英法两国之间仅隔一条英吉利海峡【精品推荐-doc】

英法两国之间仅隔一条英吉利海峡【精品推荐-doc】 Teaching Plan of Unit Five in Book III Teaching Aims: In this unit students are required to: 1. Practice reading strategies such as predicting, skimming, guessing, etc. 2. Grasp some new words and expressions to enrich student’s vocabulary; 3. Do some oral work such as pre-reading questions, role play and interaction activities to help to develop the students’ oral communicative abilities; 4. Get to know the organization of a feature report and learn some writing skills in narration and practice it along with letter writing; 5. Do some other after-class exercise including listening and translation to improve students’ comprehensive skills. Teaching Emphasis: 1. The comprehension and appreciation of Text I; 2. New words and expressions: 3. lobby, complexion, foreboding, shudder, scheme, psyche, moat, breach, in progress, screech, quirk, chic, grunge, reverie, scramble, lopsided, executive, distressing, badger, have the nerve to do sth Procedure: (4 hours) 1. Review the main points in last class; 2. Study the new unit: 1) Read the information of the text on p.54, 55 to get a better understanding of Chunnel; 2) Answer the pre-reading questions orally; 3) Allow students 5 minutes to read the text rapidly for the main idea; 4) Do the guesswork of vocabulary; 5) Study Text I intensively; 6) Answer the questions of Text I both in SB(student’s book) and WB(workbook) orally; 7) Listen to the tape and study Text II extensively to enlarge their vocabulary and widen the scope of their knowledge; 8) Do oral work; 9) Study the main points of guided writing, mainly paragraph writing of narration in informal tone, and letter writing to ask for information; 10) Homework, finish all the exercise both in SB and WB. Background Knowledge Britain and France are separated by the English Channel, a body of water that can be crossed in as little as 20 minutes. But the cultures of the two countries sometimes seem to be miles apart. Last Thursday Britain and France celebrated the 100th anniversary of the signing of a friendship agreement called the Entente Cordiale. The agreement —signed in London marked a new beginning for the countries following centuries of on April 8, 1904— wars and love-hate partnerships. But their relationship has seen ups and downs over the past century. Just last year, there were fierce disagreements over the Iraq war—which British Prime Minister Tony Blair supported despite French President Jacques Chirac speaking out against it. This discomfort is expressed in Blair and Chirac's body language at international meetings. While the French leader often greets German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder with a hug, Blair just receives a handshake. However, some political experts say the war in Iraq could in fact have helped ties. "The British population was against war," said Francois Heisbourg, director of the Paris-based Foundation for Strategic Research. "So it could have actually helped bring the two sides closer." The history of divisions may well be because of the very different ways in which the two sides see the world. "The French think Britain is not doing its best to become part of Europe by not introducing the single European currency," said Geoff Hare, a former lecturer in French politics and language at Newcastle University in Britain. "France has spent the past 15 to 20 years making itself seen as part of the European Union." But this doesn't stop 12 million Britons taking holidays in France each year. However, only 3 million French come in the opposite direction. Surveys show that most French people feel closer to the Germans than they do the British. And the research carried out in Britain has found that only a third of the population believes the French can be trusted. Perhaps this bad feeling comes because the British dislike France's close relationship with Germany. Or because the French are not happy with Britain's close links with the US. Whatever the answer, as both sides celebrate 100 years of "doubtful friendship", they are at least able to make jokes about each other. Here's one: What's the best thing about Britain's relationship with France? The English Channel. 英法两国之间仅隔一条英吉利海峡，但它有时却像不可逾越的鸿沟。 英法两国在地域上只隔着一条20分钟内即可穿越的英吉利海峡，但在文化上却 好象相去甚远。 上周四是两国签订友好条约一百周年纪念日。该条约于1904年4月8日在伦敦 签署，它标志着两国关系掀开了崭新的一页，而两国几个世纪的战争和恩恩怨怨 也就此成为历史。 但是，回首过去的一百年，两国关系跌宕起伏。就在去年，两国在伊拉克战争问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 上产生严重分歧。英国首相托尼?布莱尔支持对伊开战，而法国总统雅克?希拉 克持反对态度。 这种分歧从两人在国际会议上的肢体语言中可见一斑。法国领导人经常用拥抱来 问候德国总理施罗德，而和布莱尔，只是握手而已。 然而，有些政治专家却说，伊战实际上有助于推动两国关系的发展。位于巴黎的 战略研究基金会主任Francois Heisbourg评论说，“英国民众对战争的反对有利于 加强两国关系。” 两国有着分歧的历史传统，许多时候都源于看待世界的方式不同。 英国Newcastle 大学前法国政治和语言讲师Geoff Hare说，“法国人认为，英国 没有引入欧洲统一货币表明英国没有尽力融入欧洲。而在过去的15到20年时间 里，法国则一直努力证明自己是欧洲联盟的一部分。” 但这些分歧阻挡不了每年到法国度假的1200万英国人。同时，每年也有300万 法国人去英国。 调查显示，大多数法国人感觉他们和德国人比和英国人更为亲近。而英国的研究 证实，只有三分之一的英国人认为法国人值得信赖。 两国民众之间的感情不是很融洽，也许是英国不喜欢法德关系太密切，又或者是 因为法国人对英国和美国打得火热而心生不满。 无论答案是什么，正值双方纪念百年“猜疑中的友谊”之际，至少他们可以相互取 笑对方。 这是其中一个笑话:英法两国关系中最妙之处即是英吉利海峡。 1. The English Channel: commonly called the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean separating the southern coast of England from the northern coast of France, and connecting the Atlantic in the west with the North Sea on the east via the Strait of Dover. It is 34 to 240 km. (21-150 miles) wide and 560km. (350 miles) long. The Channel is at its narrowest between Dover in England and Cape Gris-Nez, near Calais, in France, it being 34 km. (21 miles) wide. Its average depth decreases from 120 to 45 meters (400-150 feet). From earliest times, the Channel served as a route for, and a barrier to, invaders to Britain from the Continent. It was crossed by Julius Caesar’s legion in 55 B.C. and Norman forces in 1066. However, when Napoleon and Hitler threatened to cross it, they failed. Therefore, the Channel has chiefly served as a physical barrier to the invasion of Britain. Transportation across the Channel used to be supplied by ferry boat service only. 2. The long-lasting Anglo-French conflict In 1066, William, Duke of Normandy, France, conquered England and became King William I of England. After the Norman Conquest, French manners and culture predominated among the English nobles. In 1154 King Henry II recovered the English throne. Thereafter the holdings of English kings in France were greatly increased. At one time, France assisted Scotland, over which the English kings