2013职称英语卫生新增c d

2013年职称英语卫生类新增内容 阅读理解 第十六篇Eat to Live(为生存而食) 粗茶淡饭或许能给你健康和长寿,但这并不有趣——很有可能也没必要。即便在年老以后才开始节食我们也能在很大程度上保持住青春活力。 加州大学Riverside分校的斯蒂芬?斯潘德尔及其同事发现,只要连续四周限制一些衰老的老鼠进食,它们的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力。虽然老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转它们在其他方面的老化,但是却有助于这些老鼠的肝脏对药物的新陈代谢和清除毒素。 斯潘德尔的队员们一直给其中的三只老鼠正常量的饲料,而给另外三只老鼠正常量饲料的一半,给三只34个月大的老鼠(相当于人类年龄的70岁)喂了一个月的半量饲料,之前这三只老鼠的饲料量是正常的。 研究者们检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11,000种基因的活性,发现正常饲养的老鼠有46种基因随年龄的改变而改变。这些改变都与体内自由基的产生有关——这对老鼠的健康来说不是什么好消息。而对于那些终身都在节食的老鼠来说,那46种基因中的27种仍然继续保持着青春活力。但是最令人吃惊的发现却是那些只是在老年时期节食的老鼠们受益于70%的基因变异。 “这只是第一个这些效果迅速起作用的暗示”,来自华盛顿特区周边的国家老年学学院的哈勃?华纳说。 至今仍然没有人清楚卡路里的控制对人类来说是否如同对老鼠那样有效,但是斯潘德尔对此充满了希望:“有足以引人注意的证据 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 明这同样有效。” 如果这确实也对人类有效,我们有理由相信肝脏也可能恢复活力。举个例子,随着我们一天天衰老,我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢越来越没有效率。短时期内的节食,斯潘德尔说到,完全足以保证药效。 但是斯潘德尔并不确定这个方法值得尝试。“老鼠患病少了,寿命延长了,但是它们很饥饿,”他说,“即使能清楚地认识到节食的功效,人们仍然很难在餐馆中说自己只能吃一半的食物。” 斯潘德尔希望我们根本就不用节食。他的公司,加利福尼亚州的寿命遗传学公司,正在寻找有限制卡路里效能的药物 练习: 1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A Eating less than usual might make us live longer. B If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy. C Dieting might not be needed. D We have to begin dieting since childhood. 2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2? A To describe the influence of old age on mice. B To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice. C To tell us how mice’s liver genes behave. D To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs. 3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage? A They will not experience free radical production. B They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime. C They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes. D They are more likely to suffer from inflammation. 4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers? A The mice that started dieting in old age. B 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes. C Calorie restriction that works in people. D Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective. 5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that A calorie restriction is very important to young people. B seeing the effect of a diet, people will like to eat less than normal. C dieting is not a good method to give us health and long life. D drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction. *第二十九篇“Don’t Drink Alone” Gets New Meaning(“不要在就餐时间以外饮酒”有了新 含义) 一定程度上,这对酒吧可能是一个坏消息,欧洲的一个研究小组发现人们在就餐时间以外饮酒会使患口腔和颈部癌症的几率比就餐时饮酒更高。Luigino Dal Maso和他的同事们研究了取自四项癌症研究的1,500个病例的饮酒习惯模式和另外3,500个从没患癌症的成年人的饮酒习惯模式。 在研究者分析了饮酒的总量后,他们发现和只在就餐时饮酒的人相比,在就餐时间以外灌下大量烈酒的人面临至少50%?80%的患口腔癌、咽癌和食道癌的危险。在就餐时间外饮酒也会使患喉癌的可能性增加至少20%。“被研究者的情况说明大约95%患以上四种癌症的原因就是抽烟或饮酒。” Dal Maso说。他的研究小组提供的报告中令人沮丧的消息是就餐时饮酒不会消除患以上任何一种癌症的危险。 为了进行新的分析,欧洲科学家根据每星期平均饮酒量将被研究者分为4组。饮酒量最少的一组包括每周平均饮酒量达20杯的人,饮酒量最高的一组每周饮酒至少56杯,平均每天8杯以上。患口腔癌和颈部癌的危险随着饮酒量而稳定上升,即使是那些只在就餐时饮酒的人。例如,和低饮酒量的人相比,每周饮酒21?34杯的人患除喉癌以外其他部位的癌症的危险增加了一倍。如果这几组中的人在就餐时间以外饮酒,那些属于高饮酒量组的人会使他们患口腔癌和食道癌的危险至少增加3倍。 和每周只在就餐时平均饮酒至多20杯的人相比,高饮酒量组的人在就餐时间饮酒患口腔癌的危险是低饮酒量组的10倍,咽癌是其7倍,食道癌是16倍。相反,酒精高摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人患喉癌的危险是酒精低摄入且仅在就餐时饮酒的人的3倍。 “酒精能使组织发炎,一段时间后,炎症可引发癌症。” Dal Maso说。他认为食物降低了患癌症的危险,或是通过覆盖在消化道组织上或是通过将酒精从那些组织上擦掉。他推测所有被研究者患喉癌的几率比其他癌症低很多的原因是喉部组织被酒精侵害到的部分少得多。 练习: 1. Researchers have found that the risk of cancer in the mouth and neck is higher with people A who drink alcohol outside of mealsur B who drink alcohol at meals. C who never drink alcohol. D who drink alcohol at bars and pubs. 2. Which of the following is NOT the conclusion made by the researchers about “drinking with meals”? A It has a lower risk of cancer than drinking without food. B It may also be a cause of cancer. C It increases by 20 percent the possibility of cancer in all sites. D It does not eliminate cancer risk at any of the sites. 3. Approximately how many drinks do the lowest-intake group average per day? A 3 drinks. B 8 drinks. C 20 drinks. D 56 drinks. 4. Which cancer risk is the lowest among all the four kinds of cancer mentioned in the passage? A Oral cancer. B Laryngeal cancer. C Pharyngeal cancer. D Esophageal cancer. 