审计英语课件第6章

Chapter7AuditPlanningandMateriality7.1AuditPlanning7.2AnalyticalProcedures7.3MaterialityLearningObjectives1.Comprehendtheoverallauditstrategyanddetailedauditplan.2.Statethenatureandpurposesofanalyticalproceduresandthetimingofeachpurpose.3.Understandthedefinitionofmateriality.4.Applytheconceptofmaterialitytotheaudit.5.Comprehendtherelationshipbetweenmaterialityandauditrisk.6.Understandhowtheauditortoevaluatetheeffectofmisstatement.7.1AuditPlanningGlossaryoverallauditstrategy总体审计策略auditplan具体审计 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 Planninganauditinvolvesestablishingtheoverallauditstrategyfortheengagementanddevelopinganauditplan,inordertoreduceauditrisktoanacceptablylowlevel.OverallAuditStrategyTheoverallauditstrategysetsthescope,timinganddirectionoftheaudit,andguidesthedevelopmentofthemoredetailedauditplan.Oncetheoverallauditstrategyhasbeenestablished,theauditorshouldstartthedevelopmentofamoredetailedauditplantoaddressthevariousmattersidentifiedintheoverallauditstrategy,takingintoaccounttheneedtoachievetheauditobjectivesthroughtheefficientuseoftheauditor'sresources.AuditPlanTheauditplanismoredetailedthantheoverallauditstrategyandincludesthenature,timingandextentofauditprocedurestobeperformedbyengagementteammembersinordertoobtainsufficientappropriateauditevidencetoreduceauditrisktoanacceptablylowlevel.Theauditplanshouldinclude:Thenature,timingandextentofplannedriskassessmentproceduressufficienttoidentifyandassesstherisksofmaterialmisstatementofthefinancialstatement;Thenature,timingandextentofplannedfurtherauditproceduresinresponsetoassessedrisksofmaterialmisstatementattheassertionlevel;andOtherplannedauditproceduresthatarerequiredtobecarriedoutsothattheengagementcomplieswithauditingstandards.Theestablishmentoftheoverallauditstrategyandthedetailedauditplansarenotnecessarilydiscreteorsequentialprocesses,butarecloselyinterrelatedsincechangesinonemayresultinconsequentialchangestotheother.7.2AnalyticalProcedures7.2.1NatureofAnalyticalProcedures7.2.2PurposesofAnalyticalProceduresGlossaryanalyticalprocedures分析性程序riskassessmentprocedures风险评估程序overallreview总体复核substantiveprocedures实质性程序7.2.1NatureofAnalyticalProceduresAnalyticalproceduresmeanevaluationsoffinancialinformationmadebyastudyofplausiblerelationshipsamongbothfinancialandnon-financialdata.Analyticalproceduresalsoencompasstheinvestigationofidentifiedfluctuationsandrelationshipsthatareinconsistentwithotherrelevantinformationordeviatesignificantlyfrompredictedamounts.Whileperforminganalyticalprocedures,theauditorshouldconsiderthecomparisonsoftheentity’sfinancialinformationwith,asfollows:(a)Comparableinformationforpriorperiods;(b)Anticipatedresultsoftheentity(suchasbudgetsorforecasts)orexpectationsoftheauditor(suchasestimationofdepreciation);(c)Comparableinformationofsimilarindustryorotherentitiesofcomparablesizeinthesameindustry,suchasacomparisonoftheentity'sratioofsalestoaccountsreceivablewithindustryaverages.Whileperforminganalyticalprocedures,theauditorshouldconsiderrelationshipsasfollows:(a)Therelationshipamongelementsoffinancialinformation(suchasgrossmarginpercentages).(b)Therelationshipbetweenfinancialinformationandrelevantnon-financialinformation,suchaspayrollcoststonumberofemployees.7.2.2PurposesofAnalyticalProceduresTheauditorshouldapplyanalyticalproceduresasriskassessmentprocedurestoobtainanunderstandingoftheentityanditsenvironmentandintheoverallreviewattheendoftheaudit.Analyticalproceduresmayalsobeappliedassubstantiveprocedures.Analyticalproceduresareusedfortheauditorforthefollowingpurposes:Asriskassessmentprocedurestoobtainanunderstandingoftheentityanditsenvironment;Assubstantiveprocedureswhentheirusecanbemoreeffectiveorefficientthantestsofdetailsinreducingthedetectionriskattheassertionleveltoanacceptablylowlevel;Asanoverallreviewofthefinancialstatementsattheendoftheaudit.AnalyticalProceduresasRiskAssessmentProceduresTheauditorshouldapplyanalyticalproceduresasriskassessmentprocedurestoobtainanunderstandingoftheentityanditsenvironment.Applicationofanalyticalproceduresmayindicateaspectsoftheentityofwhichtheauditorwasunawareandwillassistinassessingtherisksofmaterialmisstatementinordertodeterminethenature,timingandextentoffurtherauditprocedures.Analyticalproceduresappliedasriskassessmentproceduresusebothfinancialandnon-financialinformation,forexample,therelationshipbetweensalesandsquarefootageofsellingspaceorvolumeofgoodssold.AnalyticalProceduresasSubstantiveProceduresTheauditordesignsandperformssubstantiveprocedurestoberesponsivetotherelatedassessmentoftheriskofmaterialmisstatementattheassertionlevel.Theauditor’ssubstantiveproceduresattheassertionlevelmaybederivedfromtestsofcontrols,fromsubstantiveanalyticalprocedures,orfromacombinationofboth.Thedecisionaboutwhichauditprocedurestousetoachieveaparticularauditobjectiveisbasedontheauditor’sjudgmentabouttheexpectedeffectivenessandefficiencyoftheavailableauditproceduresinreducingtheassessedriskofmaterialmisstatementattheassertionleveltoanacceptablylowlevel.Theauditorwillordinarilyinquireofmanagementastotheavailabilityandreliabilityofinformationneededtoapplysubstantiveanalyticalproceduresandtheresultsofanysuchproceduresperformedbytheentity.Iftheauditorissatisfiedthatanalyticaldatapreparedbytheentity,itmaybeefficienttousesuchdata.AnalyticalProceduresintheOverallReviewattheendoftheAuditTheauditorshouldapplyanalyticalproceduresatorneartheendoftheauditwhenforminganoverallconclusionastowhetherthefinancialstatementsasawholeareconsistentwiththeauditor’sunderstandingoftheentity.Theconclusionsdrawnfromtheresultsofsuchauditproceduresareintendedtocorroborateconclusionsformedduringtheauditofindividualcomponentsorelementsofthefinancialstatementsandassistinarrivingattheoverallconclusionastothereasonablenessofthefinancialstatements.However,theymayalsoidentifyapreviouslyunrecognizedriskofmaterialmisstatement.Insuchcircumstances,theauditormayneedtore-evaluatetheplannedauditprocedures,basedontherevisedconsiderationofassessedrisksforallorsomeoftheclassesoftransactions,accountbalances,ordisclosuresandrelatedassertions.7.3Materiality7.3.1DefinitionofMateriality7.3.2DeterminingMateriality7.3.3TheRelationshipbetweenMaterialityandAuditRisk7.3.4MaterialityandAuditRiskinEvaluatingAuditEvidence7.3.5EvaluatingtheEffectofMisstatementGlossarymateriality重要性theaggregateofuncorrectedmisstatements尚未更正错报的汇总数Theobjectiveofanauditoffinancialstatementsistoenabletheauditortoexpressanopinionwhetherthefinancialstatementsareprepared,inallmaterialrespects,inaccordancewithanapplicablefinancialreportingframework.Theassessmentofwhatismaterialisamatterofprofessionaljudgment,andalsoaveryimportantjudgmentinplanningprocess.7.3.1DefinitionofMaterialityMaterialitydependsonthejudgmentsontheamountandnatureofthemisstatementsinparticularcircumstances.Informationismaterialifitsmisstatement,individuallyorincombinationwithothers,couldinfluencetheeconomicdecisionsofuserstakenonthebasisofthefinancialstatements.Materialitydependsonthesizeoftheitemorerrorjudgedintheparticularcircumstancesofitsomissionormisstatement.Thus,materialityprovidesathresholdorcut-offpointratherthanbeingaprimaryqualitativecharacteristicwhichinformationmusthaveifitistobeuseful.通常而言，重要性概念可从下列方面进行理解：（一）如果合理预期错报（包括漏报）单独或汇总起来可能影响财务报 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 使用者依据财务 报表 企业所得税申报表下载财务会计报表下载斯维尔报表下载外贸周报表下载关联申报表下载 作出的经济决策，则通常认为错报是重大的；（二）对重要性的判断是根据具体环境作出的，并受错报的金额或性质的影响，或受两者共同作用的影响；（三）判断某事项对财务报表使用者是否重大，是在考虑财务报表使用者整体共同的财务信息需求的基础上作出的。由于不同财务报表使用者对财务信息的需求可能差异很大，因此不考虑错报对个别财务报表使用者可能产生的影响。