attempted to dominate. These sources of friction led to intermittent fighting between the two countries from 1294 to 1337. In 1337, Edward III of England (1327-1377) took the title of King of France. This step began the Hundred Years’ War which continued on and off until 1453. Early in the conflict the English crushed the French, but by the end of Edward’s reign the French had reconquered almost all the territory Edward had won. Fighting between the two countries continued in the fourteenth and the fifteenth century. During King Henry VIII’s reign (1509-1547), England again invaded France and expanded it holdings around Calais. From 1689 to 1815 there was a series of conflicts between Britain and France for domination of the North American continent. The principal objective of the British government was to drive the French out of North America once and for all. The maritime and colonial struggle between Britain and France for world empire and trade, which began in 1689, lasted until the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. It was about this time that the long duel between Britain and France was over. 3. The Channel Tunnel Project The Channel Tunnel Project is the scheme for an under-ocean tunnel linking Britain and France, which has been discussed on governmental levels for almost 200 years. The first proposal for a Channel Tunnel came in 1802 from a French engineer. Napoleon showed interest, but the renewal of the war suspended the question, which, however, was taken up again and again throughout the nineteenth century. The proponents of the project were generally French, with the British government holding off for security reasons. In the early 1880s, digging actually began near Folkestone, Kent, England, and Sangate, France. A pilot tunnel 2000 yards long was bored from the English side before a rage from the press over the alleged threat to Britain’s security caused the British government to cancel the project. The defence considerations remained decisive until the 1950s, when the missile age made it appear obsolete. The Channel Tunnel Study Group was formed and it published in 1960 a proposal for a rail tunnel from Folkstone to Calais. In 1964 the two governments agreed to proceed with a rail tunnel. After frequent extensions of the estimated completion date, with costs constantly rising, the British government cancelled the project early in 1975, leaving two and a half kilometers of preliminary digging on both sides of the Channel. In 1978 the matter of a Channel crossing was again raised. At long last, construction began again in December 1978, and after sever years of unremitting toil, the Chunnel was completed at the cost of 13.5 billion dollars. Language Points The Title: The Light at the End of the Chunnel The light at the end of the tunnel Paragraph 1—7 Question 1: What did an English couple say about the French people, and what did a Frenchman say about the English people? Why do you think they showed a mutual feeling of dislike? stn English retired civil servant said that he’d rather have England become the 51 A state of the U.S.A. than have his country linked to France. He added that the French didn’t care for anybody. His wife said that France was an awful place and that the French people drank wine all the time. She disliked French food and preferred to have English sauce with her food. In the meantime, a French farmer complained about English ketchup and about their not having any good wine. The British and the French disliked each other because there had been long years of conflict between the two countries. 1. … not two miles from the soon-to-be-opened English Channel Tunnel,… Compound adjectives 1) the soon-to-be-opened English Channel Tunnel (lines 1-2) means “that is to be opened soon” e.g. an easy-to-perform trick a difficult-to-use camera the soon-to-be-completed Metro 2) Gull-wing means “like the wings of the gull”. e.g. a baby-food store a mountain-top hut city-reconstruction discussions 3) Cross-Channel-link means “building a link that crosses the Channel”. e.g. a keep-fit-class schedule a cross-border-raid threat 4) 31-mile-long e.g. a ten-year-old boy a three-inch-thick book a 3-hour-long journey 2. … stiff upper lips trembled: (keep/carry/ have) a stiff upper lip: (show)the ability to appear calm and unworried when in pain, trouble, etc(遇痛苦、困难等时)(表现)沉着而坚强的 能力，咬紧牙关。 e.g. The prisoners tried hard to keep a stiff upper lip in spite of the hardships of the prison. We managed to keep a stiff upper lip when the company announced that they would close down our office. One failure means nothing. You've got to keep a stiff upper lip. 此短语用板起的脸孔替换隐藏悲伤或害怕这种性格特征，使用了metonymy(换 喻，转喻)的修辞手法。 Metonymy: It’s substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it’s closely associated. Thus the crown can stand for a king, and the White House for the American government, the bottle for wine or alcohol, and the bar for the legal profession. When metonymy is well used, brevity and vividness may be achieved: 英语中的metonymy和另外两个修辞格synecdoche和antonomasia都是不直接 说出事物的本来名称，而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。它们大体上相当于汉 语的“借代”这一修辞格。如city(城市)代替“城市居民”;crown(王冠) 喻指君主、王权、王国政府等;doll(玩具)往往可以喻指姑娘，宝贝儿等。 1)秃头站在白背心的略略正对面，弯了腰，去研究背心上的文字。(鲁迅《示 众》) Baldy, standing almost directly opposite White Jerkin, stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin. 3)His wife spent all her life on the stage.(= theatrical profession) 妻子在舞台上度过了一生。(=戏剧工作，表演艺术)他的 )Paper and ink cut the throats of men, and the sound of a breath many shake the 4 world.(=written words;speech) 纸墨能割断人的喉管，嗓音能震动整个世界。(纸墨=写几个字);(嗓音=说 几句话) 5)The pen is mightier than the sword.笔杆子比刀剑更有力。(=文章) 6)His joke set the whole table in a roar.他的笑话引起满座哄堂大笑。(桌子代替 一桌人) 课文中用代表英国人的性格特征的面部特征代替英国人，这种一局部代表全部 的 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 称为(Synecdoche提喻法，举隅法)When a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part, synecdoche is applied: 1)Many hands make light work.人多好办事。(synecdoche---- 用手代替人) 2)He had to earn his daily bread by doing odd jobs. 3)Some mute inglorious Shelly here may rest. 某个沉默的、无名诗人也许在此长眠。(antonomasia----用雪莱代替诗人) 3. For the first time since the last ice age: An ice age is any point of several periods when glaciers, especially in the form of great ice sheets, covered more of the earth’s surface than they do today.