现代英语词汇学概论12-English-Dictionaries

12EnglishDictionaries第十部分TypesofDictionariesUseofDictionariesThreeGoodGeneralDictionariesChoiceofdictionariesContentofthedictionaryuseofthedictionaryLDCECCELDCEDMonolingualdictionaryunabridgeddictionarybilingualdictionarydeskdictionarylinguisticdictionarypocketdictionaryEncyclopedicdictionaryspecializeddictionaryBACK10.1TypesofDictionariesMonolingualandBilingualDictionariesDefinition:Bilingualdictionariesinvolvetwolanguages.Wordsandexpressionsaredefinedinanotherlanguage.《英汉大词典》(AEnglish-ChineseDictionary,1991)10.1TypesofDictionariesMonolingualandBilingualDictionariesAnotherkindofbilingualdictionaryistheEnglishmonolingualdictionarywhichistranslatedintoChinesebuttheEnglishdefinitionsarestillretained.《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》(OxfordAdvancedEnglish-ChineseDictionary,1997）《朗文高级当代英语词典•英汉双解》(LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish—English-Chinese,2001)10.1TypesofDictionariesMonolingualandBilingualDictionaries《汉英词典》(AChinese-EnglishDictionary,RevisedEdition,1995)《现代汉语词典•汉英双语》(TheContemporaryChineseDictionary,Chinese-EnglishEdition,2002)10.1TypesofDictionariesLinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesLinguisticdictionariesaimatdefiningwordsandexplainingtheirusagesinthelanguage.Theyusuallycoversuchareasasspelling,pronunciation,meaning,grammaticalfunction,usageandetymology,etc.Thesedictionariescanbemonolingualandbilingual.10.1TypesofDictionariesLinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesEncyclopedicdictionariescanbefurtherdividedintoencyclopediaandencyclopedicdictionaries.Anencyclopediaisnotconcernedwithlanguagebutprovidesencyclopedicinformationconcerningeachheadword.Thereadercannotfindpronunciationormeaningsorusagesofwords.10.1TypesofDictionariesLinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesTheEncyclopediaBritannica(20volumes)《大英百科全书》（２０卷）TheEncyclopediaAmericana(30volumes)《美国百科全书》（３０卷）10.1TypesofDictionariesLinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesEncyclopedicdictionarieshavethecharacteristicsofbothlinguisticdictionariesandencyclopedia.Chamber‘sEncyclo­pedicEnglishDictionary(1994;200,000words)《钱伯斯百科词典》Lookatafewentries:10.1TypesofDictionariesLinguisticandEncyclopedicDictionariesMaoismnounMaoistnounMaorinoun(plMaoriorMaoris)MaoriWars*MaoZedongorMaoTzetung*mapnounmaplenoun10.1TypesofDictionariesGeneralPurposeDictionariesDictionariescompiledforgeneraluse—tolookforspelling,meaning,pronunciation,usage,etc.1)UnabridgedDictionaries（大型词典150000words+）10.1TypesofDictionariesGeneralPurposeDictionaries2)DeskDictionaries(50000+words)《朗文当代英语词典》LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,(NewEdition，1995)《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》(CollinsCOBUILDEnglishDictionary,NewEdition，2000）10.1TypesofDictionariesGeneralPurposeDictionaries3)PocketDictionaries(50000-words)《牛津袖珍英汉双解词典》OxfordPocketEnglishChineseDictionary,2002《柯林斯最新英语词典》CollinsNewEnglishDictionary,200010.1TypesofDictionariesGeneralPurposeDictionaries4)ElectronicDictionaries(E-dictionary)Thiskindofdictionary,monolingualorbilingual,takestheformofacalculatorbutworkslikeacomputer(《文曲星》《快译通》).Suchadictionarymayhaveacollectionof50000toover100000words.Eachheadwordisfollowedbyitspronunciation,partofspeech,afewcommonmeaningsinChinese.Itismuchmoreconvenienttousethanatraditionalpaperdictionary.10.1TypesofDictionariesGeneralPurposeDictionariesSuchadictionaryisconvenientandeasytouseandcarry.Butitdoestheworkofapocketdictionaryatitsbest,byfarlesshelpfulthanatraditionaldeskdictionary.Insituationsliketravelling,readingforpleasureorjustcheckingspellingorpronunciation,itisgood.10.1TypesofDictionariesSpecializedDictionaries1)EtymologicalDictionaries《牛津英语词源词典》OxfordConciseDictionaryofEnglishEtymology,20002)DictionariesofUsages《现代英语用法词典》ADictionaryofCurrentEnglishUsage,198310.1TypesofDictionariesSpecializedDictionaries3)DictionariesofIdioms《柯林斯COBUILD袖