ModelTest1PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions：Forthispartyouareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledShouldSmokingBeBannedinPublicPlaces?Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow.近年来越来越多公共场合禁烟这项举措在受到拥护同步也引起了争议你看法ShouldSmokingBeBannedinPublicPlaces? —————————————————————————————————————PartIIReadingComprehensive(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)Low-carbonFuture：WeCanAffordtoGoGreenTacklingclimatechangewillcostconsumerstheearth.Thosewhocampaignforagreenrevolutionareouttodestroyourwesternlifestyles.Sucharethecriesofopponentsofemissionscuts，andtheirmessagehaspoliticalimpact：anumberofsurveyshavefoundthattheenthusiasmofvotersforpoliciestoreduceclimatechangefallsoffasthepricetagincreases.However，anewmodeling(模型化)exercisesuggeststhatthesefearsarelargelyunfounded.ItprojectsthatradicalcutstotheUK’semissionswillcausebarelynoticeableincreasesinthepriceoffood，drinkandmostothergoodsby2050.Electricityandpetrolcostswillrisesignificantly，butwiththerightpoliciesinplace，saythemodellers，thisneednotleadtobigchangeinourlifestyle.“Theseresultsshowthattheglobalprojecttofightclimatechangeisfeasible,”saysAlexBowen，aclimatepolicyexpertattheLondonSchoolofEconomics.“It’snotsuchabigaskaspeoplearemakingout.”Althoughitisimpossibletopreciselypredictpricesfourdecreasefromnow，theexerciseisoneofthemostdetailedexaminationsyetoftheimpactofclimatechangepoliciesonUKconsumers.Itprovidesausefulroughguidetooureconomicfuture.ThoughitsresultsspeakdirectlytotheUKconsumers，previousresearchhascometosimilarconclusionsfortheUS.InJune，onestudyfoundthatiftheUSweretocutemissionsby50percentby2050，pricesofmostconsumergoodswouldincreasebylessthan5percent.ThefindingsarealsoconsistentwithanalysesbythePewCenteronGlobalClimatechangeinWashingtonDC.“Evencuttingemissionsby80percentoverfourdecadeshasaverysmalleffectonconsumersinmostareas,”saysManikRoyofthePewCenter.“Thechallengeisnowtoconvinceconsumersandpolicy-Makersthatthisisthecase.”TheIntergovernmentalpanelonClimateChangerecommendsthatwealthynationscuttheiremissionstobetween80and95percentbelow1990levelsby2050inordertoavoidtheworsteffectsofclimatechange.TheUKgovernmentaimstoreduceitscontributionby80percentandleadersoftheotherG8nationshavediscussedfollowingsuit.Tomeetthisgoal，industrieswillhavetoslashfossilfuelconsumption，andlow-carbonpowersourceswillhavetomassivelyexpand.Companieswillhavetopayincreasinglyhigherpricesfortherighttoemitgreenhousegases.Howwillthisaffecttheaveragecitizen'swallet?Tomeasuretheimpactofthe80percenttargetontheUKpopulation，NewScientistapproachedCambridgeEconometrics，afirmknownforitsmodelingoftheEuropeaneconomy.Thefirmusedhistoriceconomicdatatopredicttheimpactofemissionsreductionsonpricesinover40categoriesofgoodsandservices.Itcomparedtheimpactofthe80percentcutwithabaselinescenarioinwhichthegovernmenttakesnoactionotherthanthelimitedemissionsrestrictionsalreadyinplaceasaresultoftheKyotoprotocol(京都