冰川期. Each ice age lasted at least three million years, most of the earlier ones lasted more than 10 million years. Today we live in a warm period during or just after the Quaternary ice age 第四纪冰川期which was in the Pleistocene Epoch更新世， beginning 2.5 million years ago. It’s believed that all of the early development of humans came during this last ice age and civilization has come into existence as its result. “For the first time since the world began to exist” clearly this is an exaggeration. st4. I’d rather England become the 51 state…. (Grammar) e.g. I’d rather you stayed with us over the weekend. He’d rather John hadn’t called on him a retired civil servant with a complexion the color of ruby port.5. … Civil servant: a person employed in the civil service or the government departments.公务员，文职人员 Para: … a retired government official whose face is red colored, typical of a person living by the sea. A completion 与the color of ruby port 为同位语。 6. He nodded toward the steel gray Channel out the window, his pale blue eyes filled with foreboding. He nodded…his pale blue eyes filled with foreboding—a nominative absolute construction e.g. The work done, we left the office with a light heart. The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. It being a holiday, the park was crowded with people. 独立主格 一(独立主格结构含义 独立主格结构，又叫独立结构(absolute construction)。它在句法上游离于句子主体之外，跟主句没有任何句法联系;但在意义上却与主句紧密联系在一起，共同构成一个完整的语义环境。独立主格结构没有主语和谓语，只有逻辑上的主语，因此，它在句法上不是句子，而是一个独立于句子成分之外的独特结构形式。 独立主格结构可置于句首、句尾，用逗号与主句隔开。 二、独立主格结构的形式 独立主格结构可分为两部分，一部分是名词或代词(主格)，起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成，表示前面名词或代词的状态、状况或动作。 1)名词,代词，形容词 I heard that she got injured in the accident，my heart full of worry( 我听说她在这场事故中受了伤，内心充满担忧。 He stood silent in the moon-light，his door open( 月光下，门开着，他默默地站立在那。 2)名词,代词，现在分词 Winter coming，it gets colder and colder(冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。 The rain having stopped ，he went out for a walk(雨停了，他出去散步。 3)名词,代词，过去分词 More time given，we should have done it much better( 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会做得更好。 The boy stood there，his right hand raised(那个男生站在那里，右手高举。 4)名词,代词(主格)，不定式 Here are the first two volumes，the third one to come out next month( 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。 The two boys said good-bye to each other，one to go home，the other to go to his friend's( 两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。 5)名词,代词十介词短语 The huntsman entered the forest，gun in hand(那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。 注意:这里，gun in hand还可以说成with a gun in his hand，但不可以说a gun in hand或gun in his hand。 )名词,代词十副词 6 Nobody in，the thief took a lot of things away( 由于没有人，小偷拿走了许多东西。 Lunch over，he left the house(But he was thinking( 午饭结束，他离开屋。但他还在考虑。 7)名词,代词，名词 He fought the wolf，a stick his only weapon( 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。 8)with复合结构 它的构成是:“with ， 宾语 ， 宾语补足语”。宾语由代词、名词、名词词组充当，宾补由分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等充当。 Holms and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour( 福尔摩斯和沃森坐着，让灯亮了半个小时。(介词短语) He used to sleep with the door open(他过去常开着门睡觉。(形容词) With a boy leading the way，they started towards the village(由一个小男孩领着路，他们朝那个村子去了。(现在分词) With the work done，he went home(工作做完后，他回了家。(过去分词) With you to help us，we will finish the task in time(由你来帮助，我们将会及时完成任务。(不定式) Hong Kong looks more beautiful with thou-sands of lights on at night(夜里，香港万盏灯火，分外美丽。(副词) 从以上例句可以看出:在with复合结构中，宾语和宾补之间形成逻辑上的主 谓关系。当这种主谓关系表现为主动语态时，用现在分词;当这种主谓关系表现 为被动语态时，用过去分词;当这种主谓关系表示将来意义时，用不定式;当这种主谓关系表示伴随意义时，用现在分词或副词。 三、独立主格结构的功能 独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。 )表示时间 1 Her work done ，she sat down for a cup of tea(她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。 2)表示条件 The condition being favourable ，he may succeed(若条件有利，他或许能成 3)表示原因 There being no taxis，we had to walk(没有出租车，我们只好步行。 4)表示伴随情况 Almost all metals are good conductors，silver being the best of all( 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。 四、形式选择中应该注意的问题 1)现在分词还是过去分词, 在独立主格结构中，主格词与分词形成逻辑主谓关系时，用现在分词。如: Winter coming ，it gets colder and colder(一句中，“春天”和“到来”是逻辑主谓关系，用现在分词;主格词与分词形成逻辑动宾关系时，用过去分词。如:More money given，we should have sent more employees to the mother company to get trained(一句中，“money”和“give”是动宾关系(被动关系)，用过去分词。 在独立主格结构中，如果强调分词的时间发生在主句动词时间之前，常用现在分词 完成时态表示。如:The snow having stopped，she went out to sweep the snow in the yard( 现在分词与过去分词的性质完全不同，但在独立结构中，有时却有共同之处:现在分词的被动式有时可以简化为过去分词。例如: As her skirt was caught on a nail，she could not move( ?Her skirt being caught on a nail，she could not move( ?Her skirt caught on a nail，she could not move( After his work had been finished，he went home( ?His work having been finished，he went home( ?His work finished，he went home( 2)分词结构还是独立结构, 上面的例子告诉我们，独立结构常常可以看作是由主从复合句中的从句变来 的。但是，如果从句和主句的主语相同，则不可改为独立结构。例如: Since he was very tired with his walk，he soon fell asleep and forgot his troubles( 不可改为: He being very tired with his walk，he((( 但可改为:Being very tired with his walk ，he((( 巩固练习: 1(____ production up by 60,，the company has had another excellent year( A(As B(For C(With D(Through 2(The weather ____ so bad ，we had to put the game off ( A(was B(is C(were D(being 3(The boy seated himself in the corner with his back ____ to his father ( A(turning B(to turn C(to be turned D(turned 4(There ____ no classes yesterday，we paid a visit to the Great Wall ( was B(being C(were D(had been A( 5(The problem ____，the meeting came to the end( A(settled B(was settled C(being settled D(setting (She was too nervous to speak with so many eyes on her( 6 A(fixing B(fixed C(to be fixed D(were fixed 7(____，the girls raced on to the second runners( A(Stick in hand B(With a stick in her hand C(Sticks in hand D(Sticks in hands 8(The boy lay on the ground，his eyes ____ and his hands ____( A(being closed;trembling B(closed;trembling C(closed;trembled D(closing;trembled keys: 1—5CDDBA6—8BAB 7(… , as the gull-wing eyebrows shot upward. Para: when he raised his eyebrows suddenly which were as thick as the wings of a seagull. 此处gull-wing eyebrows为一暗喻，比喻老人的眉毛浓密。 8. … the entente was scarcely more cordiale… Entente and cordiale are both French words meaning “understanding” and “friendly” respectively. The meaning of sentence: The understanding on the other side of the Channel was hardly more friendly, in other words, the understanding is just as unfriendly. The use is a reference to a historical event. As was mentioned before, conflicts between Britain and France had been incessant for centuries. At the end of the nineteenth century, Britain and France were again on the verge of war. In 1901, however, things took a turn for the better, as King VII of Great Britain was a Francophile (i.e., a person who is friendly to France). The way was opened for agreements between the two countries, and the Entente Cordiale, a friendly understanding, was arrived at. 修辞手法:allusion Allusion is a short, informal reference to a famous person or event: Angry young man 愤怒的青年 ,义, ,源,据英国文学史，愤怒的青年源出L.A 保罗(Leslie Allen Paul)的一本同 名自传，后因剧作家约翰(奥斯本的 剧本 关于骆驼祥子剧本台词历史剧本一秦朝校园心理剧优秀剧本荆轲刺秦王课本剧欲望都市6季英文剧本 《愤怒的回顾》(Looking Back in Anger)而流传。今指战后英国对社会现有体制不满的一代青年。 ,例,I don’t want to the convention to think we’re just a collection of angry young men.(J.F.Kennedy) 我不愿这次会议将我们视作只是一群愤怒的青年。 Alice-in-Wonderland ,义,想入非非的;不合逻辑的;自相矛盾的 (Lewis Carroll)的同名小说《爱丽 ,源,出自英国著名作家刘易斯(卡洛尔 丝漫游奇境记》(Alice in Wonderland) ,例,This is an Alice-in Wonderland approach to the problem. 这种研究问题的方法实在是太想入非非了。 ,注,常作形容词用 Apple of his eye ,义,瞳仁;珍爱的人(物)。(古人认为瞳仁像苹果一样，是固体圆球，对 于人十分宝贵，故用比喻珍贵之人或物) ,源,当耶和华发现雅各(Jacob)“在旷野荒凉野兽吼叫之地，就环绕他，看顾 他，如同保护眼中的瞳仁”。(《圣经(申命记》) “in the waste howling wilderness he led him about, he instructed him, he kept him as the apple of his eye”.(Bible.Deut.32:10) ,例,I sacrificed everything to make you happy and safe. I won’t talk about your father, but you, you were the apple of my eyes. (B. Kops. The Dream of Peter Mann) 为了使你生活平安幸福，我曾牺牲了一切，我不谈你父亲，但你，你那 时是我的宝贝。(B(考卜斯:《彼得曼的梦》) ,注,与该典使用的动词一般为be，通常的表达语为: Peter is the apple of his mother’s eye. 不说: Peter is the apple of the eye of his mother. Notice in these examples that the allusions are to very well known characters or events, not to obscure ones. (The best sources for allusions are literature, history, Greek myth, and the Bible.) Note also that the reference serves to explain or clarify or enhance whatever subject is under discussion, without sidetracking the reader. 9. a village a beet field away from the French terminal: a village which is only a short distance away from the French terminal. A beet field is a field where beet, a root vegetable, is planted; it can’t be very big. 10. All they eat is ketchup. Ketchup: Ketchup is a Chinese word in origin. In the Amoy dialect of southeastern China, koechiap means 'brine of fish.' It was acquired by English, probably via Malay kichap, toward the end of the 17th century, when it was usually spelled catchup (the New Dictionary of the Canting Crew 1690 defines it as 'a high East-India Sauce'). Shortly afterward the spelling catsup came into vogue (Jonathan Swift is the first on record as using it, in 1730), and it remains the main form in American English. But in Britain ketchup has gradually established itself since the early 18th century. 11. A tiny explosion of air from pursed lips, then the coup de grace. Pursed lips: 噘起的嘴巴 Coup de grace: (French) a decisive finishing blow致命的一击 Paragraph 8 12. … bye grace of one of the engineering feats of the century, for rich or poorer, better worse, England and France are getting hitched. by grace of: due to, by the favour of. The usual phrase is by the grace of God, meaning “owing to the favour shown by God”. for richer or poorer, better or worse: Whether one likes it or not; whatever happens. The literal meaning of the two phrases is: “on terms of accepting all results”, or “it’s not certain what the consequences will be, but they will have to be accepted, because the action has been taken.” th Para: Thanks to one of the remarkable construction achievements of the 20 century, whether one likes it or not, England and France are on the way of getting geographically connected. 13. Queen Elizabeth of Britain: Elizabeth II (1926- ), queen of the United Kingdom (1952- ) 14. President Francois Mitterrand: (1916-1996) became President of France in May 1981. 15. inaugurate: a. When a new leader is inaugurated, they are formally given their new position at an official ceremony. e.g. The new president will be inaugurated on January 20. b. When a new building or institution is inaugurated, it is declared open in a formal ceremony. e.g. A new center for research on toxic waste was inaugurated today at our university. c. It you inaugurate a new system or service, you start it. e.g. Pan Am inaugurated the first scheduled international flight. Question 2 With help of the information given in the notes, explain the following: 1)200 years of failed cross-Channel-link schemes, and 2)1,000 years of historical rift. 1):The Channel Tunnel Project had been discussed between Britain and France on governmental levels for almost two hundred years. It was in 1802 that the first proposal for a Channel Tunnel was put forward the nineteenth century and for the most part of the twentieth century. It did not come to fruition until the last decade of the twentieth century. 2) Beginning with Norman Conquest in 1066 until the early nineteenth century, there had been incessant conflicts between Great Britain and France. All in all there was a rift between the two countries for about one thousand years.(See the details in the notes) sweeping aside 200 years of failed cross-Channel-link schemes, 1000 years16. … of historical rift, and 8000 years of geographic divide: para: according to the theory of geological evolution, the ecologically important land bridge across the Strait of Dover was finally submerged about 8000 years ago. 此处使用了层进(climax)的修辞手法，历史年代的逐步追溯使读者对这一共曾 的重大意义印象深刻;这种按照词义的轻重深浅，逐层依次递进，最后达到 顶点的修辞手段，可以逐步加深读者印象，迅速达到高潮， 最后揭示主旨，往往使文章文才斐然，震撼人心。 Climax: Climax consists of arranging words, clauses, or sentences in the order of increasing importance, weight, or emphasis. Parallelism usually forms a part of the arrangement, because it offers a sense of continuity, order, and movement-up the ladder of importance. But if you wish to vary the amount of discussion on each point, parallelism is not essential. a. The concerto was applauded at the house of Baron von Schnooty, it was praised highly at court, it was voted best concerto of the year by the Academy, it was considered by Mozart the highlight of his career, and it has become known today as the best concerto in the world. b. At 6:20 a.m. the ground began to heave. Windows rattled; then they broke. Objects started falling from shelves. Water heaters fell from their pedestals, tearing out plumbing. Outside, the road began to break up. Water mains and gas lines were wrenched apart, causing flooding and the danger of explosion. Office buildings began cracking; soon twenty, thirty, forty stories of concrete