大学英语高级散文 课文翻译 英语专业12

Lesson Twelve The Third Knight's Speech 第三个骑士的发言 T. S. Eliot T. S.艾略特 New words recur to, persist, repeat, return under dog, one at a disadvantage fair play, play that follows the rules, fairness, treatment that is fair and just Archbishop, chief bishop 大主教 hard-headed, realistic clap-trap, pretentious or empty speech Analysis of the text 1 I should like first to recur to a point that was very well put by our leader, Reginald [`redVidnEld] Fitz Urse [E:z]: that you are Englishmen and therefore your sympathies are always with the under dog. It is the English spirit of fair play. [He flatters] Now the worthy Archbishop, whose good qualities I very much admired, [disarms the reader, and sets the tone of his argument] has throughout been presented as the under dog. But is this really the case? I am going to appeal not to your emotions but to your reason. Y ou are hard-headed sensible people [flatters] , as I can see, and not to be taken in by emotional clap-trap. I therefore ask you to consider soberly: what were the Archbishop's aims?" and what are King Henry's aims? In the answer to these questions lies the key to the problem. [establishes the lines along which he will proceed] Skills: When you speak or write, always try to flatter and disarm the audience or reader. These two skills are useless in argument, but they are very powerful in motivation and persuasion. 译文 精卫填海译文妙法莲华经译文画山水序译文醉翁亭记一句一翻译译文三门记释文及译文带拼音 1首先,我想再讲一下我们的领导,吴哲讲的,你们是英国人,所以你们总是同情失败者。这就是英国人公平竞争的精神。我非常敬佩我们可敬的大主教。人家一直把他当成彻底的失败者。但这是真的吗?我不打算煽动你们,只和你们讲讲道理。我知道,你们都是务实而精明的人。不会掉进感情的圈子。所以我请你们冷静地考虑一下,主教的目的是什么,亨利国王的目的又是什么。全部事件的关键,就在对这两个问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 的回答之中。 New words the late, the dead Queen Matilda, Queen of England (1102-67) irruption, breaking or bursting in usurper, one who seizes, especially illegally curb, check, restrain Stephen, Matilda's cousin Stephen who seized the throne in 1135 on the death of Henry I. In 1139, Matilda, aided by her half brother Robert, captured Stephen and recovered the throne. seditious, causing to rebel systemise, formulate to system judiciary, of the administration or justice baronage, 男爵辈;男爵勋位 substantiate, support with proof or evidence grudge, to be reluctant to give or admit concur, have the same idea temporal, secular, worldly ostentatiously, pretentious or excessive ascetic, play restrict self-denial, esp. in religion incompatible, not in harmony or agreement Text 2 The King's aim has been perfectly consistent. During the reign of the late Queen Matilda and the irruption of the unhappy usurper Stephen, the kingdom was very much divided. Our King saw that the one thing needful was to restore order: to curb the excessive powers of local government, which were usually exercised for selfish and often for seditious ends, and to systematise the judiciary. There was utter chaos: there were three kinds of justice and three kinds of court: that of the King, that of the Bishops, and that of the baronage. I must repeat one point that the last speaker has made. While the late Archbishop was Chancellor, he whole-heartedly supported the King's designs: this is an important point, which, if necessary, I can substantiate. Now the King intended that Becket, who had heretofore himself an extremely able administrator -- no one denies that -- should unite the offices of Chancellor and Archbishop. No one would have grudged him that ; no one than he was better qualified to fill at once these two most important posts. Had Becket concurred with the King's wishes, we should have had an almost ideal State: a union of spiritual and temporal administration, under the central government. I knew Becket well, in various official relations; and I may say that I have never known a man so well qualified for the highest rank of the Civil Service. And what happened? The moment that Becket, at the King's instance, had been made Archbishop, he resigned the office of Chancellor, he became more priestly than the priests, he ostentatiously and offensively adopted an ascetic manner of life, he openly abandoned every policy that he had heretofore supported; he affirmed immediately that there was a higher order than that which our King, and he as the King's servant, had for so many years striven to establish; and that -- God knows why -- the two orders were incompatible. Analysis Because the kingdom was in a divided state of chaos, the king was to restore order — to curb the excessive power of local government, to systematise judiciary, and to have a union of spiritual and temporal administration under the central government. Because Becket had whole-heartedly supported the King's designs, and in various official relations showed that he was very well qualified to fill the posts of Chancellor and Archbishop. However, when the King appointed him Archbishop, he resigned the office of Chancellor, and affirmed immediately that there was a higher order than that of the King's. The logic seems perfectly right. But we don't know why Becket did this. Was he at his free will or was he reluctant to do, for example was ordered to do? 译文 2国王的目标一直没有变。在已故的马蒂答女王的统治和愁眉苦脸的斯蒂芬篡夺朝纲的时候,王国已经四分五裂。