatistandpoetintheElizabethanageb.heisgenerallyregardedasthegreatestplaywrightinEnglishliterature.c.hisplaysfallintothreecategories:tragedy,suchasHamlet;comedy,suchasAsYouLikeIt;andchronicleplays,suchasHenryVTragedies:RomeoandJuliet;Hamlet;Othello;KingLear;MacbethComedies:TheTamingoftheShrew;AMidsummerNight’sDream;AsYouLikeIt;TwelfthNight;TheTempestChroniclePlays:RichardIII;RichardII;HenryIVpartsIandII;HenryVD.17thcentury1.TheKingJamesBible:a.thetranslationoftheHolyScripturedoneundertheorderofKingJamesIin1611.b.itwillneverbematchedformajestyoflanguagec.formanygenerationsitexertedagreaterinfluenceonstyleandstandardsoftastethananyothersingleworkinEnglish.2.FrancisBacon:a.Essaysb.NovumOrganum-----writteninLatinandsetsforthanewmethodofapproachingknowledge.c.TheNewAtlantic-----astudyinpoliticalphilosophy3.JohnMilton:a.hewasanEnglishpoetinthe17thcenturyb.heisgenerallyregardedasaliterarygiantinEnglishliteraturec.hismasterpieceinclude:ParadiseLost;ParadiseRegainedandSamsonAgonistes(1)Masterpieces:ParadiseLost;ParadiseRegained;SamsonAgonistes(2)Areopagitica-----givesoneofthemosteloquentofallpleasforfreedomthepress4.JohnBunyan-----‘thetinkerofElstow’(1)Masterpiece:Pilgrim’sProgress(2)Otherworks:aboundingtotheChiefofsinners;TheHolyCity:Or,TheNewJerusalem;toThatwhichistocomeE.18thcentury1.JonathanSwift----Gulliver’sTravels2.AlexanderPope:Englishpoet,regardedasthemostbrilliantsatiristoftheAugustanperiod(1)Masterpieces:EssayonCriticism;AnEssayonMan(2)Otherwork:TheRapeoftheLock---mock-heroic(itmakesfunofthepoemsthatdealwithheroesbravedeeds)3.SamuelJohnson----‘thatgreatChamofliterature’(1)Publishedadictionary(2)Poems:London;TheVanityofHumanWishes(3)Essays:ThePrinceofAbissinia(Rasselas);JourneytotheWesternIslandsofScotland;LifeofthePoets4.JamesBoswell:LifeofSamuelJohnson----oneofthegreatestbiographiesinanylanguageortime5.EdmundBurke:aspeech“OnConciliationwiththeColonies”----triedtochangethepoliciesthatledtheAmericancoloniestofightforindependence.6.RobertBurns----wroteinScottishdialectPoems:“TheCotter’sSaturday””HolyWillie’sPrayer”“TamO’Shanter”“ToaMouse”“ToaLouse”7.WilliamBlake:Poem:“TheTiger”----hismostfamouspoem,comesfromSongsofExperience;SongsofInnocenceProse:MarriageofHeavenandHell8.DanielDefoe:(1)Masterpiece:RobinsonCrusoe----Defoe’sfirstandgreatestnovel,alsothegreatesttaleofshipwreckandsolitarysurvivalinallliterature.(2)Otherworks:MollFlanders;Roxana;JournalofthePlagueYearF.theRomanticPeriod:theRomanticliteratureofthe19thcentury:a.itreferstoamovementinliteratureduringthefirstthirdofthe19thcenturyb.thecentralfigureofthismovementareWordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Keats,andShelleyc.theirwritingsarecharacterizedbyrichimaginationandstrongfeeling*Roughlythefirstthirdofthe19thcenturymakesupEnglishliterature’sromanticperiod.Writhersofromanticaremoreconcernedwithimaginationandfeelingthanwiththepowerofreason.1.theromanticpoetry’sDeclarationofIndependence:LyricalBallads,writtenbyWordsworthandColeridgeWilliamWordsworth:ThePrelude(alongautobiographicalpoem);“MyHeatLeapsUpWhenIBehold”;“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”(alsocalled“Daffodils”)TaylorColeridge:BiographiaLiteraria(autobiographical);“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”;“KublaKham”(unfinished);“Christabel”(unfinished)2.threemenbroughttheromanticmovementtoitsheight:Byron,KeatsandShellyGeorgeGordon,LordByron:ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage;Manfred(adramaticpoem);“SheWalksinBeauty”JohnKeats:“OdeonaGrecianUrn”;“OdetoaNightingale”;Endymion(“Athingofbeautyisajoyforever”)PercyByssheShelley:Verses:“OdetotheWestWind”;“ToaSkylark”;“TheRevoltofIslam”(preachesrevolution);DefenceofPoetry(upholdstheplaceofimaginationandloveinthearts);Adonais(abeautifullamentwrittenonthedeathofKeats)Dramas:TheCenci;PrometheusUnbound3.adifferenttypeofromanticisminScotlanda.SirWalterScot----SpokesmanLongnarrativepoems:TheLayoftheLastMinstrel,Marmion,TheLadyoftheLakeNovels:Waverley,TheHeartoftheMidlothian,Ivanhoe,Kenilworth,QuentinDurwardb.JaneAusten----thelastofthe18thcenturynovelistNovels:SenseandSensibility,PrideandPrejudice,Emma,NorthangerAbbeyc.AnneBrontes:AnneBronte:AgnesGreyCharlotteBronte:JaneEyreEmilyBronte:WutheringHeightsG.VictorianLiteratureVictorianLiterature:a.itrefersroughlytotheliteratureproducedduringthereignofQueenVictoriab.theromanticspiritceasedtobealeadinginfluencec.historicalandphilosophicalwritingcontinuedtoflourishalongwithpoetryandfiction.d.satireandprotestagainstevilsinsocietybecamestrongelements.e.thelateryearsoftheperiodsawmodernkindsofrealisticwritingandsomeauthorswhoshowedanew,deeperunderstandingofcharacter.*romanticperiodshades.Historicalandphilosophicalwritingcontinuedtoflourishalongwithpoetryandfiction.Satireandprotestagainstevilsinsocietybecamestrongelements.1.WilliamMakepeaceThackeray-----amasterofsatire----mostofhischaractersandplotscomefromupperandmiddleclasslifeMasterwork:VanityFairOtherworks:Pendennis,HenryEsmond.2.CharlesDickens:DavidCopperfield,PickwickPapers,OliverTwist,NicholasNickleby3.GeorgeEliot----(herrealnameisMaryAnnEvans)AdamBede,TheMillontheFloss,andSilas----giveexpertpicturesoftheworkingclassMiddlemarch----presentstheproblemofayounggirltrappedbythewillofherdeadhusband4.OscarWilde:Asapoet:“TheBalladofReadingGaol”Asastorywriter:“TheHappyPrince”Asanovelist:ThePictureofDorianGrayAsaplaywright(mostimportant):Salome(poeticdrama);TheImportanceofBeingEarnest(acomedy)5.RobertLouisStevensonAChild`sGardenofVerses,TreasureIsland;Kidnapped;TheStrangeCaseOfDr.JekyllandMr.Hyde6.LewisCarroll(CharlesLutwidgeDodgson)----anOxfordlecturerinmathematicsAlice`sAdventuresinWonderland;ThroughtheLooking-Glass;TheHuntingoftheSnark(alongnonsensepoemofmock-heroicadventure)7.ThomasHardy*Asaprosewritherheisthelastofthe19thcentury.Asapoethebelongstothe20thRepresentativeofhiswork,whichofferpowerful,realisticstudiesoflife:TheReturnoftheNative;TessoftheD`Urbervilles;JudetheObscureH.20thcentury.*The20thcenturyhasmarkedtheendoftheBritishEmpire,whichwasreplacedbytheCommonwealthofNations.1.WilliamButlerYeats----IrishAttheHawk`sWell;helpedfoundedDublin`sAbbeyTheater;receivedtheNobelprizeforliteraturein19232.JosephConradLordJim;Nostromo;TheForstyteSaga;receivedtheNobelprizeforliteraturein19233.E.M.ForsterApassagetoIndia-----examinedtherelationshipsbetweenEnglishmenandIndians4.W.SomersetMaugham:OfHumanBondage(autobiographical)5.JamesJoyce:a.oneoftheleadingwrithersofmoderntimes,thefirsttomakemajoruseofstreamofconsciousness(thefreeflowoflanguagerevealingoneperson`sthoughts)b.Ulysses6.D.H.Lawrence:SonsandLovers7.AldousHuxley:PointCounterPoint(lashesoutatBritishupper-classsocietyofthe1920`s);BraveNewWorld8.WilliamGolding:LordofTheFlies;TheSpire9.JohnBraineandKingsleyAmis10.VirginiaWoof:TheWaves11.KatherineMansfield:Bliss;TheGardenParty12.ElizabethBowen:TheHeartoftheDay13.GeorgeBernardShaw:ManandSuperman;MajorBarbara;Pygmalion;SaintJoan14.JohnOsborne:LookBackinAnger----spokeoutforthe“angryyoungmen”ofEnglandatwarwiththesocietyaboutthem7.ReligionandBeliefs1.Christianity:a.referstoalldoctrinesandreligiousgroupsbasedontheteachingofJesusChristandfoundedinthe1stcenturyinPalestineb.JesusChristisacceptedbyChristiansasthesonofGod,andhisteachingiscontainedintheBible,theholybookofChristianityc.inEurope,Christianityisdividedintothreemajorgroups:RomanCatholicChurch,ProtestantChurchandOrthodoxEasternChurch.2.JesusChrist:a.aJewwholivedinPalestine2000yearsagoandisacceptedbyChristiansasthesonofGodb.hewasborntoavirginnamedMaryc.histeachingwasbasedonlove:loveofGod,andloveofourneighbord.histeachingandaccountsoflifearecontainedintheNewTestamentoftheBible3.theBible:a.theholybookoftheChristianityb.itconsistsoftwotestaments:theOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.c.theOldTestamentcontainstheJewishwritingsbeforethecomingoftheChrist.TheNewTestamentcontainsfouraccounts(gospel)ofthelifeofChrist,followedbythewritingsoftheearlyChristians,ofwhoStPaulwasthegreatest.4.theChurchofEngland:a.alsocalledAnglicanChurchandisestablishedonlyinEnglandb.itrepresentstheofficialstatereligion,havingcertaindutiestowardsthestate,andreceivingcertainprivilegesfromit.c.itstemporalheadistheQueen,andtwenty-sixofthehighestpriestssitintheHouseofLords.5.theProtestantReformation:a.areligiousmovementstartedin1517,whentheGermanmonkMartinLutherpostedfordebate，aseriesofthesethatchallengedRomanCatholicChurchb.manyProtestantsectsbrokeawayformthecentralorganizationofRomanCatholicChurchc.manyProtestantstressedtheBibleasthesourceandthenoroftheirteachinginsteadofthePopeasasourceofauthority.6.RomanCatholicChurch:a.referstotheChristianChurchheadedbythePopeinRomeb.AllmembersoftheChurchacceptgospelofChristandtheteachingoftheBiblec.RomanCatholicsthroughouttheworldrecognizethesupremeholyauthorityofPopeinRomeandoftheChurchorpriesthoodingenerald.doesnotadmitthevalidityofotherchurchesatall7.Severalmajornon-conformistsectsinBritain:a.thePresbyterianb.theMethodistChurchc.theCongregationalChurchd.theBaptistChurche.theQuakers------isbestdescribedbytheold-fashionedwordPuritanism8.theCharacteristicsoftheProtestantsects:a.‘purify’theEnglishChurchofallthecorruptionandceremonialpompoftheRomanChurchb.sternsimplicityandstrictmoralityc.keentoprotectSabbath,ortheLord’sDayagainstsacrilegelikework,commerce,gamesandentertainment.d.form‘temperancesocieties’tocombattheevilsofstrongdrinke.Nogamblingf.believeinplainfoodandplainclothingg.absolutehonestybutlackofhumorandwarmthofheart.9.thesectsoriginatedin19thcenturyAmerica:a.ChristianScientists----believeinfaith-healingb.theSeventh-DayAdventists---whobothbelieveinanimminentc.theJehovah’sWitness---‘secondcoming’ofChristtoearth.d.theLatter-DaySaint----withtheirownreligioussystemandscripturesoftheirown10.thespiritualists---ontheedgeofChristianity----claimtobeabletosummonthespiritsofthedeadtoadviseandcomfortthesadandthebereaved.11.thedeclineofreligionreason:a.thesuccessesofmodernscience,especiallythedevelopmentofDarwin’sfamoustheoryofevolution.b.thegeneralimprovementinsocialconditionsandthevarietyofmodernentertainmenthavemadereligionappearratherirrelevant.12.relicsofsuperstitioninmodernBritain:a.it’sunluckytowalkunderaladder,ortospillsalt,orbreakamirror,ortohaveanythingtodowithnumber13.b.ahorseshoebringsgoodluckc.peoplejokingly‘touchwood’topreventthereturnofapastmisfortuned.interestedinfortune-telling8.CharacterandManners1.EnglishModesty：a.EnglishmodestyisaqualitycloselyrelatedtoEnglishreserveb.Withintheirheart,theEnglishareperhapsnolessconceitedthananybodyelse,butintheirrelationswithothersthevalueatleastshowofmodestyc.Self-praiseisfelttobeill-bred,andtheEnglisharetypicalofself-deprecation2.SportsmanshipandEnglishIdeal:a.SportsmanshipisanEnglishidealthatishighlyvaluedinBritainb.Sportsmanshipistheabilitytopraiseasportinobediencetoitsrules,whilealsoshowinggenerositytoone`sopponentandgoodtemperindefeatc.Sportsmanshipasanidealisappliedtolifeingeneral.Thisisprovedbythenumberofsportingtermsusedinordinaryspeech.3.theEnglishclasssystema.Asasocialconvention,theEnglishclasssystemismuchlessrigidthanitwas,butitstillexistsbelowthesurface.b.Broadlyspeaking,itmeanstherearetwoclasses,the“middleclass”andthe“workingclass”.Themiddleclassconsistschieflyofwell-to-dobusinessmenandprofessionalpeopleofallkinds;theworkingclassconsistschieflyofmanualandunskilledworkers.c.themostobviousdifferencebetweenthemisintheiraccent.Themiddleclassesalsotendtoliveamoreformallifethanworking-classpeople,andareusuallymorecultured4.theEnglishsenseofhumoura.theEnglishsenseofhumourisaqualitythatissimilartoEnglishmodesty.Itsstartingpointisself-deprecation,anditsgreatenemyisconceitb.Itsidealistolaughatoneself-atone`sownfaults,one`sownfailuresandembarrassment,evenatone`sownidealsc.Itisanattitudetoliferatherthanthemereabilitytolaughatjokes.Thisattitudeisnevercruelordisrespectfulormalicious9.Education*Childrenbeforefivegotonurseryschools,fromfivetofifteenreceivecompulsoryeducation1.Stateschool(countyschool):a.aboutonehalfofthemoneyisprovidedbythelocalauthorityandtheotherhalfbythecentralgovernmentb.educationandequipment,includingtextbooksandstationery,areentirelyfree.2.the“elevenplus”:Takenbychildrenintheirlastyearatprimaryschool.Theresultsofthisexaminationdeterminethekindofsecondaryschoolingeachchildwillreceive.Thosewithhighestmarksgotogrammarschoolswhileotherchildrenmaygototechnicalschoolsandtherestgotosecondarymodernschools3.theselectivesystem:asystemforsecondaryschoolinginBritain.Underthissystem,childrentakeanexamination,“theelevenplus”,intheirlastyearatprimaryschool.Thisdivisionisnowunderattack.4.thecomprehensivesystema.asystemforsecondaryschoolinginBritain,underwhichallchildren,regardlessofability,canmixtogether.Andhelpovercomeinequalitiesinhomebackgroundb.incomprehensiveschools,studentsstudyawidevarietyofsubjectsatfirst,andaftertwoorthreeyearstheymaystudyonlythosetheylikebestc.manynewideasineducationarebeingtriedoutatpresent,andcomprehensiveschoolsvarywidelythroughoutBritain5.G.C.E.a.GeneralCertificateofEducation,anacademicqualificationconfertostudents.b.TheGCEtraditionallycomprisedtwolevels:theOrdinaryLevel(Olevel)andtheAdvancedLevel(Alevel).StudentpassOlevelcanstayatschoolfortwoorthreeyears,andifpassAleveltheycangotouniversity6.G.S.ECertificateofSecondaryEducation.andisaschoolleavingqualification7.Independentschools:a.refertothegreatnumberofschoolsforallagesinBritainwhicharesupposedentirelybyfeesandprivatefundsb.thebestknownofthesearethe“publicboardingschoolsaged13to17or18”c.theseschoolsarerestrictedtothestudentswhoseparentsarecomparativelyrich8.Publicschools:a.secondaryboardingschoolsthatpreparestudentchieflyforuniversitiesb.supportedentirelybyfeesandprivatefundsc.arerestrictedtoacomparativelysmallsectionofthepopulation9.OpenUniversitya.wasfoundedinBritainin1969forpeoplewhomaynotgettheopportunityforhighereducationforeconomicorsocialreasonsb.opentoeverybody,anddoesnotdemandthesameformalqualificationsastheotheruniversities.c.Non-residential.LecturesarebroadcastonTVandradio.Auniversitydegreewillbeawardedtosuccessfulstudents.