5. According to the last paragraph, tissue’s lower exposure to alcohol A explains why inflammation triggers cancer. B accounts for why food can coat digestive-tract tissues. C is the reason why food can scrub alcohol off tissues. D reduces the risk of laryngeal cancer. 完形填空 第二篇 A Biological Clock(生物钟) Every living thing has what scientists call a biological clock that controls behavior. The biological clock tells plants when to form flowers and when the flowers should open. It tells insects when to leave the protective cocoons and fly away,and it tells animals and human beings when to eat, sleep and wake. Events outside the plant and animal affect the actions of some biological clocks. Scientists recently found, for example, that a tiny animal changes the color of its fur because of the number of hours of daylight. In the short days of winter, its fur becomes white. The fur becomes gray brown in color in the longer hours of daylight in summer. Inner signals control other biological clocks. German scientists found that some kind of internal clock seems to order birds to begin their long migration flight twice each year. Birds prevented from flying become restless when it is time for the trip,but they become calm again when the time of the flight has ended. Scientists say they are beginning to learn which parts of the brain contain biological clocks. An American researcher, Martin Moorhead, said a small group of cells near the front of the brain seems to control the timing of some of our actions. These cells tell a person when to awaken ,when to sleep and when to seek food . Scientists say there probably are other biological clock cells that control other body activities. Dr. Moorhead is studying how our biological clocks affect the way we do our work. For example, most of us have great difficulty if we must often change to different work hours. It can take many days for a human body to accept the major change in work hours. Dr. Moorhead said industrial officials should have a better understanding of biological clocks and how they affect workers. He said such understanding could cut sickness and accidents at work and would help increase a factory’s production, * 第九篇The Case of the Disappearing Fingerprints(指纹消失事件) One useful anti-cancer drug can effectively erase the whorls and other characteristic marks that give people their distinctive fingerprints. Losing them could become troublesome. A case released online in a letter by Annals of Oncology indicates how big a problem of losing fingerprints is. Eng-Huat Tan, a Singapore-based medical doctor describes a 62-year old man who has used capecitabine to treat his nasopharyngeal cancer. After three years on the drug ,the patient decided to visit U. S. relatives last December. But he was stopped by U. S. customs officials for 4 hours after entering the country when those officials couldn't get fingerprints from the man. There were no distinctive swirly marks appearing from his index finger. U. S. customs has been fingerprinting incoming foreign visitors for years, Tan says. Their index fingers are printed and screened against digital files of the fingerprints of bad guys— terrorists and potential criminals that our federal guardians have been tasked with keeping out of the country. Unfortunately, for the Singaporean traveler,one potential side effect of his drug treatment is a smoothing of the tissue on the finger pads. Hence ,no fingerprints. “It is uncertain when fingerprint loss will begin to take place in patients who are taking capecitabine,” Tan points out. So he cautions any physicians who prescribe the drug to provide their patients with .a doctor’s note pointing out that their medicine may cause fingerprints to disappear. Eventually, the Singapore traveler made it into the United States. I guess the name on his passport didn’t raise any red flags. But he,s also now got the explanatory doctor’s note —and won’t leave home without it. By the way, maybe the Food and Drug Administration, which approved use of the drug 11 years ago, should consider updating its list of side effects associated with this medicine. The current list does note that patients may experience vomiting, stomach pain and some other side effects. But no where does it mention the potential for loss of fingerprints.