珍英语习语词典》CollinsCOBUILDDictionaryofIdioms,2000《柯林斯COBUILD英语短语动词词典》CollinsCOBUILDDictionaryofPhrasalVerbs（2000）10.1TypesofDictionariesSpecializedDictionaries4)DictionariesofSynonyms《英汉双解英语同义词词典》AEnglish-ChineseDictionaryofSynonyms(2003）10.1TypesofDictionariesSpecializedDictionaries5)OtherSpecializedDictionaries《英语委婉语词典》(ADictionaryofEnglishEuphemisms,2001)《朗文语言教学及应用语言学词典•英汉双解》(LongmanDictionaryofLanguageTeachingandAppliedLinguistics,2000)《新世纪英语新词语双解词典》(TheNewCenturyDictionaryofEnglishNeologismswithChineseTranslation,2000）10.2UseofDictionariesChoiceofDictionaries1.Monolingualorbilingual.beginnersandelementaryandlower-intermediatelearners:bilingualpostintermediateandadvancedlearners:monolingual10.2UseofDictionariesChoiceofDictionariesReasons:1.increaseexposureofthelanguage;2.avoidmisunderstandingbytranslation;3.thinkinEnglish;4.enlargevocabulary;5.learntheprecisemeaningsofwordsandusagesthroughdefinitionsandexamples.10.2UseofDictionariesChoiceofDictionariesTheeffectiveuseofamonolingualdictionarywillgivelearnersasenseofsatisfactionandself-sufficiencyandgreaterconfidenceintheirabilitytosolvelanguageproblems.Abilingualdictionaryisessential.10.2UseofDictionariesChoiceofDictionaries2.GeneralorspecializedItdependsontheinformationoneneeds.Ageneraldictionarygivessomeinformationabouteveryaspectoflanguage.Butoneneedstogoaspecializeddictionarytofindmoredetailedinformationaboutoneparticulararea:synonym,usages,figuresofspeech,etc.10.2UseofDictionariesChoiceofDictionariesEvenapocketspecializeddictionarymayprovidesmoreinformationontheareaconcernedthananunabridgeddictionary.10.2UseofDictionariesChoiceofDictionaries3.BritishorAmericanAmericandictionariescontainmoreencyclopedicinformationinthemainbodythantheBritish,forexample,namesoffamouspeople,placesofhistoricalinterestandthelikewhereasBritishdictionaries,especiallylearner'sdictionaries,includemoregrammaticalinformationandusageexamples.10.2UseofDictionariesChoiceofDictionariesGenerallyspeaking,onemayfindBritishusagesinanAmericandictionary.ButAmericanusagesareoftenexcludedfromageneralBritishone.UseanAmericandictionarywhenreadingAmericannovelsornewspapersandviceversa.10.2UseofDictionariesChoiceofDictionaries4.EarlyorlateNewdictionarieskeepappearinginordertokeepupwiththetimeandthechangesinlanguage.Chooseadictionarypublishedatadatenearesttothematerialsyouaredealingwith.10.2UseofDictionariesContentoftheDictionary1.SpellingBritishorAmerican:theatreAmEtheaterorviceversaIrregularverbs:go,went,gone,going;Irregularadjectives:bad,worse,worst;Compounds:boardwalk;doubleclutch;Syllabication:in.op.er.able10.2UseofDictionariesContentoftheDictionary2.PronunciationBritishstandardorAmericanstandardInternationalPhoneticAlphabet10.2UseofDictionariesContentoftheDictionary3.DefinitionOrderofmeanings:(1)frequency(mostfrequentfirst);(2)development(earliestfirst)Mostdictionariesfollowfrequencyprinciple;Webster'sNewWorldDictionaryfollowsdevelopmentprinciple.Forms:phrasesorsentences:mostDusephrases;10.2UseofDictionariesContentoftheDictionaryCCELDusesentenceform:canal:‘Acanalisalongnarrowstretchofwaterthathasbeenmadeforboatstotravelalongortobringwatertoaparticulararea.'10.2UseofDictionariesContentoftheDictionary4.Usage(1)usagelevel:standard,substandard,non-stand­ard,illiterate;(2)style:formal,informal,colloquial,slangy,biblical,poetic;(3)currency:old-fashioned,archaic,obsolete;(4)register:law,chemistry,medicine,BrE,AmE;(5)colouring:appreciative,derogatory,euphemism,humour,pompous...10.2UseofDictionariesContentoftheDictionary5.GrammarVerbpatternsNounsAdjectives10.2UseofDictionariesContentoftheDictionary6.UsagenotesandlanguagenotesUsagenotes:slightdifferencesbetweenwordsofsimilarmeanings;difficultpointsofgrammarandstyle;importantBritishandAmericandifferences;pragmaticuseLanguagenotes:Collocations,Articles,Idioms(LDCE);`Title',`Name',`Age',`Date‘(CCELD)10.2UseofDictionariesContentoftheDictionary7.Etymologicalinformationcancel[ME.cancellen