现代大学英语精读3-Lesson-11-Silent-SpringPPT课件

Lesson11SilentSpring1.AbouttheAuthor"Themoreclearlywecanfocusourattentiononthewondersandrealitiesoftheuniverseaboutus,thelesstasteweshallhavefordestruction."--RachelCarson©1954RachelCarsonBIRTHDATE:May27,1907BIRTHPLACE:Springdale,PAEDUCATION: 1925-enteredPennsylvaniaCollegeforWomen(nowChathamCollege)1929-graduatedwithhonors,earningascholarshiptocontinueherstudiesatJohnsHopkinsUniversityinBaltimore,MD.1932-M.A.inZoologyfromJohnHopkinsUniversity.FAMILYBACKGROUND:Theyoungestofthreechildren,RachelCarsonhadaruggedupbringinginasimplefarmhouseoutsidethewesternPennsylvaniarivertownofSpringdale.Shecreditedhermotherwithintroducinghertotheworldofnaturethatbecameherlifelongpassion.DESCRIPTIONOFACCOMPLISHMENTS:Aftercompletinghereducation,CarsonjoinedtheU.S.BureauofFisheriesasthewriterofaradioshowentitled"RomanceUndertheWaters,"inwhichshewasabletoexplorelifeundertheseasandbringittolisteners.In1936,afterbeingthefirstwomantotakeandpassthecivilservicetest,theBureauofFisherieshiredherasafull-timejuniorbiologist,andoverthenext15years,sheroseintheranksuntilshewasthechiefeditorofallpublicationsfortheU.S.FishandWildlifeService.Duringthe1940s,Carsonbegantowritebooksonherobservationsoflifeunderthesea,aworldasyetunknowntothemajorityofpeople.Sheresignedfromhergovernmentpositionin1952inordertodevoteallhertimetowriting.Theideaforhermostfamousbook,SilentSpring,emerged,andshebeganwritingitin1957.Itwaspublishedin1962,andinfluencedPresidentKennedy,whohadreadit,tocallfortestingofthechemicalsmentionedinthebook.Carsonhasbeencalledthemotherofthemodernenvironmentalmovement.DATEOFDEATH:April14,1964PLACEOFDEATH:HerhomeinSilverSpring,MDPORTRAYEDBY:CelesteEarhartWEBSITES:RachelCarsonHomesteadRachelCarsonCouncilRachelCarsonNationalWildlifeRefugeRachelCarsonForum-acenterfor"newideasandopinionsaboutenvironmentalissuesfacingPennsylvania."FormerVice-PresidentAlGore'sIntroductiontothe1994reissueofSilentSpringRachelCarsonisacharterinducteeintotheEcologyHallofFameBIBLIOGRAPHY:1941-UndertheSeaWind1943-FoodFromtheSea:FishandShellfishofNewEngland1944-FoodFromtheSea:FishandShellfishoftheSouthAtlantic1951-TheSeaAroundUs1955-TheEdgeoftheSea1962-SilentSpring1965-TheSenseofWonder(posthumous)RachelCarson,writer,scientist,andecologist,grewupsimplyintheruralrivertownofSpringdale,Pennsylvania.Hermotherbequeathedtoheralife-longloveofnatureandthelivingworldthatRachelexpressedfirstasawriterandlaterasastudentofmarinebiology.CarsongraduatedfromPennsylvaniaCollegeforWomen(nowChathamCollege)in1929,studiedattheWoodsHoleMarineBiologicalLaboratory,andreceivedherMAinzoologyfromJohnsHopkinsUniversityin1932.ShewashiredbytheU.S.BureauofFisheriestowriteradioscriptsduringtheDepressionandsupplementedherincomewritingfeaturearticlesonnaturalhistoryfortheBaltimoreSun.Shebeganafifteen-yearcareerinthefederalserviceasascientistandeditorin1936androsetobecomeEditor-in-ChiefofallpublicationsfortheU.S.FishandWildlifeService.Shewrotepamphletsonconservationandnaturalresourcesandeditedscientificarticles,butinherfreetimeturnedhergovernmentresearchintolyricprose,firstasanarticle"Undersea"(1937,fortheAtlanticMonthly),andtheninabook,UndertheSea-Wind(1941).In1952shepublishedherprize-winningstudyoftheocean,TheSeaAroundUs,whichwasfollowedbyTheEdgeoftheSeain1955.ThesebooksconstitutedabiographyoftheoceanandmadeCarsonfamousasanaturalistandsciencewriterforthepublic.Carsonresignedfromgovernmentservicein1952todevoteherselftoherwriting.Shewroteseveralotherarticlesdesignedtoteachpeopleaboutthewonderandbeautyofthelivingworld,including"HelpYourChildtoWonder,"(1956)and"OurEver-ChangingShore"(1957),andplannedanotherbookontheecologyoflife.EmbeddedwithinallofCarson'swritingwastheviewthathumanbeingswerebutonepartofnaturedistinguishedprimarilybytheirpowertoalterit,insomecasesirreversibly.DisturbedbytheprofligateuseofsyntheticchemicalpesticidesafterWorldWarII,Carsonreluctantlychangedherfocusinordertowarnthepublicaboutthelongtermeffectsofmisusingpesticides.InSilentSpring(1962)shechallengedthepracticesofagriculturalscientistsandthegovernment,andcalledforachangeinthewayhumankindviewedthenaturalworld.Carsonwasattackedbythechemicalindustryandsomeingovernmentasanalarmist,butcourageouslyspokeouttoremindusthatweareavulnerablepartofthenaturalworldsubjecttothesamedamageastherestoftheecosystem.TestifyingbeforeCongressin1963,Carsoncalledfornewpoliciestoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment.RachelCarsondiedin1964afteralongbattleagainstbreastcancer.Herwitnessforthebeautyandintegrityoflifecontinuestoinspirenewgenerationstoprotectthelivingworldandallitscreatures.2.AboutthetextSilentSpringbyRachelCarsonSketchesfromoneoftheTwentiethCentury'smostimportantworksAFableforTomorrow"TherewasonceatownintheheartofAmericawherealllifeseemedtoliveinharmonywithitssurroundings...apastoralEdenofhardwoodforestsandbountifulwildlife...strangeblightcreptovertheareaandeverythingbegantochange...Everywherewasashadowofdeath...Itwasaspringwithoutvoices.Onthemorningsthathadoncethrobbedwiththedawnchorusofrobins,catbirds,doves,jays,wrens,andscoresofotherbirdvoicestherewasnownosound;onlysilencelayoverthefieldsandwoodsandmarsh...Eventhestreamswerenowlifeless...Nowitchcraft,noenemyactionhadsilencedtherebirthofnewlifeinthisstrickenworld.Thepeoplehaddoneitthemselves..."Man,howevermuchhemayliketopretend,ispartofnature."Themostalarmingofallman'sassaultsupontheenvironmentisthecontaminationofair,earth,rivers,andseawithdangerousandevenlethalmaterials...Thepoisonscirculatemysteriouslybyundergroundstreamsuntiltheyemergeand,throughthealchemyofairandsunlight,combineintonewformsthatkillvegetation,sickencattle,andworkunknownharmonthosewhodrinkfromoncepurewells...Theytravelfromlinktolinkofthefoodchain...."Exterminism:"Nonselectivechemicalsthathavethepowertokilleveryinsect,thegoodandthebad,tostillthesongofbirdsandtheleapingoffishinthestreams,tocoattheleaveswithadeadlyfilm,andtolingeroninthesoil...Cananyonebelieveitispossibletolaydownsuchabarrageofpoisonsonthesurfaceoftheearthwithoutmakingitunfitforalllife?Theyshouldnotbecalled'insecticides'but'biocides'..."Theinsectsarewinning:We'reonapesticidetreadmill.Theinsectsadapttotheparticularinsecticideused...forcingustofindeverdeadliernewones...Thusthechemicalwarisneverwon,andalllifeiscaughtinitsviolentcrossfire...manychemicals,likeradiation,bringaboutgenemutations...Manyofthesesubstancesarepersistentandbio-accumulative.Healtheffectsdependonexposureovertime.Effectsaredelayed.Butthiscanlullus:thedangeriseasilyignored.Itishumannaturetoshrugoffwhatmayseemtousavaguethreatoffuturedisaster...Someofthesesubstanceshavetoxiceffectsinverysmallquantities.Intheecologyofourbodies,minutecausesproducemightyeffects."Violationofhumanrights:"Wehavesubjectedenormousnumbersofpeopletocontactwiththesepoisons,withouttheirconsentandoftenwithouttheirknowledge...Self-endangerment:"Thechiefpublichealththreathasceasedtobedisease;nowitisahazardweourselveshaveintroducedintoourworld.Indeed,wemaybetechnicallyincapableofdetectingthepresenceofsometoxins...Thelackofsufficientlydelicatemethodstodetectinjurybeforesymptomsappearisoneofthegreatunsolvedproblemsinmedicine."Wearethesubjectsofamassiveuncontrolledexperiment:"Ahumanbeing,unlikealaboratoryanimallivingunderrigidlycontrolledconditions,isneverexposedtoonechemicalalone...wearesubjecttomultipleexposures...Thisisaproblemofecology,ofinterrelationships,ofinterdependence."Whyhavewedonethis?Carsondismissestheclaimthatincreasedfarmproductionnecessitatesthis;asfarasthatgoesoverproductionistherealproblem.Rather,thesourceliesinour"modernwayoflife,"specifically:(1)agriculturalintensificationanditsuseoflargescalemonoculture(simplificationdestroysnature's"checksandbalances");and(2)themigrationofspecieswithhumans,bothdeliberatelyandaccidentally("nearlyhalfofthe180orsomajorinsectenemiesofplantsintheUnitedStatesareaccidentalimportsfromabroad").Thealternative:developecologicalknowledgeanduseit."Weneedthebasicknowledgeofanimalpopulationsandtheirrelationstotheirsurroundings,butweallowthechemicaldeathtofallasthoughtherewerenoalternative...Havewefallenintoamesmerizedstatethatmakesusacceptasinevitablethatwhichisinferioranddetrimental?...Thechoice,afterall,isourstomake."Ifoncewehave"atlastassertedour'righttoknow,'"wedecidethatwe"arebeingaskedtotakesenselessandfrighteningrisks,"thenweshouldnolongeracceptthecounselofthosewhotellusthatwemustfillourworldwithpoisonouschemicals;weshouldlookaboutandseewhatothercourseisopentous.TheStoryofSilentSpringHowacourageouswomantookonthechemicalindustryandraisedimportantquestionsabouthumankind'simpactonnature.Althoughtheirrolewillprobablyalwaysbelesscelebratedthanwars,marches,riotsorstormypoliticalcampaigns,itisbooksthathaveattimesmostpowerfullyinfluencedsocialchangeinAmericanlife.ThomasPaine'sCommonSensegalvanizedradicalsentimentintheearlydaysoftheAmericanrevolution;UncleTom'sCabinbyHarrietBeecherStowerousedNorthernantipathytoslaveryinthedecadeleadinguptotheCivilWar;andRachelCarson'sSilentSpring,whichin1962exposedthehazardsofthepesticideDDT,eloquentlyquestionedhumanity'sfaithintechnologicalprogressandhelpedsetthestagefortheenvironmentalmovement.Carson,arenownednatureauthorandaformermarinebiologistwiththeU.S.FishandWildlifeService,wasuniquelyequippedtocreatesostartlingandinflammatoryabook.AnativeofruralPennsylvania,shehadgrownupwithanenthusiasmfornaturematchedonlybyherloveofwritingandpoetry.TheeducationalbrochuresshewrotefortheFishandWildlifeService,aswellasherpublishedbooksandmagazinearticles,werecharacterizedbymeticulousresearchandapoeticevocationofhersubject."ThingsGoOutofKilter"Carsonwashappiestwritingaboutthestrengthandresilienceofnaturalsystems.HerbooksUndertheSeaWind,TheSeaAroundUs(whichstayedontheNewYorkTimesbestsellerlistfor86weeks),andTheEdgeofTheSeawerehymnstotheinter-connectednessofnatureandalllivingthings.Althoughsherarelyusedtheterm,Carsonheldanecologicalviewofnature,describinginpreciseyetpoeticlanguagethecomplexweboflifethatlinkedmolluskstosea-birdstothefishswimmingintheocean'sdeepestandmostinaccessiblereaches.DDT,themostpowerfulpesticidetheworldhadeverknown,exposednature'svulnerability.Unlikemostpesticides,whoseeffectivenessislimitedtodestroyingoneortwotypesofinsects,DDTwascapableofkillinghundredsofdifferentkindsatonce.Developedin1939,itfirstdistinguisheditselfduringWorldWarII,clearingSouthPacificislandsofmalaria-causinginsectsforU.S.troops,whileinEuropebeingusedasaneffectivede-lousingpowder.ItsinventorwasawardedtheNobelPrize.WhenDDTbecameavailableforcivilianusein1945,therewereonlyafewpeoplewhoexpressedsecondthoughtsaboutthisnewmiraclecompound.OnewasnaturewriterEdwinWayTeale,whowarned,"AsprayasindiscriminateasDDTcanupsettheeconomyofnatureasmuchasarevolutionupsetssocialeconomy.Ninetypercentofallinsectsaregood,andiftheyarekilled,thingsgooutofkilterrightaway."AnotherwasRachelCarson,whowrotetotheReader'sDigesttoproposeanarticleaboutaseriesoftestsonDDTbeingconductednotfarfromwhereshelivedinMaryland.Themagazinerejectedtheidea.SilentSpringThirteenyearslater,in1958,Carson'sinterestinwritingaboutthedangersofDDTwasrekindledwhenshereceivedaletterfromafriendinMassachusettsbemoaningthelargebirdkillswhichhadoccuredonCapeCodastheresultofDDTsprayings.TheuseofDDThadproliferatedgreatlysince1945andCarsonagaintried,unsuccessfully,tointerestamagazineinassigningherthestoryofitslessdesirableeffects.By1958Carsonwasabest-sellingauthor,andthefactthatshecouldnotobtainamagazineassignmenttowriteaboutDDTisindicativeofhowhereticalandcontroversialherviewsonthesubjectmusthaveseemed.Havingalreadyamassedalargequantityofresearchonthesubject,however,CarsondecidedtogoaheadandtackletheDDTissueinabook.SilentSpringtookCarsonfouryearstocomplete.ItmeticulouslydescribedhowDDTenteredthefoodchainandaccumulatedinthefattytissuesofanimals,includinghumanbeings,andcausedcancerandgeneticdamage.Asingleapplicationonacrop,shewrote,killedinsectsforweeksandmonths,andnotonlythetargetedinsectsbutcountlessmore,andremainedtoxicintheenvironmentevenafteritwasdilutedbyrainwater.CarsonconcludedthatDDTandotherpesticideshadirrevocablyharmedbirdsandanimalsandhadcontaminatedtheentireworldfoodsupply.Thebook'smosthauntingandfamouschapter,"AFableforTomorrow,"depictedanamelessAmericantownwherealllife--fromfishtobirdstoappleblossomstohumanchildren--hadbeen"silenced"bytheinsidiouseffectsofDDT.FirstserializedinTheNewYorkerinJune1962,thebookalarmedreadersacrossAmericaand,notsurprisingly,broughtahowlofindignationfromthechemicalindustry."IfmanweretofaithfullyfollowtheteachingsofMissCarson,"complainedanexecutiveoftheAmericanCyanamidCompany,"wewouldreturntotheDarkAges,andtheinsectsanddiseasesandverminwouldonceagaininherittheearth."Monsantopublishedanddistributed5,000copiesofabrochureparodyingSilentSpringentitled"TheDesolateYear,"relatingthedevastationandinconvenienceofaworldwherefamine,disease,andinsectsranamuckbecausechemicalpesticideshadbeenbanned.Someoftheattacksweremorepersonal,questioningCarson'sintegrityandevenhersanity.VindicationHercarefulpreparation,however,hadpaidoff.Anticipatingthereactionofthechemicalindustry,shehadcompiledSilentSpringasonewouldalawyer'sbrief,withnofewerthan55pagesofnotesandalistofexpertswhohadreadandapprovedthemanuscript.Manyeminentscientistsrosetoherdefense,andwhenPresidentJohnF.KennedyorderedthePresident'sScienceAdvisoryCommitteetoexaminetheissuesthebookraised,itsreportthoroughlyvindicatedbothSilentSpringanditsauthor.Asaresult,DDTcameundermuchclosergovernmentsupervisionandwaseventuallybanned.Thepublicdebatemovedquicklyfromwhetherpesticidesweredangeroustowhichpesticidesweredangerous,andtheburdenofproofshiftedfromtheopponentsofunrestrainedpesticideusetothechemicals'manufacturers.ThemostimportantlegacyofSilentSpring,though,wasanewpublicawarenessthatnaturewasvulnerabletohumanintervention.RachelCarsonhadmadearadicalproposal:that,attimes,technologicalprogressissofundamentallyatoddswithnaturalprocessesthatitmustbecurtailed.Conservationhadneverraisedmuchbroadpublicinterest,forfewpeoplereallyworriedaboutthedisappearanceofwilderness.ButthethreatsCarsonhadoutlined--thecontaminationofthefoodchain,cancer,geneticdamage,thedeathsofentirespecies--weretoofrighteningtoignore.Forthefirsttime,theneedtoregulateindustryinordertoprotecttheenvironmentbecamewidelyaccepted,andenvironmentalismwasborn.Carsonwaswellawareofthelargerimplicationsofherwork.AppearingonaCBSdocumentaryaboutSilentSpringshortlybeforeherdeathfrombreastcancerin1964,sheremarked,"Man'sattitudetowardnatureistodaycriticallyimportantsimplybecausewehavenowacquiredafatefulpowertoalteranddestroynature.Butmanisapartofnature,andhiswaragainstnatureisinevitablyawaragainsthimself?#91;Weare]challengedasmankindhasneverbeenchallengedbeforetoproveourmaturityandourmastery,notofnature,butofourselves."Oneofthelandmarkbooksofthe20thcentury,SilentSpring'smessageresonatesloudlytoday,evenseveraldecadesafteritspublication.AndequallyinspiringistheexampleofRachelCarsonherself.Againstoverwhelmingdifficultiesandadversity,butmotivatedbyherunabashedloveofnature,sheroselikeagladiatorinitsdefense....toprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment3.AboutEnvironmentalProtectionHumboldtBayMasterPetroleum'sgoldminingplanwouldtakeupto190,000gallonsofwatereverydayfromCanyonCreekCasesummaries,legalbriefs,andotherinfoCasesfiled-1997tothepresentCasesFiled1982-1996LegalHighlightssomeofEPIC'ssuccessstoriesIt'sbeendecadessinceEPICfirstenteredthecourtroomtochallengethedegradationofpublictrustresourcesandthegovernment'scomplacencytoviolationsofenvironmentallaws.Sincethattimewehavefiledmorethan70lawsuitsonbehalfofthenativespeciesandwildlandsoftheNorthCoast.AlthoughourworkisfocusedontheredwoodandDouglasfirecosystemsofnorthernCalifornia,manyofourcaseshavesetlegalprecedentstohelprestoreandprotectimperiledareasthroughouttheregion,stateandnation.EPIC'slegalactionstodayemployanumberofdifferentstrategiesandarefocusedonthreeprimaryprogramareas:industrialloggingonprivateandstateland,NationalForestconservation,andactionstodefendHumboldtBay.Bush'sAbysmalRecordUndertheBushAdministration,thenumberofnewspeciesaddedtotheendangeredlisthasdramaticallydeclined,butnotbecausethingshaveimprovedforimperiledfishandwildlife.Thisadministrationisthefirsttohavefailedtolistasinglespeciesonitsowninitiative,andalsothefirsttodenylistingsmoretimesthanithasgrantedthem.SinceBushJr.tookoffice,theFWShaslistedatotalofonly31species--fewerthaneithertheBushSr.orReaganAdministrationaveragedeachyearinoffice.AverageNumberofSpeciesListedPerYearUnderClinton:65UnderBushSr.:59UnderReagan:32UnderBushJr:9ThankstoCBDforprovidingthesestatisticsEnvironmentalProtectioninChinaForewordChinaisadevelopingcountry.Nowitisconfrontedwiththedualtaskofdevelopingtheeconomyandprotectingtheenvironment.Proceedingfromitsnationalconditions,Chinahas,intheprocessofpromotingitsoverallmodernizationprogram,madeenvironmentalprotectiononeofitsbasicnationalpolicies,regardedtherealizationofsustainabledevelopmentasanimportantstrategyandcarriedoutthroughoutthecountrylarge-scalemeasuresforpollutionpreventionandcontrolaswellasecologicalenvironmentprotection.Overthe18yearssinceitsadoptionofreformandopeningtotheoutsideworld,China'sgrossnationalproduct(GNP)hasachievedasustainedannualgrowthofaround10percent,whileitsenvironmentalqualityhasbasicallysteeredclearoftheoutcomeofcorrespondingdeterioration.PracticehasprovedthattheprincipleadoptedbyChinaofeffectingcoordinateddevelopmentbetweentheeconomy,thesocietyandtheenvironmenthasbeeneffective.Asamemberoftheinternationalcommunity,China,whilemakinggreateffortstoprotectitsownenvironment,hastakenanactivepartininternationalenvironmentalaffairs,striventopromoteinternationalcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection,andearnestlyfulfilleditsinternationalobligations.AllthesehavegivenfullexpressiontothesincerityanddeterminationoftheChinesegovernmentandpeopletoprotecttheglobalenvironment.WhateffortshasChinamadetoprotectitsownenvironment?WhatisthesituationofenvironmentalprotectioninChina?OntheoccasionoftheannualWorldEnvironmentDay,whichfallsonJune5,hereisabriefaccount:I.TheChoiceofImplementingaSustainableDevelopmentStrategyChina'smodernizationdrivehasbeenlaunchedinthefollowingconditions:Thecountryhasalargepopulationbase,itsper-capitaaverageofnaturalresourcesislow,anditseconomicdevelopmentaswellasscientificandtechnologicallevelremainquitebackward.AlongwiththegrowthofChina'spopulation,thedevelopmentoftheeconomyandthecontinuousimprovementofthepeople'sconsumptionlevelsincethe1970s,thepressureonresources,whichwerealreadyinrathershortsupply,andonthefragileenvironmenthasbecomegreaterandgreater.Whichroadofdevelopmenttochoosehasturnedout,historically,tobeanissueofparamountimportancetothesurvivaloftheChinesepeopleaswellastheirposterity.TheChinesegovernmenthaspaidgreatattentiontotheenvironmentalissuesarisingfromthecountry'spopulationgrowthandeconomicdevelopment,andhasmadeprotectingtheenvironmentanimportantaspectoftheimprovementofthepeople'slivingstandardsandqualityoflife.Inordertopromotecoordinateddevelopmentbetweentheeconomy,thesocietyandtheenvironment,Chinaenactedandimplementedaseriesofprinciples,policies,lawsandmeasuresforenvironmentalprotectioninthe1980s.--MakingenvironmentalprotectiononeofChina'sbasicnationalpolicies.Thepreventionandcontrolofenvironmentalpollutionandecologicaldestructionandtherationalexploitationandutilizationofnaturalresourcesareofvitalimportancetothecountry'soverallinterestsandlong-termdevelopment.TheChinesegovernmentisunswervinglycarryingoutthebasicnationalpolicyofenvironmentalprotection.--Formulatingtheguidingprinciplesofsimultaneousplanning,simultaneousimplementationandsimultaneousdevelopmentforeconomicconstruction,urbanandruralconstructionandenvironmentalconstruction,andcombiningtheeconomicreturnswithsocialeffectsandenvironmentalbenefits;andcarryingoutthethreemajorpoliciesof``preventionfirstandcombiningpreventionwithcontrol,''``makingthecauserofpollutionresponsiblefortreatingit''and``intensifyingenvironmentalmanagement.''--Promulgatingandputtingintoeffectlawsandregulationsregardingenvironmentalprotectionandplacingenvironmentalprotectiononalegalfooting,continuouslyimprovingthestatutesconcerningtheenvironment,formulatingstrictlaw-enforcementproceduresandincreasingtheintensityoflawenforcementsoasto