M8 Unit1
1、△California [,kæli'fɔ:njə] n. 加利福尼亚（美国一个州）
2、△Californian [,kæli'fɔ:njən] adj. (美国)加利福尼亚州的n. 加利福尼亚州人
3、△illustrate /ˈɪləˌstreɪt/ vt. 阐明，举例
说明
关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书
；图解vi. 举例(illustrating, illustrated, illustrates)
1、V-T If you say that something illustrates a situation that you are drawing attention to, you mean that it shows that the situation exists.
表
关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
明; 显示
例： The example of the United States illustrates this point.
美国的例子表明了这一点。
例： The situation illustrates how vulnerable the president is.
这个情况显示总统是多么地不堪一击。
2、V-T If you use an example, story, or diagram to illustrate a point, you use it to show that what you are saying is true or to make your meaning clearer. (用例子、故事或图表) 阐明
例： Let me give another example to illustrate this difficult point.
让我举另一个例子来阐明这个难点。
3、illustration N-UNCOUNT例证
例： Here, by way of illustration, are some extracts from our new catalogue.
这里引为例证的是摘自我们新目录的部分内容。
4、V-T If you illustrate a book, you put pictures, photographs or diagrams into it. 给 (书) 加插图
例： She went on to art school and is now illustrating a book.
她接着上了美术学校，现在正在给一本书画插图。
5、illustration N-UNCOUNT(书的) 插图
例： ...the world of children's book illustration.
…儿童书籍插图的世界。
4、distinct /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ adj. 明显的；独特的；清楚的；有区别的
1、ADJ If something is distinct from something else of the same type, it is different or separate from it. 有区别的
例： Engineering and technology are disciplines distinct from one another and from science.
工程
路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理
学和工艺学是互不相同的学科，也不同于理科。
2、distinctly ADV不同地[ADV adj]
例： ...a banking industry with two distinctly different sectors.
…有两个截然不同部门的银行业。
3、ADJ If something is distinct, you can hear, see, or taste it clearly. 清楚的
例： ...to impart a distinct flavour with a minimum of cooking fat.
…加入最少量的烹调油脂做出独特的风味。
4、distinctly ADV清楚地[ADV with v]
例： I distinctly heard the loudspeaker calling passengers for the Washington-Miami flight.
我清楚地听到扩音器在呼叫由华盛顿飞往迈阿密的旅客。
5、ADJ If an idea, thought, or intention is distinct, it is clear and definite. 明显的; 确切的
例： Now that Tony was no longer present, there was a distinct change in her attitude.
现在托尼不在场了，她的态度就发生了明显变化。
6、distinctly ADV明显地; 确切地[ADV with v]
例： I distinctly remember wishing I had not got involved.
我清楚地记得我巴不得自己没有参与进去。
7、ADJ You can use distinct to emphasize that something is great enough in amount or degree to be noticeable or important. 显著的[强调][ADJ n]
例： Being 6ft 3in tall has some distinct disadvantages!
身高6英尺3英寸有明显的劣势！
8、distinctly ADV显著地[ADV adj/-ed]
例： His government is looking distinctly shaky.
他的政府看起来显然岌岌可危。
9、PHRASE If you say that you are talking about one thing as distinct from another, you are indicating exactly which thing you mean. 与…有区别的
例： There's a lot of evidence that oily fish, as distinct from fatty meat, has a beneficial effect.
大量证据显示，含油的鱼与肥肉不同，具有益处。
5、distinction /dɪˈstɪŋkʃən/ n. 区别；差别；特性；荣誉、勋章(distinctions)
1、N-COUNT A distinction between similar things is a difference. 区别
例： There are obvious distinctions between the two wine-making areas.
这两个酿酒区之间有明显的不同。
例： The distinction between craft and fine art is more controversial.
工艺和美术之间的区别更有争议。
2、PHRASE If you draw a distinction or make a distinction, you say that two things are different. 区分
3、N-COUNT A distinction is a special award or honour that is given to someone because of their very high level of achievement. 荣誉
例： The award was established in 1902 as a special distinction for eminent men and women.
该奖设立于1902年，作为特别荣誉颁给杰出的男士和女士。
4、N-UNCOUNT Distinction is the quality of being very good or better than other things of the same type. 卓越[正式]
例： Lewis emerges as a composer of distinction and sensitivity.
