Unit9Whatishappiness课文翻译综合教程二

Unit-9-What-is-happiness课文翻译综合教程二Unit9WhatIsHappiness?JohnCiardi(abridged)TherighttopursuehappinessisissuedtoAmericanswiththeirbirthcertificates,butnooneseemsquitesurewhichwayitruns.Itmaybeweareissuedahuntinglicensebutofferednogame.JonathanSwiftseemedtothinksowhenheattackedtheideaofhappinessas“thepossessionofbeingwell-deceived,”thefelicityofbeing“afoolamongknaves.”ForSwiftsawsocietyasVanityFair,thelandoffalsegoals.Itis,ofcourse,un-Americantothinkintermsoffoolsandknaves.Wedo,however,seemtobededicatedtotheideaofbuyingourwaytohappiness.WeshallallhavemadeittoHeavenwhenwepossessenough.AndatthesametimetheforcesofAmericancommercialismarehugelydedicatedtomakingusdeliberatelyunhappy.Advertisingisoneofourmajorindustries,andadvertisingexistsnottosatisfydesiresbuttocreatethem—andtocreatethemfasterthananyman’sbudgetcansatisfythem.Forthatmatter,ourwholeeconomyisbasedonadedicatedinsatiability.Wearetaughtthattopossessistobehappy,andthenwearemadetowant.Weareeventolditisourdutytowant.Itwasonlyafewyearsago,tociteasingleexample,thatcardealersacrossthecountrywereflyingbannersthatread"YouAutoBuyNow."TheywerecallinguponAmericans,asanactapproachingpatriotism,tobuyatonce,withmoneytheydidnothave,automobilestheydidnotreallyneed,andwhichtheywouldberequiredtogrowtiredofbythetimethenextyear’smodelswerereleased.Orlookatanyofthewomen’smagazines.There,asBernardDeVotooncepointedout,advertisingbeginsaspoetryinthefrontpagesandendsaspharmacopoeiaandtherapyinthebackpages.Thepoetryofthefrontmatteristhedreamofperfectbeauty.Thisisthebabyskinthatmustbehers.These,theflawlessteeth.This,theperfumedbreathshemustexhale.This,thesixteen-year-oldfigureshemustdisplayatforty,atfifty,atsixty,andforever.Oncepastthevaguelyupliftingfictionandfeaturearticles,thereaderfindstheotherfaceofthedreaminthebackmatter.ThisistheharnessintowhichMothermuststrapherselfinordertodisplaythatperfectfigure.These,thechinstrapsshemustsleepin.Thisisthesalvethatrestoresall,thisisherlaxative,thesearethetabletsthatmeltawayfat,thesearethehormonesofperpetualyouth,thesearethestockingsthathidevaricoseveins.Obviouslynohalf-sanepersoncanbecompletelypersuadedeitherbysuchpoetryorbysuchpharmacopoeiaandorthopedics.Yetsomeoneisobviouslytryingtobuythedreamasofferedandspendingbillionseveryyearintheattempt.Clearlythehappiness-marketisnotrunningoutofcustomers,butwhataretheytryingtobuy?Theidea"happiness,"tobesure,willnotsitstillforeasydefinitions:thebestonecandoistotrytosetsomeextremestotheideaandthenworkintowardthemiddle.Tothinkofhappinessasacquisitiveandcompetitivewilldotosetthematerialisticextreme.Tothinkofitastheideaonesensesin,say,aholymanofIndiawilldotosetthespiritualextreme.Thatholyman’sidealofhappinessisinneedingnothingfromoutsidehimself.Inwantingnothing,helacksnothing.Hesitsimmobile,raptincontemplation,freeevenofhisownbody.7Ornearlyfreeofit.Ifdevoutadmirersbringhimfood,heeatsit;ifnot,hestarvesindifferently.Whybeconcerned?Whatisphysicalisanillusiontohim.Contemplationishisjoyandheachievesitthroughafantasticallydemandingdiscipline,theaccomplishmentofwhichisitselfajoywithinhim.But,perhapsbecauseIamWestern,Idoubtsuchcatatonichappiness,asIdoubtthedreamsofthehappiness-market.WhatiscertainisthathiswayofhappinesswouldbetorturetoalmostanyWesternman.Yettheseextremeswillstillservetoframetheareawithinwhichallofusmustfindsomesortofbalance.Thoreau—acreatureofbothEasternandWesternthought—hadhisownfirmsenseofthatbalance.Hisaimwastosaveonthelowlevelsinordertospendonthehigh.PossessionforitsownsakeorincompetitionwiththerestoftheneighborhoodwouldhavebeenThoreau’sideaofthelowlevels.Theactivedisciplineofheighteningone’sperceptionofwhatisenduringinnaturewouldhavebeenhisideaofthehigh.10Whathesavedfromthelowwastimeandefforthecouldspendonthehigh.Thoreaucertainlydisapprovedofstarvation,buthewouldputintofeedinghimselfonlyasmucheffortaswouldkeephimfunctioningformoreimportantefforts.Happinessisnevermorethanpartial.Therearenopurestatesofmankind.Whateverelsehappinessmaybe,itisneitherinhavingnorinbeing,butinbecoming.WhattheFoundingFathersdeclaredforusasaninherentright,weshoulddowelltoremember,wasnothappinessbutthepursuitofhappiness.Whattheymighthaveunderlined,couldtheyhaveforeseenthehappiness-market,isthecardinalfactthathappinessisinthepursuititself,inthemeaningfulpursuitofwhatislife-engagingandlife-revealing,whichistosay,intheideaofbecoming.Anationisnotmeasuredbywhatitpossessesorwantstopossess,butbywhatitwantstobecome.什么是幸福追求幸福是美国人与生俱来被赋予的权利，但是似乎没有人确切地知道怎样到达幸福。这就像是我们有猎物执照却无猎可捕一样。当乔纳森·斯威夫特抨击这种“着迷于被欺骗的状态”，这种成为“白痴中的傻瓜”的快乐感觉时，他也是这样想的。斯威夫特把整个社会看做一个名利场，一片充满虚幻目标的土地。当然，站在傻瓜和白痴的角度看问题是非美国式思维，然而，我们似乎已经现身于用金钱购买幸福的想法中了，（我们以为）当我们拥有的足够多时，我们便一定可以去往天堂。与此同时，美国实利主义正在很大程度上致使我们不幸福。广告业是我们的主要商业之一，然而它的存在绝不是满足欲望，而是在刺激欲望的产生——而且它让欲望产生的速度远超出我们挣钱满足欲望的速度，正因如此，我们的整个经济都建立在奋不顾身的贪婪之上。我们被告知幸福就是拥有，然后再让我们产生欲望。我们甚至被告知需求就是我们的责任。举个例子，仅几年前，全国上下的汽车销售行就全都挂满飘扬的横幅，上面写着“你该买辆车了。”它们在号召美国人这种爱国行为，让他们用还未到手的钱来购买本不需要的车，并在第二年新款车发布时厌恶它。或者说，再来看看女性杂志吧。这里，像伯纳德·德沃托曾经提出的，开始的前几页是首诗，结束的几页变成了处方书和治疗方法。开始时的诗歌是绝世佳人的美梦。她拥有婴儿般的皮肤，洁白如玉的牙齿，芳香的气息。不管她40,50,60岁都有着16岁的身材。一旦看过这些模糊的却令人振奋的虚构及特写，读者马上就看到结尾她美梦的另一面。为了保持完美身材，这些母亲不得不用带子把自己束缚住，这是她们不得不在睡觉前佩戴的枕颌带，那是她们的万能药膏，这是她们的泻药，这是她们溶解脂肪的药片，那是她们永葆青春的激素，这是她们掩盖静脉曲张时要穿的长袜。很明显，没人会很痴狂地完全相信书上的诗情画意或被给出的处方啊整形外科啊完全说服，但每年还是有人有意花上亿去尝试买梦。很显然，幸福市场从不缺顾客，但是这些顾客要买的到底是什么？诚然，“幸福”这个词很难定义，一个人最多能做到的就是努力确定这个概念的极端情况，然后折中取之。这种认为幸福就是获取和竞争的人是极端物质主义。而像传说中的一个印度圣人那样认为幸福就是思考和观念的人便是极端唯心主义。那个圣人对幸福的思考就是对自己身外之物无所求。既然无欲就无缺。他坐如磐石，专注于冥想，摆脱了肉体的束缚，或者说，几乎脱离了肉体生活。如果虔诚的朝拜者给他送吃的，他就吃，不给，他就漠然挨饿。为什么要关心这些呢？物质对他来说就是虚幻的东西。冥想就是他的乐趣，通过不可思议的自律他获得了乐趣，自律本身就是他内心的乐趣。但是，可能我是西方人的缘故，我对这种紧于精神的幸福表示怀疑，就像怀疑幸福市场一样。能确定的是，他这种到达幸福的方法在所有西方人看来都是一种折磨。而这些极端想法驱使我们必须在这个范围内找到某种程度的平衡。梭罗——一个拥有东西方两种思维的人，对幸福有他自己的严格定义。他的目标是为了享受更多高层次的幸福而节约低层次幸福。在梭罗看来，为了幸福去占有或跟邻居攀比的做法是低层次的幸福，通过自律来提高自身对自然界级永恒之物领悟的做法是高层次的幸福，他从低层次幸福上节约来给高层次幸福的是时间和精力。梭罗当然不赞同挨饿，但他喂饱自己只是为了让身体有能力在更重要的事情上发挥力量。幸福不可部分取之。人没有纯粹的状态，不管幸福是什么，它既不在于拥有，也不在于享受，而在于实现。先驱们声称我们拥有与生俱来的权利，但最好记住，我们的权利不是幸福，而是追求幸福。如果他们可以预见幸福市场的话，或许他们会强调幸福在于追求本身，在于用生命去追寻并获得人生启迪的意义，也就是说在于追求的过程。衡量一个国家不是看它占有或想占有什么，而是看它怎么实现。