跨文化交际3PPT课件

大学英语跨文化交际Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureLearningobjects:1231.understandthedefinitionofculturalpatterns.2.describethecomponentsofculturalpatterns.4.evaluatetheimportanceofculturalpatterns.3.summarizethetheoryaboutculturalpatterns.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureChapterOutlineCulturalPatternsBeliefsValuesHumanNaturePerson-NatureComponentsEdwardTHall’sContext-CultureTheoryKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’sValueOrientationDefinitionNormsSocialPracticesTimeActivityRelationalIndividualismandCollectivismUncertaintyAvoidancePowerdistanceMasculinity–FemininityHigh-contextLow-contextWaysofThinkingWaysofActingHofstede’sDimensionsofCulturalVariabilityChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureLead-inActivity:Whereisthedeepstructureorthecoreofaculture?Whatdoseitinclude?Howcanwefindit?Pleaselookatthepictureofanicebergbelow.Discussthesequestionsinsmallgroups.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture1.Waysofthinkingculturalpatternsaresharedmentalprogramsthatgovernspecificbehaviorchoices.2.WaysofactingCulturalpatternsarenotsomuchconsciouslytaughtasunconsciouslyexperiencedasaby-productofday-to-dayactivitiesDefiningculturalpatternsChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureValuesSocialPracticesNormsBeliefsCulturalpatternsChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureComponentsofCulturalPatternsTheDefinitionofValuesAccordingtotheConciseOxfordDictionary,valuesare:one’sprinciplesorstandards;one’sjudgmentofwhatisvaluableorimportanceinlife.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureTheCharacteristicsofValuesWhat’sthevaluesreflectedinthefollowingproverbs?1.Bloodisthickerthanwater.2.Toomanycooksspoilthebroth(鱼汤）.3.Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.4.Timeismoney.5.Aman’shomeishiscastle.6.Thinkthreetimesbeforeyoutakeaction.7.Nothingdonewithintelligenceisdonewithoutspeech.（富有智慧的无所作为是无言的作为）.(沉默是金)8.Asinglearrowiseasilybroken,butnotabunch.（一枝箭容易折断，但你却折不断一捆十枝的箭。）9.Hewhostirsanother’sporridgeoftenburnshisown.（挑起战端的人通常引火上身）10.Howevercrowdedthewayis,thehenwillreachhereggs.（不论道路多么拥挤,母鸡将会找到她的蛋.）（只要努力，就能成功）Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureTheCharacteristicsofValuesSomeofthevaluesmaynotbeasimportantinthecultureastheyoncewere.E.g.“Hastemakeswaste”.(America)Manyoftheoldervaluesarestillstrongtoday.E.g.“Timeismoney”.Somevaluesaresharedbymanyculture.Inmanycases,though,thesameideaisexpresseddifferently.E.g.“Turnthetongueseventimes,thenspeak”(French);“Haveanumbrellabeforegettingwet.”(Japanese);Lookbeforeyouleap.(English)Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureTheCharacteristicsofValuesValuesarelearned.Valuesarehidden.Valuesareinterrelated.Valuesofaculturechangewithtimejustasculturesdo.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCasestudyStory1:DuringtheAmericanCivilWar,averyhungryyoungmanfelldowninfrontofafarmgate.Thefamergavehimfoodbutinreturnheaskedtheyoungmantomoveapileofwoodinhisyard---infactitwasnotatallnecessarytomovethewood.Whentheyoungmanleft,thefarmermovedthewoodbacktoitsoriginalplace.Seeingallthis,thefamer’ssonwasconfused.Q:whydidthefarmernotjustgivetheyoungmansomefood?Whatvaluesunderliethebehavioroftheoldman?Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCasestudyStory2:AnAmericancouplecametoBeijingtoworkasforeignteachersforthefirsttimeintheirlives.Theyhadathree-year-oldson.Sincebothofthemworked,theyhiredaChinesehousemaid,whowasinherlate40s.Oneofherjobswastotaketheirsontoakindergarteninthemorningandpickhimupandbringhimhomeagainintheafternoon.Shefoundthisthemostdifficultamongallhertasks.Everydaywhenitwastimetotaketheboytokindergartentherewasboundtobeafightwiththeboybecausesheinsistedoncarryingtheboyinherarmsoratleastholdinghishand;buttheboyneverlikedit.Hepreferredtowalkbyhimself.Afterafewdays,shequitthejob.Q:whydidthewomanquitthejob?Whatmadethelittleboybehaveashedid?WouldChinesechildreningeneralalwaysfighttobeontheirown?Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCasestudystory3:weknowthatinWesterncountriescertainquestionsarenotsupposedtobeasked.Itisconsideredimpolitetoinquireaboutaperson’sage,marriagestatus,income,religiousbelief,andothers.Withtheinformationinmind,readpassageandtrytoanswerthequestions.SimonandChengfengoftenstudiedtogethertoprepareforexams.Oneday,inthemiddleofastudysession,Simonsaidhewantedtogetacoffee.HeaskedChenfengifhewantedany,butChengfengsaid“no”.Whenhecameback,hefoundChengfengreadinghisnotes.Hewasupsetand,althoughhedidn’tsayanythingatthetime,heneverstudiedwithChengfengagain.Chengfengnoticedthechangeandwonderedwhathadhappened.Q:whydidChenfengdothis?WhywasSomonupset?Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureNormsNormsarethesociallysharedexpectationsofappropriatebehaviors.Normsmaychangeoveraperiodoftime,whereasbeliefsandvaluestendtobemuchmoreenduring.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureSocialPracticesSocialpracticesarethepredictablebehaviorpatternsthatmembersofaculturetypicallyfollow.Thus,socialpracticesaretheoutwardmanifestationsofbeliefs,values,andnorms.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture1）Thedefinitionofcontext:“theinformationthatsurroundsanevent;itisinextricablyboundupwiththemeaningoftheevent.”2）Categorizationofhigh-contextcultureandlow-contextculturedependingonthedegreetowhichmeaningcomesfromthesettingsorfromthewordsbeingexchanged.EdwardT.Hall’sContext-culturetheoryChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureHigh-contextculture“Ahighcontext(HC)communicationormessageisoneinwhichmostoftheinformationisalreadyintheperson,whileverylittleisinthecoded,explicitlytransmittedpartofthemessage.TeaCeremonyChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureLow-contextcultureAlowcontext(LC)communicationisjusttheopposite;i.e.,themassoftheinformationisvestedintheexplicitcode.”AnAmericanstandingonchairinrestaurantgivingspeechathisleavinghishometownChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureLowerContextHigherContextCulturalContextsInformationprovidedexplicitly,bywordsNonverbalcuesareignoredNeeddetailedbackgroundinformationConsiderknowledgeacommodityInformationdrawnfromsurroundingsNonverbalcuesareimportantFreeflowofinformationMaintainstronginformationnetworksChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureWhenyoutalkaboutanactivity,likedrivingandparkingacar,withsomeonewhoisalsoveryfamiliarwiththeseactivities,youdon’thavetospecifyeveryaspectofyourideasbecausethoseyouarespeakingwithknowwhatyoumeaneasily.However,whenyoutalktosomeonewhoknowslittleaboutthesubject,youwillhavetoexplainmore,addmorespecificdetailsandprovidemorebackgroundinformationtohelpyourlistenersunderstand.Takingadailyexampletoillustrateit.