were diving at the helpless pedestrians panicking below. c. To have faults is not good, but faults are human. Worse is to have them and not see them. Yet beyond that is to have faults, to see them, and to do nothing about them. But even that seems mild compared to him who knows his faults, and who parades them about and encourages them as though they were virtues. Paragraph 9 Question 3 How will the Chunnel facilitate the transport between Great Britain and France, or rather, between Great Britain and other European countries? It will greatly facilitate the transport between Great Britain and France. For example, for a motorist to cross the English Channel, he can use the Chunnel Shuttle Service and cross the Channel in only 35 minutes, as against 90 minutes by ferry before. The through service provided by Eurostar passenger trains takes only 3 hours to travel from London to Paris, and 3 hours 10 minutes from London to Brussels, Belgium. Paragraph 10 Question 4 How do you understand the following sentence? 17.The chunnel rewrites geography, at least in the English psyche. The moat has been breached. Britain no longer is an island. Answer: The English Chunnel had served as a barrier to invasion of Britain for centuries, and invasion by tunnel was at one time “the ultimate British nightmare”(National Geographic, May 1994,p. 39). As a matter of fact, whenever the idea of a link between the two countries emerged, there also appeared visions of invasion, and proposals for a link simply foundered. But the completion of the Chunnel has now joined Britain to the European continent. In other words, Britain is no longer an island. Thus the geographical condition is completely changed, especially to the British people. Para: As far as the British are concerned, the Chunnel has changed the geographical pattern which long separated Britain from Continental Europe. Part II Paragraph 1 Question 5 How did the author of the article get the opportunity of witnessing the breakthrough ceremony for the south running tunnel? The author, Cathy Newman, is a senior staff member of the National Geographic magazine. Being a journalist, she was presumably invited to attend and to cover the breakthrough ceremony, as there were also several dozen other journalists going with her. 18.It’s June 28, 1991, and I’m packed into a train Para: the historical present which adds vividness and dramatic and lifelike quality to the description. Paragraph 2 Question 6 Why did one of the visitors say “makes you appreciate British Rail”? It’s because the construction workers’ train which took them down the tunnel screeched in a dreadful way, whereas the British Rail passenger trains would not make such noise. 19. The Chunnel is a work in progress. In progress: being done or made.进行中 e.g. An inquiry is in progress.调查工作此刻正在进行中。 Para: the Chunnel is under construction. 20. White dust fills the air. Para: Characteristic of the land on the English side of the English Channel are white cliffs of chalk, therefore the white dust. Paragraph 4 Question 7 Why did the author refer to when she spoke of “those vive la difference quirks”? She referred to two distinctive differences between the British and the French ways of doing things. One is that the French gave women’s names to the tunnel boring machines(TBM), for example, “Catherine”, whereas the British only gave the machines numbers, e.g., TBM No6. The other difference is that the French workers wore colorful workclothes while their British counterparts wore something grungy. 21.vive la difference quirks: the peculiar behaviour that highlights the differences between the two countries. Vive la difference is French meaning “Long live the differences”. 22…. Chic, well-cut, taupe jumpsuits: fashionable, well-tailored, one-piece garment combining top and trousers in dark brownish gray Paragraph 5-7 Question 8 How deep is the Chunnel under the ocean at the breakthrough site? It’s about 180 feet or 54.9 metres deep. 23. … I imagine 180 feet of Channel above my head---- ferries, tankers, a Dover sole or two… I imagine 180 feet of Channel above my head: I picture the transport scene of the Channel 180 feet above this tunnel. … ferries, tankers, a Dover sole or two: ferries and tankers that sail in the English Channel and one or two flatfish that live in the Strait of Dover. Paragraph 6 24. The grating of the TBM interrupts my reverie. (Vocabulary) :a kind of short pleasant daydream; a formal word reverie e.g. The announcer’s voice brought him out of his reverie. 25…. a huge wheel with tungsten-tipped teeth--- chews into the last trace of rock separating England from France. 此处运用了personification(拟人)的修辞手法把TBM这一隧道钻孔机比作人一 样，坚硬的钨钻头好似它的牙齿，大口地咀嚼分割英国和法国的岩石，非常形 象生动 a. How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! (John Milton) 时间，这个盗窃青春的狡猾的小偷，盗窃了我二十又三年飞走了。 Question 9 Describe the breakthrough scene in your own words. There were many people present, the Eurotunnel officials, construction workers, and journalists. When the cutterhead of the tunnel boring machine bit into the last piece of rock separating England from France, there was loud music as well as dazzling lights. A number of Frenchmen were seen coming from the other side, and thunderous applause was heard. The French and British people drank champagne and hugged each other. It was truly a moving sight. 26. Music blares, and lights glare. 此处采用了(半谐音)的韵格，以次来渲染施工现场的激动人心的场面。指 在一组词，一句话或一行诗中同一原因重复出现，可以使语句具有音乐的节 奏感和诗意，从而增强其表现力或感染力。 27. the flow will be lopsided. (Vocabulary) lopsided: a. Something is lopsided is uneven because one side is lower or heavier than the other. e.g. His suit had shoulders that made him look lopsided. b. If you say that a situation is lopsided, you mean that one element is much stronger, bigger, or more important than another element. e.g. In 1916, Georgia Tech beat Cumberland 222-0. No game since has been that lopsided. (or: lopsided economic relations) Paragraph 8-14 Question 10 Did the mutual feeling of dislike still exist when the tunnel was completed? No. Both the French and British celebrated the breakthrough, and an Englishman said, “I might have opposed it 30 years ago, but now it’s my tunnel.” 28. And there are 56 million more behind them---- referring to the whole population of France para: And soon the whole French population will take the Chunnel transport and come over to visit Britain. 29. Why do the French visit Britain? ... Fashion? The implied meaning: French will not visit Britain because there is nothing they admire in Britain. 30. We will work on selling the idea. Para: We will try to make people interested in going across the English Channel by the Chunnel. Organization & Development The text is a feature report which introduces one of the significant transport construction projects in the modern history of European architecture. This report includes different opinions toward the Chunnel, the opinions of the local residents of both sides of the English Channel, as well as the comments of the construction tunnellers. The tone of the report is one of objectivity. Throughout this English feature article, occasional French words are used to show that the author was unbiased when reporting this monumental construction project of bicultural character. Different foods, dresses, ways of naming and real dates are used to give the article an unmistakable journalistic flavor. On top of that, real-life, real-time personal experience is included to increase the validity of the account. The text follows the organization of a typical journalistic feature report: a) A short opening paragraph sets the scene, in which the thesis is stated in the second sentence:” For the first time since the ice age, England was about to be linked to France.” b) Immediately following the opening paragraph is the unbiased presentation of the opinions of both English and French local residents across the English Channel. c) The text then proceeds with the reporting of the officially scheduled Chunnel inauguration to show the determination and initiative endeavour of the British and French Governments to connect Britain with the rest of Europe, in order to emphasize the significance of the project. d) After the intentional delay to create suspense, the author introduces the tunnel proper and the historical contributions and benefits of this tunnel thoroughfare. e) Much of the report, then, is devoted to the real-time account of the exciting work at the breakthrough site of the Chunnel, an account based on the author’s personal experience and first-hand information. f) The report ends up with revealing the business worries on the part of the Chunnel authorities, who were concerned with, but not without hope, the business of the tunnel transport: promotion work was expected to facilitate the effective use of the Chunnel on the part of the French population. TEXT II TRAVELLING I. Background information The Author: Graham Greene (1904-1991), British novelist, playwright, and film scriptwriter, writer of short stories and fiction for children, and editor. Graham Greene was born on 2 October 1904, Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, England, died (of natural causes) 3 April 1991, Corseaux-sur-Vevey, Switzerland. Novels, many of which have been made into movies, include The Power and the Glory, The Third Man, Brighton Rock, Our Man in Havana and Travels with My Aunt. II. Questions 1. What kept Aunt Augusta from traveling as constantly as before? 2. What were the advantages of going to Istanbul by plane? 3. Why did Aunt Augusta not take the plane? 4. What do you think their surnames? (Pulling) 5. Compare Aunt Augusta and Henry. III. Language points: 1.What a lot of traveling you have done in your day, Aunt Augusta. In your day: in your lifetime 2. I haven’t reached nightfall yet: nightfall 本意是黄昏，傍晚 Para: I haven’t traveled enough yet; I shall still be traveling. 3. couchette:卧铺 交通词汇 station master air hostess express train tractor 站长 女乘务员 特快列车 牵引车 clerk bus up train ambulance 站员 公共汽车 上行列车 救护车 driver driver down train garbage truck 司机 司机 下行列车 垃圾车 conductor coach dining car first gear 售票员 长途汽车 餐车 ,档 inspector motor coach ride reverse 检查员 大客车 乘车 倒车档 inspector minibus bus tread 稽查员 中巴 公共汽车 轮距 conductor micro bus truck chassis 列车长 小型巴士 卡车 底盘 train attendant streetcar automobile bodywork 列车员 有轨电车 车身 carrier 货运卡车 gateman stop body 收票员 停车站 车身 tramcar 电车 conductor taxi mudguard/wing 查票员 计程车 挡泥板 trolley bus 无轨电车 pilot taxi wing 机长 出租汽车 前翼子板 limousine 豪华轿车 pilot request stop water tank 驾驶员 招呼站 水箱 jeep 吉普车 co-pilot taxi stand bonnet 副驾驶员 出租汽车总站 发动机盖 saloom 轿车 second pilot subway roof rack/luggage rack 副驾驶员 地铁 行李架 taxi 出租车 radio operator ticket license plate/number 报务员 车票 compact car plate 小型汽车 车号牌 ground crew tip 地勤人员 小费 station wagon hubcap 小旅行车 轮毂罩 hostess/stewardess local train 空姐 普通车 light-van bumper 小型货车 保险杠 navigator local express 领航员 平快车 sports car front blinker 跑车 前信号灯 steward limited 男服务员 express tractor 特快 拖拉机 3(When there is no alternative means of travel. Alternative: n.二中择一, 可供选择的办法, 事物 adj.选择性的, 二中择一的 Para: when there is no other way of travel. 4. It’s a matter of choice, not nerves. Para: This is a problem of what you prefer to do, not whether you have courage to do it. 5. But I can’t bear being spoken to all the time by irrelevant loud-speakers. Para: … loud-speaker announcements about the flights of planes, which have nothing to do with me. 6. An airport often reminds me of a Butlin’s camp. Para: At an airport, you hear loud-speaker announcements all the time. That often reminds me of a Butlin’s camp where instructions are issued incessantly. IV.演讲: 我最想去旅游的地方(Home or Abroad) V(CET 4 四级英语中的考察特点和应对策略 英语是一个重结构的语言，要求句子必须符合句法结构的要求。用来规定句法结 构的一些原则也就是我们常说的语法。英语中的语法条文比较多，总的来说可分 为两大类，即词法和句法。具体说来，有情态动词的用法，形容词和副词的比较 级用法，非谓语动词的用法，时态和语态，定语从句，状语从句，虚拟语气，名 词性从句，倒装，强调与并列，主谓一致等。经过统计，95年1月到2000年6 月，仅词汇和句法部分对语法的考查就有190题，占52.8%，其中以非谓语动词、 虚拟语气、时态/语态、状语从句和定语从句考查最多。今天这一讲我们重点讲 /语态、虚拟语气和各种从句，下一讲重点讲非谓语动词等。 时态 一、时态和语态 英语中共有16个时态，最常用的是一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、 现在和过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时。但从95年以来的考题统计来看， 15个时态考题中将来完成最多，占3题，时态考查的次序依次为将来完成时--- 过 去完成时 --- 现在完成进行时 --- 现在完成时 --- 一般将来 --- 一般过去。先看 以下各题: Test Yourself: 1) My train arrives in New York at eight o'clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there ___ by then.(1999.1) A. would leave B. will have left C. has left D. had left 2) She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ____ too long.(2000.1) A. has been reading B. had read C. is reading D. read 3) "May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"(2000.6) "I'm sorry. Mr. Williams ____ to a conference long before then." A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone 4) Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _____today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.