华东理工大学 高级英语 授课教案 book 2 Unit

AdvancedEnglish,BookTwo,UnitFourInauguralAddress--JohnF.Kennedy(January20,1961)MenuPre-readingQuestionsBackgroundinformationVocabularyPhrasesTextExercisesQuestionsandDiscussionsPre-readingactivity:BackgroundinformationBackgroundinformationThepresidentialelectionsysteminAmericaInaugurationdayandpresidentialoathHOMEJohnF.KennedyTheColdWarArmsraceBiblicalallusionandbiblicalstyle Bylawanynatural-bornAmericancitizenofandover35yearsofagecanrunforthePresidency.Butinfactonlythecandidatesnominatedbythetwomajorparties,therepublicanandtheDemocratic,havethechancestowinaPresidentialelection. ThechoosingofacandidateforthePresidencyisextremelyimportantforbothparties.Todothis,eachpartyholdsitsnationalconventioneveryfouryears,inthesummerbeforethegeneralelection.Theconventionisanassemblyofpartybossesandactivists.Severalmonthsbeforetheconvention,alltheaspirantsfornominationbegintheirpersonalcampaignswithintheparty.Hispurposeistohavehissupporterschosenasdelegatestotheconvention.Themoresupportershehas,thebiggeristhechanceforhimtobenominatedforthecandidacy.Thisprocessiscalledtheprimaryelection. TowinaPresidentialelection,acandidatehastospendmanymillionsofdollarswhichcomesfromitspersonalcollection,party’shelpandgrantfromtheGovernment.Hehastotravelalloverthecountry,makingcountlessspeechesandshakinghandswithcountlessvoters.Hehastofacehisrivalindebatesontelevision.Hehastomakethebestuseofhisglibtongueandarousepublicconfidenceinhim.In1980,GeorgeBush,togainhispublicity,racedthroughthestreets.Onhisclotheswereprinted“GeorgeBushfrothePresidency”.Acandidatemustalsotrytoprofitfromhisrival’sdisadvantage,makingharshattacksonhispoliciesandexposinghispersonalflaw.Thismaybecomeverydisgustingsometimes.WhenLincolnranforthePresidency,hismother,forexample,wasabusedofimmortality.Apresidentialcandidatealsotirestocollectinformationabouthisrivalssoastoemploythemostprofitabletactics.ThecaseinpointwasNixon’sWatergatebreak-in.Thegeneralelection,heldonthesecondTuesdayafterthefirstMondayinNovemberineachelectionyear.WhatifnoonewinstheMajorityofelectoralvotes?Inthecasethatnocandidatewinsthemajorityofelectoralvotes,theelectionisdecidedbytheHouseofRepresentatives.TheHouseofRepresentativesvotesbystate.ThuseverystateintheHouseofRepresentativegetsonevote.Afterthat,thePresidentelectwillhappilypreparehisinauguraladdressfortheinaugurationceremonytakingplacebeforetheU.S.CapitolBuildingonJanuary20,followingtheNovembergeneralelection.HewillbebusyframinghisadministrationandgettingreadytomoveintotheWhiteHouse.Buthemustalsorememberthat3yearslater,orinthefourthyearofhisfirstterm,hewillhavetogothroughthewholeprocessalloveragainifhewantstobere-elected.TheWhiteHouseisnotaplaceforaPresidenttostaypermanently.Hecanneverliveinitformorethan8years.Hissalarynowis$200,000ayear,andhealsogetsanextra$50,000;buthemustpayincometaxonthewholeamount.Hegetsupto$100,00,tax-free,fortravelandentertaining.Histotalpayisfarlessthanasuccessfulscientist,abigmanager,aprofessionalathleteorafilmstar.Theelectoralcollege（选举团）ThefoundingfatherssetupintheConstitutionaratherbare-bones（梗概）presidentialelectionsystem.Theymerelyprovidedthatthechiefexecutiveshouldbechosenbyelectors,whosenumberfromeachstateshouldequalthatstate'scombinedrepresentationintheU.S.HouseandSenate.Eachindividualelectorwould"votebyballotfortwopersons,"withthepersonvariousvicepresidentialchoices.NostoryhaseveremergedthatanelectorvotedforWashingtonforvicepresidentandsomeoneelseforpresident,thoughhadonedonesowecouldnothaveknownthedifferencewithoutanexplanation.Withhisself-imposedtwotermlimitation,Washingtonremovedhimselffromthe1796presidentialcontest.Whenheleft,politicalunanimity（一致）wentwithhim.PoliticalpartiessteppedintotheforefrontinaracebetweenFederalistJohnAdamsandRepublicanThomasJefferson.ThepresidentialelectionTheelectoralcollegeInaugurationdayandpresidentialoathThefirstoneonApril30,1789,GeorgeWashington.Since1937,InaugurationDayhasbeenchangedtoJan,20.OnthisdayeveryfouryearsthenewlyelectedpresidentoftheUnitedstatesfacesthepeopleforthefirsttime.Takesthepresidentialoathofofficeanddelivershisinauguraladdress.Thesolemnpresidentialoath:traditionallyadministeredbytheChiefJustice,isprescribedinArticleII,section1oftheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates.Theoathrunsasfollows:“IdosolemnlyswearthatIwillfaithfullyexecutetheofficeofpresidentoftheUnitedStates,andwilltothebestofmyability,preserve,protectanddefendtheconstitutionoftheUnitedStates.”OnJanuary20,1961,JohnFitzgeraldKennedyissworninas35thPresidentoftheUnitedStates.TheceremoniesattheinaugurationbeganwithaMarineBandrenditionof'AmericatheBeautiful';contraltoMarionAndersonsangthe'StarSpangledBanner';NewEnglandpoetRobertFrostrecitedhispoem'TheGiftOutright';Boston'sCardinalCushingdelivereda20minuteinvocation.PresidentKennedy'sinauguraladdresswasbotheloquentandmemorable.Hestoodbeforethecapitol,handsomeandyouthfulatage43,callingforafreshspiritinnationallife:'Letthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplace,tofriendandfoealike,thatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans.Hewastheyoungestmantoeverassumethatofficebyelection.presidentialoathJohnFitzgeraldKennedy(1917—1963)Born:May29,1917,inBrookline,MassachusettsDied:November22,1963,inDallas,TexasNickname:"JFK"Married:JacquelineLeeBouvier(1929-1994),onSeptember12,1953Religion:RomanCatholicEducation:GraduatedfromHarvardCollege(1940)PoliticalParty:DemocratCareer:Author;officer,U.S.Navy,1941-45;newspapercorrespondent;memberofU.S.HouseofRepresentatives,1947-53;UnitedStatesSenator,1953-61;PresidentoftheUnitedStates,1961-63JohnKennedy,the35thpresidentoftheUnitedstates,wasthefirstRomanCatholictobecomepresidentoftheUnitedStated.At43hewasalsotheyoungestmaneverelectedtothehighestofficeofhiscountry.HewasaHarvardgraduate.HefirstranforCongressasaDemocrat,thenasSenate.Kennedymissedbeingnominatedforvice-presidentbyafewvotesin1956.ButhegainedanintroductiontomillionsofAmericanswhowatchedtheChicagodemocraticConventionoftelevisionwhenhedecidedtorunforpresidentin1960,hisnamewaswidelyknown.Manythoughtthathisreligionandhisyouthfulappearancewouldhandicaphim.Hefacedthereligionissuefrankly.HedecidedhisfirmbeliefintheseparationofChurchandstate.PresidentialCampaignKennedy’sfourtelevisiondebateswithRepublicancandidate,RichardM.Nixon(37th),wereahighlightofthe1960campaign.HewasassassinatedinNovember1963,whenjourneyedtoTexasforaspeech-makingtour.Hewasshotintheneckandheadbya24-year-oldman.Hediedhalfhourlater.Withintwohours,vice-presidentJohnsontooktheoathaspresident.Astatefuneralwasheldforhim.CampaignspeechJuly,1960,JohnF.KennedyacceptsthedemocraticnominationfortheofficeofpresidentoftheUnitesStatesofAmerica.