我们国王看出要做的事是恢复秩序,结束地方政府为了自私的目的和煽动性的结果而造成的权力过大,把司法关系理顺。那时都乱套了:有三种法制和三个法庭,这就属于国王的,属于大主教的,和属于贵族们的。这里,我必须重复一下上一发言人所讲的观点。当已故的大主教任首相的时候,他全心全意地支持国王的设计。这是一个非常重要的问题。如果需要,我可以证明。后来国王打算要白克特把首相和大主教的办公室合而为一。没人否认,白克特是极其有能力的行政大臣。没有人嫉妒那一点。没有谁比他更适合马上兼任这两个职务。要是白克特和国王的意愿一致,我们早就有一个十全十美的国家,一个中央政府领导下的政教合一的国家了。在处理官方各种关系中,我认识了白克特(我都深知白克特的能力);而且可以说我所认识的人中,没有谁比他更适合文职上的这个最高职务。但后来怎么样?国王一提名他为大主教,他就辞去了首相。他比牧师还牧师。他故意显示,带着挑衅味道地接受了苦行僧式的生活方式。(让人感到有冒犯的味道)他公开地放弃了他此前一直支持的政策。他立即宣称说,尽管他是国王的臣仆,他认为有一个比我们的国王多年来一直着力创建的秩序还高的秩序。我不知道为什么这两个秩序(统治、领导、体制)不能相容,不能合二而一。 New words interference, n. inhibition, self-consciousness, restraint, constraint, impediment, hindrance, bar, barrier, defence, defence mechanism, blockage, interference, check, curb, stricture instinct, inner feeling take issue, disagree execute, put to death traitor, one who betrays his country pretensions, outward show, immodest claim instrumental, of service, of tools 注意演讲人的双关:instrumental还有important, helpful 之义。 Text 3 Y ou will agree with me that such interference by an Archbishop offends the instincts of a people like ours. [Here he appeals to feelings of the audience which is fallacious in argumentation but effective in persuasion.]So far, I know that I have your approval: I read it in your faces. It is only with the measures we have had to adopt, in order to set matters to rights, that you take issue. No one regrets the necessity for violence more than we do. [He sheds off the blame.] Unhappily, there are times when violence is the only way in which social justice can be secured. At another time, you should condemn an Archbishop [注意是an 而不是the, 意味一旦宗教凌驾国家之上,就谁也管不了啦] by vote of Parliament and execute him formally as a traitor, and no one would have to bear the burden of being called murderer. And at a later time still, even such temperate measures as these would become unnecessary. But, if you have now arrived at a just subordination of the pretensions of the Church to the welfare of the State, remember that it is we who took the first step.[Fishes honour and awards]We have been instrumental in bringing about the state of affairs that you approve.[Sheds off responsibility.] We have served your interests; we merit your applause;[Flatters] and if there is any guilty whatever in the matter, you must share it with us. [Blackmails.] (from Murder in the Church) 译文 3你们会同意我的观点。这种由一个主教造成的干扰,触犯了我们英国这样的民族的本能。到目前为止,我知道你们是同意的。我可以从你们的脸上看出来。为了把问题处理得正确一些为了拨乱反正,我们不得不采取你们不喜欢的非常手段。其实,没有谁比我们更不愿意采用暴力。非常不幸的是,有时要保持社会的正义,非要用暴力不可。在别的时候,你们可以通过议会投票来指责白克特,把他当做卖国贼处死。那时就没有谁要担当杀人犯的罪名了。[现在不采用暴力,] 再过一些时候,[错过了这次的机会,]甚至连[议会投票]这样的温和手段也不必要了。但是如果你们认为教会的权力应该从属于国家的利益,请注意,是我们采取了第一步。为了实现你们同意的国事,我们成了工具。我们是为你们服务的。我们获得了你们的赞同。如果我们有什么罪过的话,你们也逃脱不了责任。 (摘自《大教堂的谋杀》) Analysis The outline of the logic of the total argument: It is necessary to unite the kingdom to restore order. To achieve the unity of England, the church and the government must be united. The church must be subordinated to the central government. Becket refuses to join the offices of chancellor and Archbishop, so he must be dismissed as a traitor. [Fallacy: the reason for calling him a traitor is not mentioned]Violence is necessary to remove a traitor, [Fallacy: the reason why violence is necessary is not mentioned] therefore, Becket's assassination is justified. Reader and purpose Ex. 1 In this selection, the third knight argues deductively. Beginning with certain general principles, he infers from them a conclusion that, in his own mind at least, justifies the assassination of Becket. Of course, he adduces [cites] facts here and there to support some of the premises of his logic, but his method remains one of deductive rather than of inductive reasoning. His audience is the solid, bourgeois, English noble class. They don't want chaos and division. They need an orderly unified, rational, reliable, strong central government to protect them. These are the bases that his argument lies on. Every speaker has to meet his audience's needs. To make sure what his listeners hope to hear is called "audience analysis." Audience analysis is the essence of an effective public speech and private talk. Ex. 2 As an argument, the third knight's speech is less convincing because we don't know the reason of the resignation, the need of assassination, and the urgency of carrying it out. However, just because he flatters the audience, blackmails them, and puts on a face that he works in their interests, the ordinary audience won't find his fallacies in his speech. Organization Ex. 3 In paragraph 1 the knight very skillfully does three things: he flatters his audience at the beginning, then sets the tone of his argument in the middle, and at the end establishes the lines along which he will proceed. He does this because flattery disarms his audience and makes them blindly accept his false justification. Ex. 4 Although the bones of its logic are well hidden in the enthymemes [省略三段论, a syllogism in which a premise is implicit] in which it develops, the argument in paragraphs 2 and 3 is essentially a syllogism, or rather linked syllogisms, which the paragraphing is used to separate. The beginning of the second paragraph develops the first premise: The Church must be subordinated to the State, otherwise the