(1997.1) A. are to challenge B. may be challenged C. have been challenged D. are challenged 5) Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it ____ necessary for all planes to land for refueling. (1996.6) A. would be B. has been C. had been D. would have been 6) He came back late, ____ which time all the guest had already left.(1999.6) A. after B. by C. at D. during 7) Until then, his family ______from him for six months. (1997.1) A. didn't hear B. hasn't been hearing C. hasn't heard D. hadn't heard Explanation and Expansion A:参考答案:1)B 2)A 3)A 4)C 5)C 6)B 7)D B:评析: 1) 以上各题都与完成时有关，完成时态用来表示到某一个时间为止已经完 成的动作或某个状态/动作一直持续到某个时间。如果时间为过去，则用过去完 成时，即表示过去的过去，如5)和7)。 2) 如果表示到将来某个时间为止已经完成的动作，则用将来完成时，如1) 和3)，再如: It's reported that by the end of the month the output of cement in the factory ____ about 10%. A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 3) 而现在完成时表示到目前为止某个动作已经结束，对现在有影响，如4)。 从下文中的"正在修改"可以判断人们已经对牛顿的观点提出挑战，而不是将要提 出挑战或者可能提出挑战，由此可以判断应该用现在完成时。 4) 与现在完成时不同，现在完成进行时则表示某个动作从过去持续到现在， 并且仍在进行，如2)。头疼的原因是看书时间太长。本题可以用现在完成时， 但不会是过去完成时，选项B不对，一般现在时表示经常发生的动作，与这里 的头疼不能构成直接的因果关系，由于时间状语表示的是一段时间，有不可能是 现在进行时，所以这里只能用现在完成进行时。 C(完成时态使用注意事项 ? 完成时的时间状语一般表示"到……为止"，以"by"短语居多。如果句中 的时间状语是由by引出的短语或从句，谓语动词一般是用完成时态，如: By the time we got there, the fire had already been put out. We'll have completed the task by the time you come back. ? 在完成时态中，终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的时间状语连用，而表 示状态或动作持续的谓语动词必须与表示一段时间的状语连用。 The conference ____ a full week by the time it ends A. must have lasted B. will have lasted C. would last D. has lasted (1997.1) It seems oil ___ form this pipe for some time. We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right. A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking (1997.6) 这两题中都有表示动作持续的一段时间，应该用完成时态。 但是，如果只表示状态已经存在，则不能用完成时态，如: By then, he knew what he waned to be when he grew up. ? 完成时可以用来表示量的积累。 ? 对于完成时的考查有两种，一种是时态本身的选择，另一种是根据时态选择 时间状语，如6)。从句时态为过去完成时，表示等到他回来，客人都已经离开 了，与完成时态连用的，表示"到……为止"的应该是介词by。 刚才我们一起 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 了时态的考查特点和答题时应该注意的事项，现在我们一起来 看一下语态的考查。语态的考查一般都与时态的考查相结合。在解语态题的同时 必须考虑时态的因素。请同学们先做以下下列各题: 1) The last half of the nineteenth century ____ the steady improvement in the means of travel.(1998.6) A. has witnessed B. was witnessed C. witnessed D. is witnessed 2) The grey building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts ____.(19995.1) A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced 3) This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ____ comfortably. A. is worn B. wears C. wearing D. are worn (2000.1) 4) The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ____ and perfected now.(1996.1) A. developed B. have developed C. are being developed D. will have been developed 5) Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it that much of his collection ____ to the nation.(1996.6) A. has left B. is to leave C. leaves D. is to be left 6) As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ____.(1997.6) A. ought to be said B. must say C. have to be said D. need to say 7) Once environment damage ____, it takes many years for the system to recover.(1997.6) A. has done B. is to do C. does D. is done Explanation and Expansion )C 2) B 3) B 4) C 5) D 6) A 7)D A. 参考答案:1 B. 评析 ? 是否可用被动语态主要看谓语动词与句子主语之间的关系，如果是动宾关 自然用被动语态。 ? 注意被动语态的各种时态构成，但四级考试中没有正误结构的判断，考生只 需要根据上下文判断出该用什么时态即可。 ? 不及物动词不可能有被动语态，但及物动词也未必有被动语态，主要是看句 子侧重表达的概念，如3题中wear表示眼镜的特点，不可用被动语态。在如: This kind of software sells well. It being too cold, the car wouldn't start. won't wouldn't表示"拒绝"谓语动词不用被动形式。 ? 注意含有情态动词的被动语态的结构，以及类似的结构，如have to be done, used to be done, be said to be done, be to be done。把握各种结构表示的意思。然后 就是根据具体的上下文选择适当的情态动词或时态的问题 英语中的虚拟语气有4种，一种是条件句中的虚拟语气，一种是含蓄条件句中的 虚拟语气，一种是名词性从句中的虚拟语气，还有一种是状语从句中的虚拟语气。其中虚拟时态的运用很大程度上和其所处的句型有关。95年以来，对虚拟语气 的考查有28题之多，占词汇/语法总数的15.2%。下面我们也分四部分来看一 四级考试中虚拟语气的运用。 1(条件句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 在我们分析虚拟语气的考查特点也应对策略之前，还上请同学们先做做一下以下 各题: 1) If I hadn't stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you ____ now. (1999.1) A. wouldn't be smiling B. couldn't have smiled C. won't smile D. didn't smile 2) ____ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (19995.1) A. Not being B. Had it not been C. Without being D. Not having been 3) ______before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (1997.1) A. Had they arrived B. Would they arrive C. Were they arriving D. Were they to arrive 4) Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she ____ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.(1996.1) A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got 5) _____ right now, she would get there on Sunday.(1996.6) A. Would she leave B. If she leaves C. Were she to leave D. If she had left 6) Had he worked harder, he ____ the exams.(1997.6) A. must have got through B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through 7) If the whole operation _____ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. (1999.6) A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned Explanation and Expansion A. 参考答案:1) A 2) B 3) D 4) C 5) C 6) B 7) C B. 评析 ? 对于虚拟条件句中时态的运用，首先应该区分主从句的不同。从句中用过 去时，过去完成时，或were to/should +原形动词，而主句中用 would/could/might/should + 原形动词或动词的完成形式。 ? 虚拟条件句有单一条件句，也有混合虚拟条件句，所以不能只根据从句与 某一事实相反来判断主句就与该事实相反，同样，也不能想当然地认为主句与某 一事实相反，从句也就与该事实相反。 如1)从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。再如: If he weren't such a kind man, he wouldn't lent a hand to such people as you the other day. (从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。) Were my friends not to come tomorrow, I wouldn't have bought so many foods. (从句 与将来事实相反，主句与过去事实相反。) ? 熟记主从句动词与不同事实相反时的时态运用规则。解题时根据句子所表 达的时间概念确定与什么事实相反，然后采用相应的时态。 如果与过去事实相反，从句中用过去完成时，主句中用would/should/could/might + have done的形式，如2)6)和7)。 如果与现在事实相反，从句中用一般过去时，主句中用would/could/might/should + 原形动词，表示与正在进行的事实相反用would/might/could/should + be doing 的结构，如1)。 如果表示将来不可能实现的事情，从句中用过去时，或were to / should + 原形动 词，以上3) 4) 5)表示的都属于这种情况。 ? if引导条件状语从句时，可以将were/had/should提至句首，省略if。考试 时经常是将省略if的与含有if的选项并列，在这种情况下，应注意分清从句的 时态，尽管多数情况下都是倒装的结构为正确选项。如2)3)5)。 ? If it weren't/hadn't been for …以及其倒装结构were it not for/had it not been for表示"如果不是……的话" ? 正如真实条件从句中不用will一样，虚拟条件从句中也不可使用would， 应特别注意。 2(含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气 Test Yourself 首先还是请同学们先做一下下面两题。 1) Some women ____a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made (2000.1) 2) We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we ___ him. A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned C. would telephone D. had telephoned (1995.6) Explanation and Expansion A(参考答案 1)D 2)A B(评析 含蓄虚拟条件句指没有明确的条件从句的虚拟条件句，一般是条件用介词短 语、分词短语或并列句的方式表达，这时主句的时态要求与含有条件从句的主句 要求相同。