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCulturesArrangedAlongtheHigh-ContextandLow-ContextDimensionHigh-ContextCulturesJapaneseChineseKoreanAfricanAmericanNativeAmericanArabGreekLatinItalianEnglishFrenchAmericanScandinavianGermanGerman-SwissLower-ContextCulturesChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCommunicationinHighContextCulturesCommunicationinLowContextCulturesHIGHLOWJPCNARGRSPITUKFRUSSCAGERSWG1.MESSAGES–indirect&implicit1.MESSAGES–direct&explicit2.CONTEXTismoreimportantthanWORDS2.WORDSaremoreimportantthanCONTEXT3.RELATIONSHIP-DRIVEN–close,personalworkingrelationshipsarevitaltothesuccessface-to-facecommunicationisimportant3.TASK-DRIVEN-workingeffectively&efficientlyisthekeytothesuccessthequickestformofcommunicationisbestChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCommunicationinHighContextCulturesCommunicationinLowContextCulturesHIGHLOWJPCNARGRSPITUKFRUSSCAGERSWG4.HighlevelsofSHAREDKNOWLEDGEareassumed4.LowlevelsofSHAREDKNOWLEDGEareassumed5.VERBALAGREEMENTS5.CONTRACTS6.ExplicitexpressionofEMOTIONSdiscouraged6.ExplicitexpressionofsomeEMOTIONSregardedasnormalChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCommunicationinHighContextCulturesCommunicationinLowContextCulturesHIGHLOWJPCNARGRSPITUKFRUSSCAGERSWG7.POLYCHRONIC–timepunctuality&schedulesarelessimportanttimeiscyclical,manythingshappenatoncepeopledoseveralthingssimultaneously7.MONOCHRONIC–timeislinear&valuable(‘timeismoney’)timeislinear,thingshappeninsequencepeople(especiallymen)tendtodoonethingatonceChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCommunicationinHighContextCulturesCommunicationinLowContextCulturesHIGHLOWJPCNARGRSPITUKFRUSSCAGERSWG8.ValuestendtobemoreCOLLECTIVISTIC8.ValuestendtobemoreINDIVIDUALISTIC9.SILENCEisvaluedandcommunicatesthinking,politeness&harmony9.SILENCEisuncomfortable&communicateslackofunderstandingordisagreementChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulturea.FaceconcernsInhigh-contextcultures,peopleareextremelypolite,tryingtoavoidthreateningthe“face”oftheirconversationalpartner.Acase:howtodeclineapotentialspouseinanarrangedmarriageinSouthIndia.Theboy’sfamilyhasvisitedthegirl’shomeinordertolookoverthepotentialbrideanddecideuponthemarriage.Afterthevisit,theysendanemissarywhoconveysthismessage:“wereallyenjoyedmeetingallofyourfamilymembers.Ushaisafinecookandisaveryniceyoungwoman.Butwewishtheteahadbeenservedwiththemangosinsteadofcoffee.”Whatisthetruemeaningofthemessage?Characteristicsofhigh-contextandlow-contextcultureChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureInlow-contextcultures,peoplearemoreindividualisticandmoreconcernedabouttheirownfaceratherthanthatofothers.Theymeanwhattheysay.Whenconfrontedwithpeoplefromhigh-contextcultures,theywilloftenfeeluncomfortablewiththevaguenessandambiguityofthemessage,andbecomepuzzled,frustrated,impatientorevenirritated.Forexample,inchina,thewords:“wewillconsiderit”.WhileChineseusuallytakethissentenceasatentativedeclineorahalf-declineatleast,westernersmightmisstheimpliedmessageandexperiencedisappointmentwhenhearingthesameansweragainandagain.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureInhigh-contextcultures,thecommitmentbetweenpeopleisverystronganddeep,andloyaltiestofamiliesandfriendsarelong-lastingandunchanging.Inaddition,peoplemakeacleardistinctionbetweenin-groupmembers(intimatefriendsgenerally)andout-groupmembers(casualacquaintancesgenerally).Inlow-contextcultures,thebondsbetweenpeoplearequitefragile.Groupmembershipchangesrapidly.b.in-groupsandout-groupsChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureQ1:Whyisthemeaningof“Ilikeyoursweater”veryclearintheWest?Q2:Whyisthemeaningof“Ilikeyoursweater”notclearinAsiansocieties?Hinduethics1.Humannatureorientation2.Person-natureorientation3.Timeorientation4.Activityorientation5.RelationalorientationKluckhohnandStrodtbeck’svalueorientationChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture1.Humannatureorientation(1)Humansareevilbutperfectible,(2)Humansareamixtureofgoodandevil,(3)Humansaregoodbutcorruptible(易腐败的）.ThreeCharacterClassic:goodbutcorruptibleevilbutperfectibleChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture2.Person-natureorientationSubjugation(征服）tonature（注：图片为印尼海啸）  harmonywithnature（注：图片为中药材）(3)masterywithnature（注：图片为愚公移山）subjugationtonatureharmonywithnaturemasteryovernatureChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture3.Timeorientationa.Value-PastOrientationb.Value-PresentOrientationc.Value-FutureOrientationChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureValue-PastOrientationPast-orientationpeopletendtobelievetraditionisimportant.Tothem,theculturalmemoryisrichanddeep.Theyliketolookbacktoaperiodwhentheirculturewasattheheightofitspowerandgloryandmayquoterespectedphilosophersandleadersfromthepastasaguideforactioninthepresent.PresentOrientationPresent-orientedculturesmaintainthatthemomenthasthemostsignificance.Forthem,thefutureisvague,ambiguous,andunknownandwhatisrealexistsinthehereandnow.Mexico,andLatinAmericausuallyhavethesebeliefs.FutureOrientationWhetherthefutureisseenasprobablygoodorbad,future-orientedpeopletendtoseetimeasastraightlinethatleadsfromthepastandisswiftlymovingintothefuture.Inotherwords,timeisalinearconcept.4.Activityorientationa.Value-DoingOrientationb.Value-BeingOrientationc.Value-Being-in-BecomingOrientationChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureDoingOrientationDoingOrientationleadstoexternalaccomplishments.Thegoalistoachieveasmuchaspossible.Youwanttodothingsandtoachievesuccess.Soyoutendtobemoreactive.Becausetheemphasizedisonactionindoingculture,thegoalstowardwhichactionisdirectedarealsoemphasized.Thereisoftenasenseofurgencyaboutgettingthingsdone.BeingOrientationInBeingOrientationcultures,peoplearesatisfiedwithwhattheyhave,andfamilybackgroundismoreimportantthanwhattheyaccomplish.Theiractionsexpresswhotheyare.Forthatreasonpeoplebehaveinwaysappropriatetotheirpositions(status,socialroles,andcharacter)inlife.Being-in-BecomingOrientationBeing-in-BecomingOrientationoftencorrelatewithculturesthatvalueaspirituallifemorethanamaterialone.Forinstance,inbothHinduismandBuddhism,peoplespendagreatportionoftheirlivesinmeditation(思考）andcontemplation（冥想）inanattempttopurifyandmorefullyadvancethemselves.Forthem,thisinnerorspiritualdevelopmentrepresentsoneofthemainpurposesoflife.5.Relationalorientationa.Value-IndividualismOrientationb.Value–Lineality（宗族）Orientationc.Value-CollateralityOrientationChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureExploringIdeasWhatwouldyouaddorchangetomoreaccuratelyexpresstheChineseorientationtorelation?Istherelationalorientationchanging?Whatisyourevidence?Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureorientationBasicvaluesHumannatureBasicallyevilMixtureofgoodandevilBasicallygoodRelationshiptonatureNaturecontrolshumansHarmonywithnatureHumanscontrolnatureSenseoftimepastpresentfutureactivityBeing-whoyouareGrowing-becomingDoing-whatyouaredoingSocialrelationshipshierarchygroupindividualChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureBasicAssumptions—FromKluchohnandStrodbeckVideoTimeCanyouunderstandhowJoannacouldmakesuchadecision?DoesithaveanythingtodowithChinesevalues?IndividualismorCollectivismPowerDistanceQuantityorQualityofLifeUncertaintyAvoidanceMasculinityorFemininityHofstede’sculturaldimensionsChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureAccordingtoWebster’sNewCollegiateDictionaryindividualismis“atheorymaintainingthepoliticalandeconomicindependenceoftheindividualandstressingindividualinitiative,actionandinterests;also:conductorpracticeguidedbysuchatheory”.Theconnotationofindividualismisquitepositive,contrarytotheChineseterm“个人主义”.Sosomescholarssuggestthatindividualismbetranslatedas“个体主义”toavoidthenegativeimplicationof“个人主义”.