‘AndIcanassureallofyouhere,youhavereposeinthecompanyofme,thatI’llbeworthyofyourtrust,wewillcarrythefightforthepeople.Andweshallwin.”TheDeathofJohnF.KennedyForthoseunderage45orso,November22isprobablyjustanotherday.OnNovember22,1963,whenhewashardlypasthisfirstthousanddaysinoffice,JohnFitzgeraldKennedywaskilledbyanassassin'sbulletsashismotorcadewoundthroughDallas,Texas.KennedywastheyoungestmanelectedPresident;hewastheyoungesttodie.HisInauguralAddressofferedthememorableinjunction:"Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou--askwhatyoucandoforyourcountry."AsPresident,hesetouttoredeemhiscampaignpledgetogetAmericamovingagain.HiseconomicprogramslaunchedthecountryonitslongestsustainedexpansionsinceWorldWarII.JohnF.Kennedy(1917-1963)JohnF.Kennedywasawarhero,aPulitzerPrize-winningauthor,aU.S.senatorformostofthe1950s.inNovember1960,attheageof43,JohnF.hebecametheyoungestmaneverelectedpresidentoftheUnitedStates.onNov.22,1963,KennedywasshottodeathinDallas,Tex.,thefourthUnitedStatespresidenttodiebyanassassin'sbullet.TheColdWarTheYaltaconferenceisoftencitedasthebeginningoftheColdWar.Thismeetingofthe"BigThree"attheformerpalaceofCzarNicholasontheCrimeansouthernshoreoftheBlackSeatookplaceFebruary4-11,1945.Stalin'sarmyhadreachedtheOderRiverandwaspoisedforthefinalattackonBerlin,butStalinonFeb.3hadorderedZhukovtopausewhiletheconferencewasinsession.HisoccupationofPolandwascomplete,andhepossessedcommandofthelargestarmyinEurope,12millionsoldiersin300divisions.Eisenhower's4millionmenin85divisionswerestillwestoftheRhine.JohnnyCarsonTheColdWarStrategicbombinghaddevastatedGermancities,andthelastuntouchedmajorcityinGermanywouldbedestroyedFeb.13whenChurchillsenthisbombersoverDresden.RooseveltappearedweakandtiredinphotosoftheYaltaconference,andhewouldpresenthisYaltareporttoCongressMarch1sittingdown.Intwomonths,hewouldbedeadofamassivecerebralhemorrhage.TheColdWarHisphysician,Dr.HowardBruenn,haswrittenthatalthoughFDRsufferedfromhighbloodpressure,therewasnoevidencethathishealthimpairedhisjudgementatYalta.CriticswouldaccuseRooseveltofa"sell-out"atYalta,ofgivingawayEasternEuropetoStalin,of"secretdeals"witharuthlessdictator.BertAndrewsintheNewYorkHeraldExaminerwroteabout4secretdeals:Russia'sdemandfor$20billioninreparationsfromGermany,forPolandtotheCurzonline,for3seatsintheUnitedNations,forterritoryintheFarEastincludingOuterMongolia,southSakhalinIsland,theKuriles.StalindidnotholdfreeelectionsinEasternEuropeandtheAmericanpressturnedincreasinglyhostiletoRussia.However,asRobertDallekhaspointedoutinFranklinRooseveltandAmericanForeignPolicy,FDRwashopingthefutureUnitedNationsorganizationwouldbetheplacetodealwithStalin,notatYalta.HetoldAdolfBerle"Ididn'tsaytheresultwasgood.IsaiditwasthebestIcoulddo."BothRooseveltandChurchillrecognizedtherealityofSovietpowerin1945.ArmsraceAnarmsraceisacompetitionbetweentwoormorecountriesformilitarysupremacy.Eachpartycompetestoproducesuperiornumbersofweaponsorsuperiormilitarytechnologyinatechnologicalescalation.Historicalexamplesofarmsracesabound.OnesignificantrecentexamplewastheracetodevelopmoreandbetternuclearweaponsduringtheColdWar.Theterm"armsrace"isusedgenericallytodescribeanycompetitionwherethereisnoabsolutegoal,onlytherelativegoalofstayingaheadoftheothercompetitors.Evolutionaryarmsracesarecommonoccurrences.BiblicalallusionandbiblicalstyleAllusionsinwritingarereferencestowell-knownpersons,things,oreventsthatwritersassumearefamiliartotheirreaders.Thisassumptionisbasedontheknowledgeorbeliefthattheirreaderssharewiththemacommonhistorical,culturalandliteraryheritage,whichenablesthereaderstoidentifytheallusionsandtounderstandtheirsignificance.WhatarethechiefsourcesofEnglishallusions?Asonewouldexpect,theywouldcomemostlyfromsourcesthatareeitherfamiliartothemajorityofthepeopleofwhateverageorbackground,ontheonehand,orfamiliartomosteducatedpeopleontheother.Thesesources,therefore,rangefromnurseryrhymes,fairytales,legends,GreekmythologyandBiblestoriesatoneend,andtheworksofgreatwriterslikeShakespeare,Dickens,Hardyattheother.Inadditiontothese,therearetheallusionstocurrentfiguresoreventsthatsignifyingsomethingtothepublicmind.BiblicalallusionandbiblicalstyleTheBibleisarichsourceofallusions,bothfromtheOldTestamentandtheNewTestament.Manyarewell-known.ThosethatarenotcanbeeasilylookedupintheBible.Belowaresomeofthemostcommonones:TheOldtestamentTheNewTestamentTheOldtestament AdamandEve TheGardenofEden---Paradise Thetreeofknowledgeofgoodandevil Cain(murdererofhisbrotherAbel) NoahandhisArk Thedelugeof40daysand40nights TheTowerofBabel,wherepeoplespokeindifferenttonguesandnoonecouldunderstandeachother TheExodus:massmigration(ofIsraelitesfromEgypt) MosesandtheTenCommandments Solomon:awiseman,whocanjudgebetweenrightandwrong,trueandfalse Job:amanofgreatpatience.JobsurvivedallthetrialsGodsubjectedhimtobyenduringthempatiently. Jeremiah:aprophetwhoispessimisticaboutthetimes,andforetellsdoomforthefutureTheNewTestament TheNativity,orbirthofChrist TheMagi,(threewisemenwhowenttoworshipthenewly-bornChristatBethlehem Judas:thedisciplewhobetrayedChristtohisenemiesfor30piecesofsilver AllusionsfromChrist’s Thelostsheep:onewhohasstrayedfromfaith Theeleventhhour:justbeforeadeadline(saidofthosewhorepentatthelastmoment) ThegoodSamaritian:onewhohelpsothersindistressBiblicalstyle •Intermsofparagraphsandforms •Moreshortparagraphs •Moreitalics,butnotallofthemforemphasis. •Withtheword‘Lord,God’capitalized •Intermofgrammar •Insteadofellipticalandcomplicatedsentences,thestructuresofthesentencesaresimpleandcomplete •Theoldformofpronouns,suchas‘ye,thou,thee,thy’etc •Theverbforminthesecondversionisintheoldest‘-est’form.eg,shouldest. •Thereisnoabbreviation •Thereisnoauxiliaryinnegativeform •‘shall’isnotonlyusedtoexpressfuturetime,butcontainsomemodalmeaning. •SomeinversionsarenolongerinuseinmodernEnglishBiblicalstyle •Intermofvocabulary •Therearesomearchaicwordswhicharenotusedtoday.egsubtil----subtle •Mostofthewordsareshortandsmall •Somewordsarenotoldenough,theuseofthemhavealteredcompletely.egeatof,gaveof •The‘dideat’intheparagraphisnotforemphasizing,butindicatingpasttense,Thisisoftenseeninbiblicalstyle. •SomewordsarespecificallyemployedintheBibleObserve:tonoticesomeoneorsomethingtoobeyalaw,rule,orcustomtodosomethingbecauseofyourreligiousbeliefstowatchsomeoneorsomethingSignify:torepresent,mean,orbeasignofsomethinge.g.Sometribesusespecialfacialmarkingstosignifystatus.signifythatHamiltonwavedhishandtosignifythathedidn'tmindwhattheydecided.signifysomething(tosomebody)HeturnedawayfromherslightlytosignifyhisindifferenceHOMEAlmightyGod/AlmightyFather:expressionsusedtotalkaboutGodthatemphasizeHispowerswear:topromisesomethingIsweartouserudeandoffensivewordstosaythatsomethingisdefinitelytruetomakesomeonenottellanyoneaboutsomethingHOMEAbolish:togetridofsomethingthatiscausingproblemstoofficiallyendalaw,systemetc,especiallyonethathasexistedforalongtimeSlaverywasabolishedintheUSinthe19thcentury.heritage:thetraditionalbeliefs,values,customsetcofafamily,country,orsocietytheimportanceofpreservingthenationalheritagebeautifuloldbuildingswhicharepartofourheritagecultural/architectural/literaryetcheritagetheculturalheritageofItalyHOMEPledge:tomakeaformal,usuallypublic,promisethatyouwilldosomethingsupport/loyalty/solidarityetcpledgesthtosth/sbpledgethatpledgetodosthpledgeyourselfto(do)sthCommit:todosomethingthatisacrime;todosomethingthatisbadorwrong;todosomethingthatisillegal;tolearnsomethingsothatyoucanrememberitexactly;commitsomethingtomemory;topromisesomething;committo/committed/commitment/commitsuicideHOMESplitasunder:tobetornviolentlyapartordestroyedanationtornasunderbyinternalconflictsTyranny:/tyrannyofcruelorunfaircontroloverotherpeoplecruelandunfairgovernmentsomethinginyourlifethatlimitsyourfreedomtodothingsthewayyouwanttothetyrannyofthenine-to-fiveworkingdayHOMEConvert:tochangesomethingforaparticularuseorpurposetochangewhatyoudoorusetopersuadesomeonethatsomethingistrue,right,orgoodtostart;tofollowaparticularreligionprey:ananimal,birdetcthatishuntedandeatenbyanotheranimalￚsynonym;predatorHOMEHostile:tothinksomethingiswrongdifficultconditionssomeoneyouarefightingagainst,especiallyinawarnotfriendlySubversion:secretactivitiesthatareintendedtodamageordestroythepowerorinfluenceofagovernmentorestablishedsystemactions,speechesetcthatencouragerebellionHOMEOutpace:togofaster,dobetter,ordevelopmorequicklythansomeoneorsomethingelseJobopeningswereoutpacingthesupplyofqualifiedworkers.Sovereign:havingthehighestpowerinacountrysovereignpower/controlasovereigncountryorstateisindependentandgovernsitselfHOMEShield:/shieldagainstalargepieceofmetalorleatherthatsoldiersusedinthepasttoprotectthemselveswhenfightingsomethingthatprotectsapersonorthingfromharmordamageAdversary:/opponentsomeoneyouarefightingagainst,especiallyinawarLikethetrainedwarriorthatIwas,Iknewnottoopposeanadversaryhead-on.HOMEEngulf:ifanunpleasantfeelingengulfsyou,youfeelitverystronglydespairsogreatitthreatenedtoengulfhimtocompletelysurroundorcoversomethingThebuildingwasengulfedinflamesBeyonddoubt:ifsomethingisbeyonddoubt,itiscompletelycertainTheprosecutionmustprovebeyondreasonabledoubtthattheaccusedisguiltyofthecrime.bebeyondsb/beyondrepair/control/beliefetc/farbeyondHOMEOverburden:giveanorganization,person,orsystemmoreworkorproblemsthantheycandealwithHealthserviceshavebeenoverburdenedandareunabletocareformanyolderpeople.amanageroverburdenedwithworkBelabor:totalktoomuchaboutaparticularthinglabor/belaborthepointInvoke:tomakeaparticularidea,image,orfeelingappearinpeople'smindsbydescribinganeventorsituation,orbytalkingaboutapersonHOMEEradicate:tocompletelygetridofsomethingsuchasadiseaseorasocialproblemeradicatesomethingfromsomethingWecaneradicatethisdiseasefromtheworld.anattempttoeradicateinflationHeed:topayattentiontosomeone'sadviceorwarningIfshehadonlyheededmywarnings,noneofthiswouldhavehappened.Beachhead:anareaofshorethathasbeentakenfromanenemybyforce,andfromwhichthearmycanpreparetoattackacountryTrumpet:amusicalinstrumentblowyourowntrumpet/horn:toboastaboutsomethingSacrifice:towillinglystophavingsomethingyouwantordoingsomethingyoulikeinordertogetsomethingmoreimportanttokillananimalorpersonandofferthemtoagodinareligiousceremonyself-sacrificeHOMEGoforth:goingoutfromaplaceorpoint,andmovingforwardsoroutwardsPassaway:todiebecauseyouareoldorillPassbyPassonPassoff…….backandforthbringsthforthholdforthissueforthputforthCastoff:tothrowawaycastacritical/expertetceye/castahoroscope/castalook/glanceatsb/sth/castashadow/cloudoversth/castashoecastaspellon/oversb/castavote/ballot/castabout/aroundforsth/castaneyeon/oversth/castasideinhibitions/doubtsetcSubjectto:a)ifsomeoneorsomethingissubjecttosomething,especiallysomethingbad,itispossibleorlikelythattheywillbeaffectedbyitAllflightsaresubjecttodelay.Pricesaresubjecttochange.b)ifsomethingissubjecttosomethingsuchasapproval#,itdependsonthatthinghappeningbeforeitcanhappenThefundingissubjecttoapprovalbytheBoardofEducation.HOMEnotroundandnotsquare:irregularinshape.tapinto:touseortakewhatisneededfromsomethingsuchasanenergysupplyoranamountofmoneyPeoplearetappingintothepowersupplyillegally.Wehopethatadditionalsourcesoffundingcanbetapped.HOMEWhilereadingactivity:TextTextParaphraseEffectiveWritingSkillsRhetoricalDevicesDetailedstudyofthetextMacro-StructureofthespeechHOMEHOMEPart1:(Para1-5):Generalintroductionorevaluationoftheinternationalsituationandgeneralstatementofbasicpolicygoals.Part2:(Para.6-20)Headdressestodifferentcountriesanddeclaredhisdifferentpolicies:tooldallies,tothenewstates---finallytohisenemy.Part3:(Para.21-27)FinallyheappealstobothhisfellowAmericansandfellowcitizensoftheworld.Para.11)WhatdoesKennedymeanby’avictoryofaparty,butacelebrationoffreedom’?2)Whatare‘anendandabeginning’and‘renewalandchange’referredtorespectively?3)Whosetdownthepresidentialoath?Para.2.1)Whydidhesaythattheworldisverydifferentnow?Whatarethedifferencesdoeshehaveinmind?Doyouagreewithhim?2)Whatbeliefisstillatissuearoundtheglobe?Para.3.1)Whatdoeshemeanbysaying”heirsofthatfirstRevolution”?2)What’sthefigurativemeaningof‘touch’?3)WhomdoesKennedyconsiderfriendsandwhomasfoes?4)WhatarethenewgenerationofAmericanslike?Para.4.1)Translatethewholeparagraph.2)Howdidhecommithimself?Para.61)Whatpromisedidhegivetotheoldallies?2)Findouttheantithesissentenceinthispara.3)Explainthelastsentence.Para.71)Whatdoeshemeanby’newstates’and‘irontyranny’?2)Understandthemetaphor‘ridingthebackofthetiger’.3)Explain‘endupinside’.Para.8.1)Whatfigureofspeechinthe‘hutsandvillage’?Whoaretheyreferredto?WhydidKennedywanttohelpthem?2)Howdoyouunderstandthelastsentence?Para.91)WhatishisstatedpolicytowardsLatinAmerica?2)Explainandtranslate”toconvertourgoodwordsintogooddeeds’.3)Trytounderstandthemetaphorin‘preyofthehostilepowers4)Explainanothermetaphorinthelastsentence.Para.10.1)AccordingtoKennedy,whatisourage(modernage)like?2)Translate’wheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefaroutpacedtheinstrumentsofpeace’.3)What’shismessagetotheU.N.?4)Explainthelastsentence.Para.11.1)Whowasheaddressingto?2)WhatwasKennedy’srequesttohisadversary?3)T