刘易斯脱颖而出，成为一位有卓越能力和敏锐度的作曲家。
5、N-SING If you say that someone or something has the distinction of being something, you are drawing attention to the fact that they have the special quality of being that thing. Distinction is normally used to refer to good qualities, but can sometimes also be used to refer to bad qualities. 特质
例： He has the distinction of being regarded as the Federal Republic's greatest living writer.
他有一种特质，因此被认为是联邦共和国在世的最伟大的作家。
6、△immigrant /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/ n. 移民，侨民(immigrants)
N-COUNT An immigrant is a person who has come to live in a country from some other country. Compare . (外来) 移民
例： ...illegal immigrants.
…非法移民。
7、live on vi. 以...为食；靠...生活(living, lived, lives)
1、PHRASAL VERB If you live on or live off a particular amount of money, you have that amount of money to buy things. 靠 (某数额的钱) 过活
例： ...people trying to live on $100 a week.
…设法靠每周$100过日子的人们。
2、PHRASAL VERB If you live on or live off a particular source of income, that is where you get the money that you need. 以…为收入来源
例： The proportion of Americans living on welfare rose.
靠福利生活的美国人的比例上升了。
3、PHRASAL VERB If an animal lives on or lives off a particular food, this is the kind of food that it eats. 以…为主食
例： The fish live on the plankton.
这种鱼以浮游生物为主食。
8、strait /streɪt/ n. 海峡；困境(straits)
1、N-COUNT/N-IN-NAMES You can refer to a narrow strip of sea which joins two large areas of sea as a strait or the straits. 海峡
例： An estimated 1,600 vessels pass through the strait annually.
估计每年有1600艘船经过这个海峡。
2、N-PLURAL If someone is in dire or desperate straits, they are in a very difficult situation, usually because they do not have much money. (常指缺钱造成的) 困境[adj N]
例： The company's closure has left many small businessmen in desperate financial straits.
该公司的关闭使得许多小商人陷入经济困境。
9、△Bering n. 白令海峡
10、Arctic /ˈɑːktɪk/ adj. 北极的；极寒的
1、N-PROPER The Arctic is the area of the world around the North Pole. It is extremely cold and there is very little light in winter and very little darkness in summer. 北极
例： ...winter in the Arctic.
…北极的冬天。
2、ADJ If you describe a place or the weather as arctic, you are emphasizing that it is extremely cold. 极冷的[非正式]
例： The bathroom, with its spartan pre-war facilities, is positively arctic.
这个有简陋战前设施的浴室实在冷极了。
11、the Arctic 北极区
12、means /miːnz/ n. 手段；方法；财产（mean的复数）.
1、N-COUNT A means of doing something is a method, instrument, or process which can be used to do it. Means is both the singular and the plural form for this use. 方法; 手段; 过程
例： The move is a means to fight crime.
这个行动是打击犯罪的一种手段。
例： The army had perfected the use of terror as a means of controlling the population.
军队已经能很好地利用恐怖手段来控制这里的人们。
2、N-PLURAL You can refer to the money that someone has as their means. 财富[正式]
例： ...a person of means.
…一个富有的人。
3、PHRASE If you do something by means of a particular method, instrument, or process, you do it using that method, instrument, or process. 通过 (方法、手段或过程)
例： This is a two-year course taught by means of lectures and seminars.
这是一门通过讲座和研讨会形式讲授的两年制课程。
4、CONVENTION You can say "by all means" to tell someone that you are very willing to allow them to do something. 当然可以[套语]
例： "Can I come and have a look at your house?"—"Yes, by all means."
“我能过来看看你的房子吗？”—“可以，当然可以。”
13、by means of 用；依靠；通过；借助于
14、△prehistoric /ˌpriːhɪˈstɒrɪk/ adj. 史前的；陈旧的
ADJ Prehistoric people and things existed at a time before information was written down. 史前的
例： ...the famous prehistoric cave paintings of Lascaux.
…拉斯科著名的史前洞穴绘画。
15、majority /məˈdʒɒrɪtɪ/ n. 多数；成年(majorities)
1、N-SING-COLL The majority of people or things in a group is more than half of them. 多数
例： The majority of my patients come to me from out of town.