7.3.2DeterminingMaterialityIndesigningtheauditplan,theauditorshouldestablishanacceptablematerialitylevelsoastodetectquantitativelymaterialmisstatements.However,boththeamount(quantity)andnature(quality)ofmisstatementsneedtobeconsidered.Examplesofqualitativemisstatementswouldbetheinadequateorimproperdescriptionofanaccountingpolicywhenitislikelythatauserofthefinancialstatementswouldbemisledbythedescription.Theauditorshouldconsiderthepossibilityofmisstatementsofrelativelysmallamountsthat,cumulatively,couldhaveamaterialeffectonthefinancialstatements.Forexample,anerrorinamonthendprocedurecouldbeanindicationofapotentialmaterialmisstatementifthaterrorisrepeatedeachmonth.Theauditorconsidersmaterialityatboththeoverallfinancialstatementlevelandinrelationtoclassesoftransactions,accountbalances,anddisclosures.Materialityshouldbeconsideredbytheauditorwhendeterminingthenature,timing,extentofauditproceduresandevaluatingtheeffectofmisstatements.Materialityatoverallfinancialstatementlevelisdefinedaspreliminaryjudgmentaboutmaterialitythatisthemaximumamountbywhichtheauditorbelievesthestatementscouldbemisstatedandstillnotaffectthedecisionsofreasonableusers.Thereasonforsettingapreliminaryjudgmentaboutmaterialityistohelptheauditorplantheappropriateevidencetoaccumulate.Iftheauditorsetsalowdollaramount,moreevidenceisrequiredthanforahighamount.Afterthematerialityatoverallfinancialstatementlevelisdetermined,theallocationtoclassesoftransactions,accountbalances,anddisclosuresisnecessarybecauseevidenceisaccumulatedbyassertionsratherthanforthefinancialstatementsasawhole.Theallocationhelpstheauditordecidetheappropriateauditevidencetoaccumulate.Forexample,anauditorislikelytoaccumulatemoreevidenceforanaccountsreceivablebalanceof$1,000,000whenamisstatementof$50,000inaccountsreceivableisconsideredmaterialthanif$300,000werematerial.计划审计工作时的重要性在计划审计工作时确定的重要性（即确定的某一金额），并不必然表明单独或汇总起来低于该金额的未更正错报一定被评价为不重大。即使某些错报低于重要性，与这些错报相关的具体情形可能使注册会计师将其评价为重大。尽管设计审计程序以发现仅因其性质而可能被评价为重大的错报并不可行，但是注册会计师在评价未更正错报对财务报表的影响时，不仅要考虑错报金额的大小，还要考虑错报的性质以及错报发生的特定环境。7.3.3TheRelationshipbetweenMaterialityandAuditRiskWhenplanningtheaudit,theauditorconsiderswhatwouldmakethefinancialstatementsmateriallymisstated.Theauditorshouldestablishmaterialityonthebasisoftheunderstandingoftheentityanditsenvironmentandevaluatewhetherthejudgmentaboutmaterialityremainsappropriateastheauditprogresses.Theauditorshouldassessmaterialityrelatedtoclassesoftransactions,accountbalances,anddisclosures,whichhelpstheauditortodeterminethenature,timingandextentoffurtherauditprocedures,soastoreduceauditrisktoanacceptablylowlevel.Thereisaninverserelationshipbetweenmaterialityandthelevelofauditrisk.Thehigherthematerialitylevel,thelowertheauditriskandviceversa.Theauditorshouldtaketheinverserelationshipbetweenmaterialityandauditriskintoaccountwhendeterminingthenature,timingandextentofauditprocedures.If,afterplanningforspecificauditprocedures,theauditordeterminesthattheacceptablematerialitylevelislower,auditriskisincreased.Theauditorshouldcompensateforthisbyeither:(a)Reducingtheassessedriskofmaterialmisstatement,wherethisispossible,andsupportingthereducedlevelbycarryingoutextendedoradditionaltestsofcontrol;or(b)Reducingdetectionriskbymodifyingthenature,timingandextentofplannedsubstantiveprocedures.7.3.4MaterialityandAuditRiskinEvaluatingAuditEvidenceTheauditor’sassessmentofmaterialityandauditriskmaybedifferentatthetimeofinitiallyplanningtheengagementfromatthetimeofevaluatingtheresultsofauditprocedures.Thiscouldbebecauseofachangeincircumstancesorbecauseofachangeintheauditor'sknowledgeasaresultofperformingauditprocedures.Forexample,ifauditproceduresareperformedpriortoperiodend,theauditorwillanticipatetheresultsofoperationsandthefinancialposition.Ifactualresultsofoperationsandfinancialpositionaresubstantiallydifferent,theassessmentofmaterialityandauditriskmayalsochange.Insuchcircumstances,theauditorshouldreconsiderthelevelofmateriallyandauditrisk,andalsoconsiderwhethertheauditproceduresperformedaresufficient.Additionally,theauditormay,inplanningtheauditwork,intentionallysettheacceptablematerialitylevelatalowerlevelthanitisintendedtobeusedtoevaluatetheresultsoftheaudit.Thismaybedonetoreducethelikelihoodofundiscoveredmisstatementsandtoprovidetheauditorwithamarginofsafetywhenevaluatingtheeffectofmisstatements,discoveredduringtheaudit.实际执行的重要性实际执行的重要性，是指注册会计师确定的低于财务报表整体的重要性的一个或多个金额，旨在将未更正和未发现错报的汇总数超过财务报表整体的重要性的可能性降至适当的低水平。如果适用，实际执行的重要性还指注册会计师确定的低于特定类别的交易、账户余额或披露的重要性水平的一个或多个金额。计划审计工作时确定重要性和实际执行的重要性在制定总体审计策略时，注册会计师应当确定财务报表整体的重要性。根据被审计单位的特定情况，如果存在一个或多个特定类别的交易、账户余额或披露，其发生的错报金额虽然低于财务报表整体的重要性，但合理预期可能影响财务报表使用者依据财务报表作出的经济决策，注册会计师还应当确定适用于这些交易、账户余额或披露的一个或多个重要性水平。注册会计师应当确定实际执行的重要性，以评估重大错报风险并确定进一步审计程序的性质、时间安排和范围。审计过程中修改重要性如果在审计过程中获知了某项信息，而该信息可能导致注册会计师确定与原来不同的财务报表整体的重要性或者特定类别的交易、账户余额或披露的一个或多个重要性水平（如适用），注册会计师应当予以修改。7.4.5EvaluatingtheEffectofMisstatementTheauditorshouldassesswhethertheaggregateofuncorrectedmisstatementsthathavebeenidentifiedduringtheauditismaterial.Theaggregateofuncorrectedmisstatementsincludes:(a)Specificmisstatementsidentifiedbytheauditorincludingtheneteffectofuncorrectedmisstatementsidentifiedduringtheauditofpreviousperiods;and(b)Theauditor’sbestestimateofothermisstatementswhichcannotbespecificallyidentified(i.e.,projectederrors).Iftheauditorconcludesthattheaggregateofuncorrectedmisstatementsmaybematerial,theauditorshouldconsiderreducingauditriskbyextendingauditproceduresorrequestingmanagementtoadjustthefinancialstatements.Inanyevent,theauditorshouldrequestmanagementtoadjustthefinancialstatementsforthemisstatementsidentified.Ifmanagementrefusestoadjustthefinancialstatementsandtheresultsofextendedauditproceduresdonotenabletheauditortoconcludethattheaggregateofuncorrectedmisstatementsisnotmaterial,theauditorshouldconsidertheappropriatemodificationstotheauditor’sreport.Iftheaggregateoftheuncorrectedmisstatementsthattheauditorhasidentifiedapproachesthematerialitylevel,theauditorshouldconsiderwhetheritislikelythatundetectedmisstatements,whentakenwithaggregateuncorrectedmisstatementscouldexceedmaterialitylevelandconsiderreducingauditriskbyperformingadditionalauditproceduresorbyrequestingmanagementtoadjustthefinancialstatementsforidentifiedmisstatements.ReviewQuestions1.Distinguishbetweentheoverallauditstrategyandauditplan.2.Whatismeantbyanalyticalprocedures?Describethepurposesofanalyticalproceduresduringeachstagesofauditprocess.3.Definethemeaningofthetermmaterialityasitisusedinauditing.Choices1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisnotcorrectaboutmateriality?a.TheconceptofmaterialityrecognizesthatsomemattersareimportantforfairpresentationoffinancialstatementsinconformitywithGAAP,whereasothermattersarenotimportant.b.Anauditorconsidersmaterialityforplanningpurposesintermsofthelargestaggregatelevelofmisstatementsthatcouldbematerialtoanyoneofthefinancialstatements.c.Materialityjudgmentsaremadeinlightofsurroundingcircumstancesandnecessarilyinvolvebothquantitativeandqualitativejudgments.d.Anauditor'sconsiderationofmaterialityisinfluencedbytheauditor'sperceptionoftheneedsofareasonablepersonwhowillrelyonthefinancialstatements.2.Inconsideringmaterialityforplanningpurposes,anauditorbelievesthatmisstatementaggregating$10,000wouldhaveamaterialeffectonanentity'sincomestatementbutthatmisstatementswouldhavetoaggregate$20,000tomateriallyaffectthebalancesheet.Ordinarily,itwouldbeappropriatetodesignauditingproceduresthatwouldbeexpectedtodetectmisstatementsthataggregate.a.$10,000.b.$15,000.c.$20,000.d.$30,000.