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture1.Individualismversuscollectivism1.IndividualismversuscollectivismThecharacteristicsofculturesthatvalueindividualismPeople’spersonalgoalstakepriorityovertheirgroupslikethefamilyortheemployer.Theloyaltyofindividualiststoagivengroupisveryweak.Peoplefeeltheybelongtomanygroupsandareapttochangetheirmembershipasitsuitsthem,switchingchurches,forexample,orleavingoneemployerforanother.----DanielGolemanChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCollectiviststendto:1.Identifythemselvesbygroupmembership2.Givepriorityofgroupgoals3.Putmoreemphasisonharmoniousrelationships4.Havemoresocially-basedemotions(indebtedness)Collectivism-IndividualismJapanGermanyCanadaCollectivismIndividualismChinaChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture2.PowerDistancePowerdistanceis“theextenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutionsandorganizationsacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally”.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureThedegreethatpeopleacceptanunequaldistributionofpowerinsociety（人们对社会中权力分布不公的接受度。）PowerDistanceJapanGermanyCanadaFranceHighPowerDistanceMexicoLowPowerDistanceChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureHierarchyinChineseCultureEverypersonissupposedtohaveasetpositioninfamilyandsocietyinordertoachieveharmonybetweenpeople.OneofthefamoussayingsofConfuciusisLettheemperorbeanemperor,thesubjectasubject,thefatherafather,andthesonason,theimplicationbeingthatwithinthefamilyaswithinthenation,personsarenotequal,eachhastomindhis/herownpositionandroleandactaccordingly.Personaldesiresarebestsubjugatedtothewillofthepatriarch(家长，族长）.ThroughoutChinesehistory,peoplehaveshownrespectforage,seniority,rank,maleness,andfamilybackground,fromwhichhierarchyisclearlyseen.Forexample,上下一心，上下级，禀报，汇报，通报。Question:Howdoyouinterprettherelationshipbetweenthefollowingpairsinbothhighandlowpowerdistanceculture ?parents-childrenteacher-studentboss-employeeJapanFranceAchievementNurturingSwedenThedegreethatpeoplevalueassertiveness,competitiveness,andmaterialism(achievement)versusrelationshipsandwell-beingofothers(nurturing)。（人们重视权力、竞争力和物质（成就）还是重视人与人之间的关系和他人的幸福(培育）的程度。）Quantityorqualityoflife(achievementvs.nurturing)CanadaChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture4.UncertaintyavoidanceUncertaintyavoidancefocusesontheleveloftoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguitywithinthesociety.Hofstedesummarizestheviewofpeopleinhighuncertaintyavoidanceculturesas“whatisdifferent,isdangerous,”andthebeliefofpeopleinlowuncertaintyavoidanceculturesas“whatisdifferent,iscurious”.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureThedegreethatpeopletolerateambiguity(low)orfeelthreatenedbyambiguityanduncertainty(highuncertaintyavoidance).（人员能够容忍不确定性（低不确定性规避）或感觉受到不确定性威胁（高不确定性规避）的程度。）UncertaintyAvoidanceHighU.A.LowU.A.JapanGermanyCanadaHongKongChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureUncertaintyAvoidanceAhighUArankingindicatesthecountryhasalowtoleranceforuncertaintyandambiguity.Thiscreatesarule-orientedsocietythatinstituteslaws,rules,regulations,andcontrolsinordertoreducetheamountofuncertainty.AlowUArankingindicatesthecountryhaslessconcernaboutambiguityanduncertaintyandhasmoretoleranceforavarietyofopinions.Thisisreflectedinasocietythatislessrule-oriented,morereadilyacceptschange,andtakesmoreandgreaterrisks.5.MasculinityandfemininityInmasculine(男性的）culturesbothmanandwomenarerelativelytough,andsocialgenderrolesareclearlydistinct.Menaresupposedtobeassertive,tough,andfocusedonmaterialsuccess,whereaswomenaresupposedtobemoremodest,tenderandconcernedwiththequalityoflife.Infeminineculturessocialgenderrolesoverlap.Inthesecultures,nooneshouldfightandnooneshouldbetooambitious.Everyoneshouldbeconcernedwithmaintaininggoodrelationshipswithothers.Bothmenandwomenaresupposedtobemodest,tender,andconcernedwiththequalityoflife.Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCROSS-CULTURALVALUECOMPARISONSChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureCharacteristicsoftheChineseculture—TakenfromtheexistingliteratureHighincollectivismHighinpowerdistanceHighinuncertaintyavoidanceIntermediatelyhighinmasculinityChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureInmanycountriestherearebothsimilaranddifferentculturalassumptions.Forexample,Confuciusteaches:Don’tdotootherswhatyoudon’twantothersdotoyou,andChristianityhassimilarteachings.WeChinesevaluehardwork,honesty,kindness,andsodoAmericans.StudyofspecificculturalChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureChinesecultureisverydifferentfromthatindifferentaspects:lifeReligionThinkingLanguageChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureChineseandwesterncultureanddifferentthinkingAnyawarebehavior,isbasedonthecognitive.Sayso,wayofthinkingisthebasisofculture,isthecorecontentofculture中国的“天人合一”(manandnatureareblendedintoonharmoniousidentity)——重和谐西方的“二元对立”(dichotomous)——重对立人物分立Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture“harmonybetweentheheavenandhuman”Symmetry,balanceandharmony“天人合一”的思想使中国（道家）文化强调人对自然的顺应、协调和感恩，以人与自然的亲和作为其文化的价值基础。ThinkingaboutChineseseveralinterpretation儒家思想为代 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf ，而儒家思想重义轻利Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture儒（TheannualsacrificeceremonyofConfucius）中国古代思想儒家思想（孔子）道家思想（老子）法家思想韩非子Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureWesternershabitsofthinkingandunderstanding西方人恰恰相反，他们一向将人与自然分隔开来，认为思维是独立于自然之外的客观事物，讲究“人物分立”，人能够通过斗争征服自然、改造自然。从美国前总统里根(RonaldReagan)说过的一句话之中我们就可见一斑：Idonotbelieveinfatethatfallsonusnomatterwhatwedo，but，1dobelieveinfatethatwillfallonusifwedonothing．(我不相信，无论我们做什么，我们的命运都一样；但是我相信，如果我们什么都不做，我们的命运是一样的。)Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulturePlatoPlaton(427-348BC,beforethewesternancientphilosopher)istheobjectiveidealism,founderandeducators.Platophilosophicalontologyiscalled"objectiveidealism".Heisthefounderofthewesternobjectiveidealism.Heartandsoulinthepastisintheworldofideas,combiningwiththeflesh.Ithasvariousparts:(a)rationalpart,itisthesouloftheworld,fromconceptto,(2)willpart,柏拉图Platon,公元前427-前348是西方古代大哲学家、客观唯心主义的奠基人和教育家。柏拉图哲学的本体论被称为“客观唯心主义”。他是西方客观唯心主义的奠基人。心灵和灵魂过去是在理念世界里的，后来才跟肉体结合。它有各部分：（一）理性部分，这是灵魂的基础，是从理念世界来的；（二）意志部分；柏拉图PlatonChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulturePopularconclusionTheChineseisalwaysdescribedasapersonwhodoesthingsbecausetheyhavebeendonebefore．AndtheAmericansapersonwhodoesthingsbecausetheyhaven’tbeendonebefore．(中国人做一件事是因为这件事以前有人做过；美国人做一件事是因为这件事以前从未有人做过。)Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCulture思维决定习惯（Thinkingdetermineshabit）ChineseImplicit（含蓄）Westernersdirect（直接）多人吃饭——有人请客多人吃饭——实行AA制Chapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureChineseandwesternlanguagesChina–Chinese（方块字）Western--basicallyisEnglish日耳曼语族GermaniclanguagesChapter3TheHiddenCoreofCultureChineselanguageandcultureinthedifferencebetweenlanguagetranslationdifficultiesandcausemisunderstandingsandincogitable（无法想象的）Forexample1.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。Among the blind people, the one-eyed man is the king.2.鸡窝里飞出金凤凰。Even a black hen lays a white egg.3.新官上任三把火。A new broom sweeps clean.4.人不可貌相。You can‘t judge a tree by its bark.5.见风使舵。See which way the