我的多数病人来自市区外。
2、PHRASE If a group is in a majority or in the majority, they form more than half of a larger group. 占多数
例： Surveys indicate that supporters of the treaty are still in the majority.
调查显示该条约的支持者仍占多数。
3、N-COUNT A majority is the difference between the number of votes or seats in a legislature or parliament that the winner gets in an election, and the number of votes or seats that the next person or party gets. 多得的票数; 多获得的席位
例： Members of parliament approved the move by a majority of ninety-nine.
国会议员们以99票的多数批准了该提案。
4、ADJ Majority is used to describe opinions, decisions, and systems of government that are supported by more than half the people involved. 多数人支持的[ADJ n]
例： ...her continuing disagreement with the majority view.
…她与多数人观点的持续不一致。
5、N-UNCOUNT Majority is the state of legally being an adult. In most states in the United States, people reach their majority at the age of eighteen. 成年
例： ...a citizen of Russia who has reached the age of majority.
…一个已成年的俄罗斯公民
16、ministry /ˈmɪnɪstrɪ/ n. （政府的）部门(ministries)
N-COUNT In many countries, a ministry is a government department which deals with a particular thing or area of activity, for example trade, defence, or transportation. (政府的) 部
例： ...the Ministry of Justice.
…司法部
17、Catholic /ˈkæθəlɪk/ adj. 天主教的；宽宏大量的n. 天主教徒；罗马天主教
(Catholics)
1、ADJ The Catholic Church is the branch of the Christian Church that accepts the Pope as its leader and is based in the Vatican in Rome. 天主教的
例： ...the Catholic Church. …天主教会。
例： ...Catholic priests.
…天主教教士。
2、ADJ If you describe a collection of things or people as catholic, you are emphasizing that they are very varied. 广泛的
例： He was a man of catholic tastes, a lover of grand opera, history, and the fine arts.
他是一个兴趣广泛的人，爱好大歌剧、历史和美术。
3、N-COUNT A Catholic is a member of the Catholic Church. 天主教徒
例： At least nine out of ten Mexicans are baptized Catholics.
至少十分之九的墨西哥人是受过洗礼的天主教徒。
18、△Alaska [ə'læskə] n. 阿拉斯加州
19、△San Francisco ['sæfrən'siskəul; -fræn-] 旧金山
20、△adventurer /ədˈvɛntʃərə/ n. 冒险家；投机商人(adventurers)
N-COUNT An adventurer is a person who enjoys going to new, unusual, and exciting places. 探险者
21、make a life
22、△despite prep 不管；不顾；尽管；不论
23、hardship /ˈhɑːdʃɪp/ n. 困苦；苦难；艰难险阻(hardships)
N-VAR Hardship is a situation in which your life is difficult or unpleasant, often because you do not have enough money. 困境
例： Many people are suffering economic hardship.
很多人正遭受着经济困难。
24、elect /ɪˈlɛkt/ vt. 选举；选择；推选(electing, elected, elects)
1、V-T When people elect someone, they choose that person to represent them, by voting for them. 选举
例： The people of the Philippines have voted to elect a new president.
菲律宾人民已经投票选举出一位新总统。
例： The University of Washington elected him dean in 1956.
华盛顿大学在1956年选他为院长。
2、V-T If you elect to do something, you choose to do it. 选择[正式]
例： Those electing to smoke will be seated at the rear.
选择抽烟的人将坐在后面。
3、ADJ Elect is added after words such as "president" or "governor" to indicate that a person has been elected to the post but has not officially started to carry out the duties involved. 当选而尚未就职的[正式][n ADJ]
例： ...the date when the president-elect takes office.
…总统当选人的就职日。
25、federal /ˈfɛdərəl/ adj. 联邦的；同盟的
1、ADJ A federal country or system of government is one in which the different states or provinces of the country have important powers to make their own laws and decisions. 联邦制的[ADJ n]
例：
Five of the six provinces are to become autonomous regions in a new federal system of government.
在新的联邦政府体制下，6个省中的5个将成为自治区。
2、ADJ Federal also means belonging or relating to the national government of a federal country rather than to one of the states within it. 联邦政府的[ADJ n]
例： The federal government controls just 6% of the education budget.