四级测试中常考的含蓄虚拟条件句句型有: ? But for/Without, 主句 But for/Without your help, we wouldn't have accomplished the task on time. ? ……, otherwise/or …… He hadn't had food for two days, or/otherwise he wouldn't have fainted out at work. 上面2)题就属于该句型，表达的是与过去事实相反的情况，所以用would have telephoned的结构。 ? 分词/不定式，主句 Having been born ten years earlier, you could have witnessed the disaster. Given more time, we could have done the work much better. You would be foolish to make friends with such people. ? ……，thought/but …… Einstein cared little for money, though he could have been very rich. He could have got the job, but he didn't apply for it. 上面的1)题就属于该句型，表示他本来可以做那份工作弄到一份很不错的 薪水。 3(名词性从句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 与上述虚拟语气不同，名词性从句的虚拟语气大都与谓语动词有关，用法也比较 简单，请同学们先做一下几题，然后我们一起总结以下都有哪些规律可以遵 1) Wouldn't you rather your child _____ to bed early?(2000.1) A. go B. went C. would go D .goes 2) Mike's uncle insists ____ in this hotel.(2000.1) A. staying not B. not to stay C. that he would not stay D. that he not stay 3) Sometimes I wish I ____ in a different time and a different place.(2000.1) A. be living B. were living C. would live D. would have lived 4) It is essential that these application forms ____ back as early as possible.(2000.1) A. must be sent B. will be sent C. are sent D. be sent 5) It is recommended that the project _____ until all the preparations have been made. (1995.6) A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started 6) We are all for your proposal that the discussion ____.(1998.6) A. be put off B. was put off C. should put off D. is to be out off 7) The suggestion that the mayor ________the prizes was accepted by everyone.(2000.6) A. would present B. present C. presents D. ought to present 8) It's already 5 o'clock now.Don't you think it is about time ____? (1996.6) A. we are going home B. we go home C. we went home D. we can go home 9) As Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, I have directed that all measures ____ for our defense.(1999.6) A. had been taken C. would be taken C. be taken D. to be taken 10) It is vital that enough money __________to fund the project. (1997.1) A. be collected B. must be collected C. is collected C. can be collected 11) I don't think it advisable that Tim ____ to the job since he has no experience.(1997.6) A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. has been assigned 12) If only the committee ______the regulations and put them into effect as possible.(1997.1) A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve Explanation and Expansion A.参考答案:1)B 2) D 3)B 4)D 5)C 6)A 7)B 8)C 9)C 10)A 11)C 12) D B.评析 与以上两种虚拟语气句式不同，这里虚拟语气中时态的变化比较少，主要依据所处的句型。考生所需要的是了解在哪些情况下用这种句式，测试中考生只需从四个选项中辨认答案即可。该部分所包含的句型有: ? 表示"命令""建议"或"要求"的动词后面的宾语从句中用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。常用于该句型的动词有direct, order, command, require, ask, request, demand, insist, suggest, recommend等。 这里句型的考题中，一般都会有would, must等干扰项，正确选项以省略should者居多，并且常是not do something, 或be的形，尤其是 not be done的形式。如2) 5)和9)。 另外这类考题还常借助于动词本身的句法结构设干扰项。如insist后可接doing something, being done或 on doing something的结构，suggest后也可接动名词。另外，这两个 单词 英语单词 下载七年级上册英语单词表下载英语单词表下载深圳小学英语单词表 下载高中英语单词 下载 也有不用虚拟语气的句式，如insist 表示"坚持认为"，suggest表示"说明""表明"时，从句中就不用虚拟语气，考生应注意分别。 ? 表示"命令""建议"或"要求"的名词后面的同位语或表语从句中同样是用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。 与上面一条相同，表示这些概念的名词如suggestion, order, proposal等后面的that )7)中都是that同位语从句中使用should + 从句中虚拟语气使用规则相同，如6 原形动词，should省略的结构。 ? It is + 表示重要，有必要，吃惊，难以相信的名词或形容词，或表示"命令""建议""要?quot;的过去分词 + that 从句中用should + 原形动词，should可以省略。 这一句型可分解为 It is important/necessary/vital/advisable/essential ...that …(should) It is strange/surprising/unbelievable … that …(should) It is a surprise/wonder ..that …(should) … It is suggested/requested/recommended … that …(should)… 这些句型一律使用should + 原形动词的结构，should可以省略，如4)5)10)题。 注意It is strange/surprising/unbelievable … that …(should)句型中如果表示过去的事情可以用should have done 的形式，如: It is strange that he should have failed in the election. ? wish wish 后面的从句时态可以有以下几种情况 表示与现在事实相反用一般过去时: How I wish I had a memory as good as yours. 表示与现在正在进行的事情相反可用过去进行时，如3)。 表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，也可以用could have done 的形式，如: I wish I ____ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept (1995.6) 由于might表示"也许"，与这里的意思不合，只能用A。 表示将来不可能实现的情况用would/might + 原形动词。 How I wish you would be able to come here for another visit. ? If only 表示愿望时与wish用法相同。再如: If only that photograph weren't missing. If only the letter had arrived in time. ? would rather would rather的虚拟语气形式在这几年考查是最多的，有7道题，但would rather 从句的时态规则并不复杂。 如果表示与过去事实相反的情况用过去完成时，否则用一般过去时。在如以下各 题: 1) The manager would rather his daughter _____ in the same office. A. had not worked B. not to work C. does not work D. did not work (2000.6) 2) To be frank, I'd rather you ____ in the case. (1995.1) A. will not be involved B. not involved C. not to be involved D. were not involved 3) You don't have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you ____ on business first. (1998.1) A. would go B. will go C. went D. have gone 4) Frankly speaking, I'd rather you ___ anything about it for the time being.(1999.1) A. didn't do B. haven't done C. don't do D. have done 5) I'd rather you ____ make any comment on the issue for the time being.(1998.6) A. don't B. wouldn't C. didn't D. shouldn't 答案为: 1) D 2) D 3) C 4) A 5) C) ? It's (about/high) time that … 该句型中一律用一般过去时，再如: "You are very selfish. It's high time you ____ that you are not the most important person in the world," Edgar said to his boss angrily. (1999.1) A. realized B. have realized C. realize D. should realize 4(状语从句中的虚拟语气 Test yourself 状语从句中的虚拟语气主要指as if/though从句中的虚拟语气，首先请同学们做 一下下面三道题: 1) He walked past the pole and soldiers as if they ______. A didn't exist B. don't exist C. hadn't existed D. were not existing 2) He operates the new computer as if he _____ special training in it. A. has received B. had received C. would receive D. received 3) They talked in such an uneasy manner as if something terrible ______soon. A. had happened B. happened C. would happen D. has happened Explanation and Expansion A(参考答案 1)A 2)B 3) C B(评析 谓语动词要求使用虚拟语气的状语从句一般是由as if/as though引导。该从句中 时态的选择原则是: ? 如果从句中谓语动词与主句谓语动词同时进行，用过去进行时; ? 如果从句中谓语动词表示与主句谓语动词同时存在的状态，用一般过去时，如1)。 ? 如果从句中谓语动词表示先于主句谓语动词的动作或状态，用过去完成时，如2)。 ? 如果从句中谓语动词后于主句谓语动词发生，用would/might + 原形动词