country will be divided and in great chaos as England was under the rules of the Usurper Stephen only a few years ago. And then in the second half of the paragraph, the Knight argues that Becket was upsetting this order. This is the minor premise. The audience can draw the conclusion that Becket must be removed. The Knight was sly, he doesn't mention it. He lets the audience do it. Ex. 5 In Paragraph 3 taking the conclusion of the second paragraph as its major premise: Becket must be removed, the Knight argues his minor premise: Violence is absolutely necessary for such removal and further draws his conclusion: Therefore Becket must be assassinated. He knows that assassination is illegal, so he find some excuse to justify himself: at a later time condemnation of an Archbishop by vote of Parliament and execution of him as a traitor would become unnecessary. Ex. 6 The conclusion of the syllogism in Paragraph 2 is the major premise of the syllogism in Paragraph 3. Ex. 7 Outline of the text: It is necessary to unite the kingdom to restore order. To achieve the unity of England, the church and the government must be united. The church must be subordinated to the central government. Becket refuses to join the offices of chancellor and Archbishop, so he must be dismissed as a traitor. Violence is necessary to remove a traitor, therefore, Becket's assassination if justified. This logic is not faulty. It is valid. But valid syllogistic reasoning may not necessarily lead to a true conclusion when some premises may be wrong. Here the Knight does not tell us why Becket refused to hold two posts and neither he explains why the present situation is so urgent as to require a murder. Sentences Ex. 8 The Knight's sentences are short and straightforward, and therefore easy for listener to follow. Besides lucidity [clearness], such style has here another value. The sentence structure suggest that the Knight is a frank, honest, intelligent, sensible and vigorous man. Such a man is worthy of their trust, not all unjustifiable. Ex. 9 Though sometimes the sentences grow complicated, the skillful arrangement of punctuation, such as colon :, semi-colon ;, and dash —, enumeration in ll. 19-20, parallel structure, such as in ll. 20-21, ll. 27-29, ll. 36-4, and similar structure, such as there are times, at another time, and at a later time still, helps keep them easy to follow. Ex. 10 In the last paragraph, the deliberate repetitions of we have not only bind the passage into unity, but also conveys the idea of noble-mindedness of working on other's behalf at the risk of being called murderers. Ex. 11 The original is a periodical sentence, creating suspense and making the audience fixed in supporting him. The revision destroys this effect. Diction Ex. 12 Look up clap trap, empty, insincere and worthless speech or writing intended only to win praise and attention usurper, one who seizes power for himself, especially unlawfully seditious, being sinister in an attempt to use violence against a government, full of subversive activities, rebellious concur, agree with substantiate, supply evidence ostentatiously, in a showy way so as to let everyone know temperate, mild pretension, claim, demand of interests Ex. 13 As logician and as political speaker, the Knight is equally adept [highly skillful]. These make, indeed, a peculiar combination for, however well logic may serve the philosopher, it is weaker instrument for the needs of the politician, who must often persuade audiences immune to [resist] logic. The Knight knows that, so he seeks to move men by appealing to their self-esteem and to their prejudices as well as to their minds [reason]. In logic, this is called ad populum fallacy [诉诸人情]. Thus he flatters at the beginning and at the end of his speech. For examples, agree with me, the instincts of a people like ours, I have your approval, I see in your face, instrumental, serve in your interests, etc. Ex. 14 Argumentum ad hominem [迎合对方偏见] means calculating to prejudice of the audience. Ex. 15 "Unhappily" in the context means "unfortunately." It suggests a reluctant tone: the Knight is unwilling to use violence, but they have to when social justice is disturbed. Thus they are noble-minded and unselfish in murdering Becket. They engaged in murdering him only because it was a necessity. "I should like first" sounds more polite and less obtrusive than "I shall first." Ex. 16 The tu quoque [你也一样] fallacy is one in argument which means "If I am guilty, you are guilty too, and very body has share." This is false because it is a kind of blackmail: "If i commit a crime for your benefit, you are as guilty as I am." Ex. 17 Although the Knight is not beyond using flattery and other fallacies, he does avoid more obvious excesses. A more impassioned speaker might have used high treason, travesty of justice in stead of chaos. The Knight tries to establish his public image as a frank and upright man. So he chooses some mild diction and never forgets to praise Becket. He plays tricks on his audience as all the politicians do. Y ou may say he isn't honest. Of course others may say it is not a matter of honesty, it is just the need of politics.