*freedomisafeatureofBritisheducationasawhole.10.TheWelfareState1.thewelfarestateareinfourmainparts;thesystemofnationalinsurance,freeornearlyfreemedicalanddentalcareundertheNationalService,supplementarybenefits,andservicesforthebenefitofchildren,apartfromtheprovisionofeducation.2.theretirementpensiona.Receivedbymanfromtheageof65(providedhehasmadehisweeklycontributionstothefund)isheceasestowork,andbywomanfromtheageof60.b.Amanwhocontinuestoworkafter65getsnopensionatfirst,butwhenheisover70hegetsabiggerpensionc.Peoplemayreceiveadditionalpensionsbypayinghighercontributionswhiletheyareworkingd.Thereareinadditionnon-statemethodsofprovidingforretirementpensions3.alife-insurancepolicya.itisakindofpolicyanypersoncantakewithaninsurancecompanyb.itcanbedevisedsoastosuitthepolicy-taker`sneedc.usuallygivethepolicy-takerafixedsumofmoneyattheageofsixtyd.itisanon-statemethodofprovidingforretirementpension4.familyallowancesa.theyarepaiddirectlyoutofpublicmoneycontributedbytaxpayersb.Anallowanceismadeforallchildrenafterthefirstone.c.Thepaymentscontinueuntilachildleavesschoolandaresubjecttoincometaxd.Therearespecialpaymentsforwidowswhohavechildren5.unemploymentpaymentsa.receivedbypeoplewhobecomeunemployedorunabletoworkbecauseofsicknessb.theunemploymentpaymentsisatthesamerateastheretirementpension.c.Theamountoftimeforwhichapersonisentitledtoreceivethesebenefitsdependsonthelengthoftimeforwhichhehasalreadybeenpayingcontributionsintotheinsurancefund.(ifmorethan165weeks,hemayreceivesicknessbenefitforaslongashissicknesslasts)d.Ifapersonbecomesunabletoworkbecauseofaccidentalinjuryatworkortheconditionsofhiswork,hewillreceivemorepayments.6.supplementarybenefitswasameans-testedbenefit,paidtopeopleonlowincomes,whetherornottheywereclassedasunemployedsuchaspensioners,thesickandsingle-parents.ItreplacedtheearliersystemoftheolderNationalAssistancepaymentsandwasintendedto'top-up'otherbenefits.7.“mealsonwheels”Akindofunpaidservicevoluntarilyperformedbythepublic-spiritedpeople.Mealsarepreparedbythepublicauthoritiesinacentralkitchenandthendistributedtoinfirmoldpeopleinfirmoldpeople`shomesbywomenwhobelongtovoluntaryorganizations,usingtheirowncars8.TheNationalHealthServicea.ItisanationwideorganizationbasedonActsofParliament.b.Itprovidesallkindsoffreeornearlyfreemedicaltreatmentbothinhospitalandoutside.c.Itisfinancedpartlybyweeklycontributionspaidbypeoplewhoareworking,butmainlybypaymentsbythestateoutofgeneraltaxation.d.Peoplearenotobligedtousetheserviceprovided.e.Theserviceisachievingitsmainobjectiveswithoutstandingsuccess.11.ThePress,RadioandTelevisionA.DailyPapers1.‘quality’paperoneofthetwogroupsofthenationaldailies,whichgivemorecomprehensivecoverageofallaspectsofnewsandmoreexpensivethanpopularpapers2.‘popular’paperoneofthetwogroupsofthenationaldailies,andaimforamoregeneralreadershipandcostless3.TheTimesa.themostfamousofallBritishnewspapersandisreadbythemostimportantBritishalloverthewordb.Politicallyindependent,thoughitistraditionallyinclinedtobemoresympathetictotheConservativePartyc.notanorganoftheGovernment,andhasareputationforextremecautioninitsattituded.thequalityisremarkablygood.4.TheGuardiana.anationalpaperwhichisequalwithTheTimesinquality,styleandreporting.b.radicalinpoliticsandfavourabletotheLiberalPartyandtendstoberathercloserinsympathytotheLabourPartyc.hasmadegreatprogressduringthepastfifteenyears5.DailyTelegraphTheoreticallyindependent,butinpracticeveryclosetobeinganorganoftheConservativeParty6.DailyExpressa.rathernationalisticandimperialisticb.thefounderisLordBeaverbrook,themostfamousofthepressbaronc.owesmuchofitssuccesstoskillinthetechniqueofpopularjournalism7.DailyMaila.Inclinedtoamoremoderateconservatismb.thefirstofthepopularnewspaperaimedatthenewly-literatepublicoftheearlyyearsofuniversaleducation8.DailyMirrora.atabloid(usesmanypictures,stripcartoonsandstoriestoattractreaderswhichisusuallyprintedonpapersmallerthanthesizeforanewspaper)b.hasthebiggestcirculationinthewesternworldc.itsspecialappealistoyoungpeoplewholeftschoolwhentheywerefifteen9.SunatabloidwithplentyofnudityandlessseriouscontentthantheDailyMirrorB.SundayPapers1.NewsoftheWorld----best-seller;containsextensivecrime-reports2.PeopleandSundayMirror3.SundayExpress----along-establishedcompaniontotheDailyExpress,andisverylikeit4.SundayTimes----apioneerininvestigativejournalismwithasocialpurpose5.Observer----acolorsupplementandisleftinpolitics*SundayTimesandObserverarethetwogoodqualitypapers6.SundayTelegraph----publishedbyDailyTelegraphC.EveningandProvincialPapersEveningNews-------------->DailyMailEveningStandard---------->DailyExpressD.Periodicals1.EconomistThemostinfluentialandsubstantial;mildlyradical;hasalongsectiondevotedtoAmericanaffairs,andseriouslyattemptstocommenteachweekoneveryeventofanypoliticaloreconomicinterestthathastakeninanypartoftheworld2.TheNewStatesman----inclinestowardstheLeftwingoftheLabourParty3.Spectator----moderatelyConservative4.NewSocietyWithlongarticles,oftenbyuniversitysociologistoreconomist,aboutsocialproblems(TheseperiodicalsabovearepublishedonFridays)E.RadioandTelevision1.RadioTimeAradiopaperforecastsBBC`sallprogrammes,eithersoundortelevision2.TheListenerAradiopaperprintsradiotalksaftertheyhavebeendelivered3.B.B.C.a.doesallsoundbroadcastinginBritain,andalsoputsouttwotelevisionprogrammes.b.hasfourchannelsforsoundbroadcastingandnoadvertisementonanyB.B.C.programmec.financedbypaymentswhichmustbemadebyallpeoplewhopossesstelevisionreceivingsets,andhasaBoardofGovernors,appointedbytheGovernmentd.putoutOpenUniversity`scoursesatnon-peakhours.12.TheCommonwealth1.theCommonwealthofNationsAlooseorganization,foundedin1931,withtheQueenrecognizedastheheadandcontainsthreegroupsofterritories:‘White’territories,‘Non-White’territories,‘Mixed’territories2.‘empirebuilders’a.RefertothosewhotendedtoglorifytheirownimperialismlikeCecilRhodesandRudyardKipling.b.Theybelievetheybroughtthecolonieswithpacification,laweducationandmaterialprogress,andthatthebestoftheiradministratorsshowedgreatintegrityandadeeprespectforthepeopleundertheircontrol.3.RhodesiaformerBritishcolonyinSouthAfrica,andoneofthemixedterritoriesoftheCommonwealthofNations,declaredindependence1965anddeparttheCommonwealthofNations;namechangedtoZimbabwein1979.4.theRaceRelationsBoardAnorganizationagainstracialdiscrimination.Ifanyonefeelshehasbeenmadethevictimofanykindofprejudice,hecancomplaintotheBoard.TheBoardcaninvestigateandmaybringcourtproceedingsagainsttheoffender.5.thecolourproblemsinBritaina.colourproblemsdoexistsinBritain,e.g.thelandlady-lodgerrelationship,overcrowding,etc.b.onereasonisthattheBritishareareservedrace,theydonotmixeasilywitheachother,especiallywhentheyfeelthattheotherpersonisdifferentfromtheminspeechormanners.c.theotherreasonisthattheBritishandtheforeignerdonotsharethesameculturalbackground,andtheforeignermayfailtoconformtoconventionalBritishideasofpolitenessd.thereforeaccordingtotheauthor,foreignnessisthefundamentaldifficulty,coloursimplyaggravatesite.theGovernmenthasmadealldiscriminationillegalandsetuptheRaceRelationsBoardtoenforcethislaw.