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书).Mostofthepriceincreasesareaconsequenceofrisingenergycosts，inpartbecausecoalandgasarereplacedbymoreexpensivelow-carbonsources.Thepriceofelectricityisprojectedtobe15percenthigherin2050comparedwiththebaseline.Intoday'sprices，thatwouldaddaround£5ontotypicalmonthlyhouseholdelectricitybills.Itwillalsoresultinhigherpriceselsewhere，aseveryindustrialsectoruseselectricity.Butelectricityandotherformsofenergymakeuponlyasmallpartofthepriceofmostgoods.Otherfactors-rawmaterials，labourandtaxes-arefarmoreimportant.Theenergythatgoesintoproducingfood，alcoholicdrinksandtobacco，forexample，makesupjust2percentoftheconsumerprice.Formotorvehiclepurchasesandhotelstays，thefigureis1percent.Onlyforenergy-intensiveindustriesdoesthecontributionclimbabove3percent.Asaresult，mostproductscostjustafewpercentmoreby2050.Atcurrentprices，goinglow-carbonisforecasttoaddaround5pencetothepriceofasliceofbreadorapintofbeer.Thepriceofhouseholdappliancessuchaswashingmachinesrisesbyafewpounds.Thereisonemajorexceptiontothepattern.Airlinesdonotcurrentlyhavealow-carbonalternativetojetfuel.Unlessoneisfound，theywillbearthefullburdenofcarbonpricing，andaveragefareswillrisebyatleast140percent-raisingthecostofatypicalLondontoNewYorkreturntripfromaround£350to£840.Achievingtheoverallpictureoflowpricesdoesrequiregovernmentaction.Themodelforecaststhatby2050naturalgasandpetrolwillcost160percentand32percentmorerespectively.Toavoidlargepricerisesinhomeheatingandroadtransportwhilestillhittingthe80percenttarget，theCambridgeresearchershadtobuildtwomajorpoliciesintotheiranalysis.Theyassumedthatfuturegovernmentswillprovidegrantstohelpswitchalldomesticheatingandcookingtoelectricity，andinvestinthebasicfacilitiesneededforelectriccarstoalmostcompletelyreplacepetroleum-fuelledvehicles.BothpolicieshavebeendiscussedinrecentUKgovernmentstrategydocuments，thoughthedetailofhowtheywouldbeimplementedstillneedsfurtherdiscussion.Firmpoliciesmustfollowifambitiousemissionscutsaregoingtobemade，saysChrisThoungofCambridgeEconometrics.Soistacklingclimatechangegoingtobeeasierthanexpected，intermsofconsumercosts?WhiletheCambridgeEconometricsmodeliswidelyrespectedandregularlyusedbytheUKgovernment'sclimatechangeadvisers，anyattempttoforecastfourdecadesaheadcanbedivertedbyunforeseenevents.Thatleadssomeeconomiststoquestionthemodel'sresults.Forexample，companiescouldmovetocountrieswithlessstrictcarbonregulations，pointsoutRichardToloftheEconomicandSocialResearchInstituteinDublin，Ireland.IncomesintheUKwouldfall，makinggoodsrelativelymoreexpensive.Tolalsoquestionswhetheritisreasonabletousehistoricalpricesasabasisforprojectingbeyond.Despitethis，theCambridgeEconometricsresults，togetherwithotherrecentstudies，doprovideausefulguideforgovernments，saysMichaelGrubboftheUniversityofCambridge.Theysuggestthattheoverallchallengeisconquerable，evenifmanyofthedetailswillonlybecomeclearinyearstocome.Whydoestheenthusiasmofthepolicy-makerstolessonclimatedecrease?EconomicrecessioniswidelyspreadWesternlifestylesaredestroyedThecostofagreenrevolutionrisesTheenvironmentisimprovedAccordingtothemodellers，emissioncutswon’tchangethelifestyle，providedthat_____thepriceoffoodanddrinkremainstableappropriatepoliciesarecarriesoutelectricityandpetrolcostsdon’trisethepublichasastrongfaithinitThestudentsreleasedinUKandUSshowthat_________.Cuttingemissionswon’taffectthepriceofdailygoodsmuchThetwocountries’situationsofthegreenrevolutionaredifferentTheconsumersstronglysupportcuttingemissionThemostchallengingproblemishowtostabilizethepriceCambridgeEconometricspredictedtheimpactofemissionsreductionsonpricesfrom———ComputeranalysisPasteconomicdataCurrentcategoriesofgoodsAbaselinesituationWhat’sthemajorcauseofthehigherpriceaccordingtothepassage?HighertaxesoncarbonemissionChangesofthelifestyleTherisinglivingstandardsRisingenergycostsWhyaretheairfarespredictedtorisedramatically?MoreandmorepeoplewilltaketheplaneNocleanenergycanreplacethejetfuelManyairlinescollapseduetocarbonpricingThecostofanairlineincreasesforfindingnewenergyThetwomajorpoliciesbuiltbytheCambridgeresearchersinclude______imposinghighertaxesforpetroleum-fuelledvehiclesStabilizationofthepriceofdailygoodsandserviceTheelectrificationofresidentialheatingandcookingsystemTheprohibitionofdrivingpetroleum-fuelledvehiclesSomeeconomistsdoubtthemodel’sresultsbecausethepredictionmaybedivertedby____RichardTolpointsoutthatgoodsinUKmaybecomemoreexpensiveascompaniescouldfindotherlocationswith___________________.TheCambridgeEconometricsresultsprovideausefulguideforpolicy-makers，withasuggestionthatthegovernmentcan________thechallenge.PartIIIListeningComprehension(35minutes)SectionAA)thephysicsclassisverydifficultB)thephysicsclassisnotgivenhistermC)thephysicsclassiseasierthanpeoplethinkD)ThephysicsclassshouldbecancelledifpossibleA)hewassatisfiedwithhismilitaryserviceB)itwasthefirsttimehehadbeenabroadC)hehadneverbeenonawarshipD)hehadbeenonthewarshipbeforeA)puticeonherfootB)seeadoctoratonceC)giveherfootagoodrestD)takethedoctor’sadviceA)theybrokedownandcouldgonofurtherB)theyhaven’tachievedmuchC)theyhaveproducedageneralagreementD)theyhaven’tstartedyetA)thewomanisoutofshapeB)thewomandoesn’tneedanewracketC)thewomanalsoneedsnewtennisshoesD)ThewomanspenttoomuchonhertennisshoesA)heshouldmakeanapologytoMaryB)hemaytalktoMarydirectlyC)heshouldexcuseMary’sbehaviorD)heshouldn’talwayspullalongfaceA)shedidn’tlikethestyleB)thecoatdidn’tfitherC)shecouldn’tafforditD)thefabricfeltuncomfortableA)shehasbeenonthetripherselfandenjoyeditB)shewouldn’tconsidergoingonthetripC)shethinkstheclassistooadvancedforthemanD)shethinkthere’sagoodreasontogoonthetripA)heislateforclassestoooftenB)hehasmissedtoomanyclassesC)hehasfailedintheexamagainD)heisatrouble-makeratschoolA)studentsaregoingtotakethefinalexamtodayB)it’sthelastdayStevecandroptheclasswithafullrefundC)studentshavetohandintheirreportstodayD)it’sthefinaldayStevecanapplyforaloanA)droptheclassB)makeupthemissedlessonsC)stoptakingpart-timejobD)transfertoanotherschoolA)thequalityofgoodsandserviceshasimprovedB)mostpeoplearereducingtheirconsumptionC)complainchannelsaretoolimitedD)manypeopledon’tbothertocomplainA)electricalappliancesB)travelagenciesC)photographicandsoundequipmentD)clothingA)theyaccountforthelargestproportionB)90percentofthemarereasonableC)mostofthemarefordelayedairticketsD)fewofthemareforpooraccommodationA)twoweeksB)lessthantwoweeksC)twotothreeweeksD)morethanthreeweeksSectionBPassageOneA)itisaninternationalorganizationB)itonlyexistsinpoorcountriesC)peoplealwaysthinkhighlyofitD)anyonecanjointhegroupeasilyA)totrytostopthewarinItalyB)tohelpthewoundedinthebattleC)toformaninternationaltreatyD)toaidtheinjuredintheearthquakeA)protectingtheprisonersofwarB)teachingfirstaidtothepublicC)raisingmoneyforpublicfundD)publicizingtheideaofcharityPassageTwoA)theyareofferedforthosewithaninterestinthecoursesB)employersandemployeesinacompanyarebothwelcomeC)peoplewhowillretireinafewyearsarethetargetstudentsD)studentsfromanormaluniversitycanattendthecoursesA)specialistspeakersB)retiredpeopleC)employersD)seniorcitizensA)theycanattendanycoursesforfreeB)theyarrangediscussiongroupforpeopleC)theylearnhowtocommunicatewithothersD)theywanttobecarpentersorcraftsmenA)itchargesatareducedrateB)itisavailableeverydayC)itisopentoallpeopleD)itisprovidedonlyintheeveningPassageThreeA)theyhavetolearnbasicsofEnglishB)theyknowclearlywhattheywanttolearnC)itisgoodforthemtolearngeneralEnglishskillsD)theywanttohaveanup-to-dateknowledgeofEnglishA)theknowledgeofteachersB)thebehaviorsofstudentsC)theprinciplesofschoolsD)TheintroductionofbooksA)EnglishfordoctorB)EnglishforlawyersC)EnglishforreportersD)EnglishforbusinessmanSectionCShynessisthecauseofmuchunhappinessforagreatmanypeople.Shypeopleareanxiousandself-conscious；thatis，theyare(36) ______concernedwiththeirownappearanceandactions.Worrisomethoughtsareconstantly(37)_________intheirminds：whatkindof(38)________amImaking?Dotheylikeme?DoIsoundstupid?AmIwearingunattractiveclothes?Itis(39)______thatsuchuncomfortablefeelingsmustnegativelyaffectpeople.Aperson'sconceptionofhimselforherselfis(40)_______inthewayheorshebehaves，andthewayapersonbehavesaffectsotherpeople's(41)________.Ingeneral，thewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselveshasaprofoundeffectonallareasoftheirlives.Shypeople，havinglowself-esteem，arelikelytobepassiveandeasily(42)_______byothers.Shypeoplearevery(43)_______tocriticism；itmakesthemfeelofinferior.(44)_____________________________________________________________.Ashypeoplemayrespondtoapraiseastatementlikethisone，"You'rejustsayingthattomakemefeelgood.Iknowit'snottrue."Itisclearthatwhileself-awarenessisahealthyquality，overdoingitisharmful.Canshynessbecompletelyeliminated，oratleastreduced?Fortunately，peoplecanovercomeshynesswithdeterminedandpatienteffortsinbuildingself-confidence.(45)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Forexample，mostpeoplewouldliketobe“A”studentsineverysubject.(46)_______________________________________________________________________________.People’sexpectationsofthemselvesmustberealistic.PartIVReadingComprehension(Readingindepth)(25minutes)SectionAThinkbeforeyoupost.Youmightnotbeawareofhowmuchinformationyou’re47.That’sthemessagefromthefoundersofPleaseRobMe，awebsitelaunchedlastweekthat48justhoweasyitistorobpeopleblindonthebasisoftheinformationthey’repostingontheweb.ThesiteusesstreamsofdatafromFoursquare，a（n）49popularlocation-basedsocialnetworkthatisbasedonagame-likepremise（前提）.Playersusesmartphonesorlaptopsto"checkin"toalocation，50theirpositiononamapforfriendsusingtheservicetosee.Themoreoftenyoucheckin，thebetteryourchancesofbeingdeclaredthemayorofa51location，beitarestaurant，bar，officeorevenyourownhome.TheproblemcomeswhenusersalsoposttheselocationstoTwitter，saysBoyvanAmstel，oneofthefoundersofPleaseRobMe.Thentheinformationbecomes52available，makingitpossibleforarobbertokeepaclosewatchonwhenyousayyou’reinyourhomeornot.SohowcanyoukeepyourselfoffPleaseRobMeand，moreimportant，keepyourhomeoutofthepolicenotebookAlittleforesightgoesalongway.SiteslikeFoursquareanditscompetitorsdon’tpostyourlocationunlessyougiveittothem，norisitpostedtoTwitterwithoutyour53.It’salwaysuptotheuserto54whattopost.Areyougoingtogetrobbedbecauseyou’reoversharingIt’s55.ButPleaseRobMeshowsthatsometimesalittle56onlinecangoalongway.A）illustratesB）likelyC）publiclyD）particularE）decideF）excessivelyG）realizeH）cautionI）typicalJ）increasinglyK）revealingL）unlikelyM）meansN）consentO）recordingSectionBPassageOnePregnancymothersaregettinganewtooltohelpkeepthemselvesandtheirbabieshealthy：pregnancytipssentdirectlytotheircellphones.Theso-calledtext4babycampaignisthefirstfree，healtheducationprogramintheU.S.toharnessthereachofmobilephones，accordingtoitssponsors.Organizerssaytextingisaneffectivemeansofdeliveringwellnesstipsbecause90percentofpeopleintheU.S.havecellphones."Especiallyifyoustarttalkingaboutlow-incomepeople，cellphonesaretheindispensabletoolforreachingthemandengagingthemabouttheirhealth,"saidPaulMeyer，presidentofVoxiva，acompanywhichoperateshealthtextingprogramsinAfrica，LatinAmericaandIndia.Studiesinthosecountrieshaveshownthatperiodictextscanreducesmokingandotherunhealthybehaviorsinpregnantmothers.MeyersaidtheU.S.program，runbyVoxiva，willbethelargesthealth-relatedtextingprogrameverundertaken.Underthenewservice，mothers-to-bewhotext"BABY"toaspecifiednumberwillreceiveweeklytextmessages，timedtotheirduedateortheirbaby’sbirthdate.Themessages，whichhavebeenscannedbygovernmentandnonprofithealthexperts，dealwithnutrition，immunizationandbirthdefectprevention，amongothertopics.Themessageswillcontinuethroughthebaby’sfirstbirthday.BabyisexpectedtobeannouncedThursdaymorningbyofficialsfromtheWhiteHouse’sOfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy.Governmentofficialswillbepublicizingthecampaigninspeechesandpromotionalmaterials.Organizershopetheeffortcancurbpremature（早产）births，whichcanbecausedbypoornutrition，excessivestress，smokinganddrinkingalcohol.About500,000babiesarebornprematurelyintheU.S.eachyear.Thenonprofitisamongthesponsorsofthecampaign."Therealscarythingisthatwe’reanindustrializednationandwe’renotdoingverywelloninfantdeathrate，andweknowprematurityisabigpartofthat,"saidthegroup’sdirector，JudyMeehan.CurrentlytheU.S.ranks30thworldwideforinfantdeathrate，accordingtoMeehan，behindmostWesternEuropeannations.ResearchersattheGeorgeWashingtonUniversityhaveagreedtoevaluatetheeffectivenessofbabybymeasuringhealthtrendsformothersandnewborns.57.Theword“harness”inParagraph2canbereplacedby“_______”A)takeadvantageofB)beindependentofC)produceaneffectonD)expandtherangeof58.WhatdoweknowaboutAfrica，LatinAmericaandIndia?A)TheyareamongtheprofitablemarketsB)WomenseldomcareabouttheirhealthC)PeopletherearerelativelypoorD)Cellphonesarepopularthere59.Thebabyprogramisaimedathelpingpregnancywomen_________.A)intheU.S.B)inpoorcountriesC)allovertheworldD)inWesternEuropeannations60.Whatisthepurposeofthebabyprogram?A)TowarnwomenagainstbadhabitsB)ToletpeoplecareaboutprematurityC)Toimprovebabies’nutritionD)Toreduceinfantdeathrate61.ComparedwiththeU.S.，mostWesternEuropeannations________.A)havehigherinfantdeathratesB)dobetteroninfantdeathratesC)domorestudiesonbabyD)paylessattentiontobabyPassageTwoAsagroupofyoungAfricanimmigrantsstrugglestoadapttolifeintheUnitedStates，anafter-schooldramaprogramatWhiteOakMiddleSchoolaimstomaketheirliveseasierbyfirstmakingthemalittleharder.ProjectXisaprogramthatusesdrama，dance，poetryandothercreativeoutletstohelpstudentsdiscussthetoughandsometimespainfulproblemstheyfaceaspre-teenimmigrantswithsignificantlanguagebarriers.AfinalunveilingoftheircreationwillbeperformedforfriendsandfamilyattheendoftheyearatImaginationStage.WanjiruKamau，coordinatorofWhiteOak’sAfricanClubsaidit’simportanttogivetroublestogroupmemberstohelpthemfindtheirplaceattheschool."Itcomfortsthosewhoareuncomfortable，anditdiscomfortsthosewhoarecomfortable,"KamansaidofProjectX.KamauteamedupwithImaginationStageaftershenoticedthatmanyAfricanstudentsseemeduncomfortabletalkingaboutproblems，suchasbeinglaughedatbytheirfellowstudentsabouthowtheylookandtalk.Whenmostofthekidsjointheclub，theyspeaklittleornoEnglish，Kamausaid.Eachweek，theclubtypicallydrawsfiveto10studentswhoareoriginallyfromAfricafordiscussionsessionsandtheProjectXprogram."We’regoingtoexpressourselvesthroughourwordsandouractions，andthat’spowerful,"saidteachingartistMegGreenassheintroducedfill-in-the-blankpoemsthestudentswroteabouttheiridentities.Onestudent，FranckKetchouang，13，wrote，"Iamfromtheworld；Iamlove,"whichdrewoohsandaahsfromthegroup.KetchouanghasbeenintheUnitedStateslessthanayear，saidProgramCoordinatorChadDike.WhenKetchouangstartedattendingProjectX，hehadbeenintheUnitedStatesfortwomonthsandspokenoEnglish.Nowhe’soneofthegroup’smostoutgoingmembersandhelpstranslateinstructionsfromEnglishtoCreoleforthegroup’snewestmember，whoisfromHaiti.Manypeoplewillgiveupwhenthere’salanguagebarrier，"butthesestudentsprovethemwrong,"Kamausaid."Youdohavesomethingtogive.Youareimportant.WhenTV，media，etc.arebringingthemdown，thisprogramisbringingthemup."62.ProjectXisintendedforhelpingtheyoungAfricanimmigrantsto_________.A)getoverlanguagebarriersB)overcometoughproblemsC)enrichafter-schoollifeD)becomemorecreative63.HowwellthememberslearnintheProjectXprogramisdemonstratedby_____.A)theirannualcreativeperformancesB)theirannualscoresgainedatschoolC)thecommentsoffriendsandfamilyD)thecommentsoftheprogramteachers64.WhatdoweknowabouttheimaginationStage?A)It’sestablishedbyKamauforProjectXB)It’soperatedonceattheendofeachyear.C)It’sprojecteddesignedbyWhiteOakMiddleSchool.D)It’sacooperativepartnerofWhiteOak’sAfricaClub.65.Accordingtotheauthor，whatFranckKetchouangwrotewas_________.A)sillyB)simpleC)remarkableD)disputable66.Thepassageiswrittenmainlyto________.A)callformoreattentiontoimmigrantsB)inspireimmigrantstonevergiveupC)advocateWhiteOak’sAfricanClubD)introducetheprojectXprogramPartVClozeItcanbetemptingtomakeahastydecisionwhenakilleropportunitycomesalongorthethoughtofspendinganotherdayonthejobseemspainful.67，CareercoachPiotrowskirecommendstakingbaby68toexecuteanewcareerstrategy."Planatimelineofonetotwoyearsto69yourcareerchange.Gatherinformationforfourtosixmonths，andthengetmovingonactivitiesthatwill70intoyournewspecialtyoverthenextfewmonths.Remember，youcanmakethe71overtime.Youdon’tneedtodoitallat72.""Spendtimelooking73industrycategoriesandavarietyofjobstogetideasaboutnewcareerareasthatmay74toyou.Thiscanopenyoureyestoamultitudeof75youhadn’tconsideredbefore."Informationalinterviews--thebest-keptcareer-changesecret，accordingtoPiotrowski--willalsohelpcareerchangerscometoa（n）76.Thekeyistoseekpeoplealreadylostina77careerandpicktheirbrainwithquestionssuchas，"78trainingdoIneedtodowellinthisjob，whatkindofmoneywillI79，andwhat’sadayonthejobreallylike"Finally，peopleshouldtryafewcareerexperimentsto80theirabilitiesandbuildexperiencetohelpthemmoveintoanewcareermore81."Acareerexperimentcanbeoneofthousandsofactivitiesthat82youtolearnmoreaboutanewtypeofwork83youcommittochoosingit."Careerexperiments84shadowingaspecialist，volunteering，85fieldtrips，anddesigningprojectsto86yourknowledgeandskills.67.A)FurthermoreB)NeverthelessC)AccordinglyD)Therefore68.A)progressB)stepsC)paceD)touch69.A)commentB)supplementC)implementD)document70.A)bridgeB)ensureC)followD)show71.
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