论证素材之一——罗素

人物——罗素 建议使用的话题分类: 社会类、行为类、教育类、科技类、学习类、政治类、文化类、历史类、国际类 简介: Bertrand Arthur William Russell was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, socialist, pacifist, and social critic. One of the authors of History of Western Philosophy Along with Kurt G?del, he is also regularly credited with being one of the two most important logicians of the twentieth century. In 1950, Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought." 写他的时候注意,很多事情别人可能不知道,比如他在数学上的贡献,所以要说明一下。Russell, known as a philosopher winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950, is also a mathematician. 社会: Russell led the British "revolt against idealism" in the early 1900s. 是上世纪西方最著名、影响最大的学者和和平主义社会活动家之一 He was a prominent anti-war activist, championing free trade between nations and anti-imperialism. Russell was imprisoned for his pacifist activism during World War I, campaigned against Adolf Hitler, criticized Soviet totalitarianism, and the United States of America's involvement in the Vietnam War, and was an outspoken proponent of nuclear disarmament. 对战争的态度:(名言) War was always a great evil, but in some particularly extreme circumstances, it may be the lesser of two evils. 可以用来说明,1、战争不一定都是错的, 2、可以扩展的来说,事物都具有两面性。 3、也可以说是人们应该具体问题,具体分析。 罗素——爱因斯坦宣言 The 1955 Russell-Einstein Manifesto was a document calling for nuclear disarmament and was signed by 11 of the most prominent nuclear physicists and intellectuals of the time. 说明:不管是科学家,还是社会学家、哲学家,都应该关心社会,热爱和平,be responsible for the earth. 只有这样,我们才能过上一个peaceful life. 和平无国界。 科学家对世界的关照: Russell remained politically active almost to the end of his life, writing to and exhorting world leaders and lending his name to various causes. Also was famously noted for saying "No one can sit at the bedside of a dying child and still believe in God." 学习,合作: 创立分析哲学: He is considered one of the founders of analytic philosophy along with his predecessor Frege and his protégé Wittgenstein, and is widely held to be one of the 20th century's premier logicians. Russell encountered Peano and was soon be attracted by Peano’s theory of logic. Then, he occupied logic to the field of philosophy. After a period of time he got new ideas in this field and was credited with being one of the founders of analytic philosophy finally. In his opinion, the difference between two subjects is the direction of analysis instead of the way to analyze it. Their common and effective way is logic. 1、不同的学科是可以互相交融的, 2、不同领域的科学家之间也应该多交流。 写数学原理一书: The book Principia Mathematica, which is hailed as "one of the highest achievements of the human mind", was written by Russell and Whitehead. In this book, Russell devoted his mind to the field of philosophy and Whitehead is responsible for the field of mathematics. Because of their cooperation, the book grounded mathematics on logic is regarded as the milestone in the development of math. 对这条,可以写的有: 1、不同学科的人的合作,取长补短 2、多学科的交叉和结合,产生出新的学科,新的思维,新的认识事物的方法 3、旧的学科可以由于别的学科的一些思维方式的引导,产生突破性的进展。 His work has had a considerable influence on logic, mathematics, set theory, linguistics, and philosophy, especially philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics. 这条可以用来举例说明一个人可以在很多方面都很发达,一个方面往往会影响到别的方面的成就。 分析哲学的创始人: Russell is generally credited with being one of the founders of analytic philosophy. He was deeply impressed by Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) and wrote on every major area of philosophy except aesthetics. He was particularly prolific in the field of metaphysics, the logic and the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of language, ethics and epistemology. 很多学者都是在各个领域都很有建树的,比如爱因斯坦不仅钻研物理,还精通小提琴。 罗素在学术上的成就: 罗素悖论:Russell’s Paradox Digging into the study of logic, Russell discovered a paradox, which was known as Russell’s Paradox, binging about the Third Mathematical Crisis. The paradox then attracted numbers of scholars and amateurs to devote their time to solving and explaining it and this lead a huge progress in the field of logic and math. 错误、悖论并不可怕,而且往往能促进很多新的事物的产生。比如费马大定理:Fermat’s last theorem which remained unsolved for hundreds of years has encouraged thousands of mathematicians and scholars to look for solutions. On their way to reach the theorem, they achieved more and more discoveries that contribute the realm more than the theorem itself. Sometimes error and paradox are more crucial than an success. 家庭教育: 祖母的影响: The countess (his grandma) was from a Scottish Presbyterian family, and successfully petitioned a British court to set aside a provision in his father’s will requiring the children to be raised as agnostics. Despite her religious conservatism, she held progressive views in other areas (accepting Darwinism and supporting Irish Home Rule), and her influence on Bertrand Russell's outlook on social justice and standing up for principle remained with him throughout his life —her favorite Bible verse, 'Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil' (don’t do bad things with others), became his motto. 可以写家庭教育给孩子带来的影响,从小就应该让孩子成长在一个科学,理性,自由的世界: For example, Russell, the British philosopher winning the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950, was brought up by his grandma who was a religious conservator. But she held progressive views in other areas, and her influence on Bertrand Russell's outlook on social justice and standing up for principle remained with him throughout his life. Short, simple as the Bible verse, “Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil” is, it became his motto in later life. So we can see the big influence that family education had on children. It is possible that Russell’s later activities in the field of policy and warfare the early education by his grandma. The freedom of thought give Russell more time and space to care the living of mankind, dig into mathematics and study the knowledge of philosophy. Russell's eldest son, John, suffered from serious mental illness, which was the source of ongoing disputes between Russell and John's mother, Russell's former wife, Dora. John's wife Susan was also mentally ill, and eventually Russell and Edith became the legal guardians of their three daughters (two of whom were later found to have schizophrenia). 虽然罗素在学术界享誉很高,但是在家庭上不是很好这个可以用来说明: 1、道德教育的重要性,对某方面特别强的人,也不应该忽视道德教育。 2、人无完人,即使成功的人都会有不少缺点的。 3、从他儿子的角度来讲,每个人都渴望认可,都需要一种社会认同感social identity 而这种认同感首先来自于家庭,如果在家庭中都没有得到认同,那么他很可能患上精神疾病。 4、科学家、社会学家对世界的关照,往往忽略了家人。 三大动力源: Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind. 说明: 1、伟大的人无一不是由一些永恒的力量驱使,尽管痛苦,但是仍然关心世界。 2、人应该有各自的驱动自己的力量。 罗素在1900年意识到数学也是逻辑学的一部分,1910年和老师同事发表三卷本的《数学原理》在里面对这一概念做了初步的系统整理。 分析哲学的创立可以从学科的交融来看:罗素以前是钻研数学的,后来对哲学感兴趣,