联邦政府只掌控教育预算的6％。
3、federally ADV联邦政府地[ADV -ed]
例： ...residents of public housing and federally subsidized apartments.
…公共住房的住户和享受联邦政府补贴的公寓住户。
26、rail /reɪl/ n. 铁轨；扶手；横杆；围栏(rails)
1、N-COUNT A rail is a horizontal bar attached to posts or around the edge of something as a fence or support. 栏杆
例： They had to walk across an emergency footbridge, holding onto a rope that served as a rail.
他们不得不抓着当作栏杆用的绳子，走过一架应急人行桥。
2、N-COUNT A rail is a horizontal bar that you hang things on. (挂物用的) 横杆
例： This pair of curtains will fit a rail up to 7 ft 6 in wide.
这副窗帘适合安装在宽度为7英尺6英寸的横杆上。
3、N-COUNT Rails are the steel bars which trains run on. 铁轨
例： The train left the rails but somehow forced its way back onto the line.
火车偏离了铁轨，但又设法回到了原来的轨道上。
4、N-UNCOUNT If you travel or send something by rail, you travel or send it on a train. 乘火车; 用火车 (运送)
例： The president travelled by rail to his home town.
总统乘火车回到了家乡。
5、N any of various small wading birds of the genus Rallus and related genera: family Rallidae, order Gruiformes (cranes, etc). They have short wings, long legs, and dark plumage 普通秧鸡
6、V to provide with a rail or railings 提供护栏
7、V to complain bitterly or vehemently 强烈抗议
例： to rail against fate
8、PHRASE If something is back on the rails, it is beginning to be successful again after a period when it almost failed. 东山再起[英国英语][journalism]
例： It may take some time to get the economy back on the rails.
可能要花一些时间使经济重回正轨。
9、PHRASE If someone goes off the rails, they start to behave in a way that other people think is unacceptable or very strange, for example, they start taking drugs or breaking the law. 行为出轨[英国英语]
例： They've got to do something about these children because clearly they've gone off the rails.
他们必须对这些孩子采取点行动，因为很明显他们的行为已经出轨了。
27、percentage /pəˈsɛntɪdʒ/ n. 百分比；百分率，百分数(percentages)
N-COUNT A percentage is a fraction of an amount expressed as a particular number of hundredths of that amount. 百分比
例： Only a few vegetable-origin foods have such a high percentage of protein.
只有几种来源于植物的食品含有如此高百分比的蛋白质。
28、△Los Angeles [lɔs'ændʒələs; -li:z] 洛杉矶(美国加利福尼亚西南部港市)
29、Italy ['itəli] 意大利
30、Italian /ɪˈtæljən/ n. 意大利人；意大利语adj. 意大利的；意大利文化的；意大利语的(Italians)
1、ADJ Italian means belonging or relating to Italy, or to its people, language, or culture. 意大利的; 意大利人的; 意大利语言文化的
2、N-COUNT An Italian is an Italian citizen, or a person of Italian origin. 意大利人
3、N-UNCOUNT Italian is the language spoken in Italy, and in parts of Switzerland. 意大利语
31、Denmark ['denma:k] n. 丹麦（欧洲国家）
32、keep up 保持；继续；不低落；不落后(keeping, kept, keeps)
1、PHRASAL VERB If you keep up with someone or something that is moving near you, you move at the same speed. 跟上
例： He lengthened his stride to keep up with his father.
他迈开大步跟上他父亲。
2、PHRASAL VERB To keep up with something that is changing means to be able to cope with the change, usually by changing at the same rate. 跟上 (变化)
例： The union called the strike to press for wage increases which keep up with inflation.
工会号召罢工，要求工资增长跟上通货膨胀。
3、PHRASAL VERB If you keep up with your work or with other people, you manage to do or understand all your work, or to do or understand it as well as other people. 跟上 (工作进度等)
例： Penny tended to work through her lunch hour in an effort to keep up with her work.
为了努力跟上工作进度，彭妮往往午饭时间也在工作。
4、PHRASAL VERB If you keep up with what is happening, you make sure that you know about it. 了解
例： She did not bother to keep up with the news.
她不愿操心去了解新闻。
5、PHRASAL VERB If you keep something up, you continue to do it or provide it. 使继续下去
例： I was so hungry all the time that I could not keep the diet up for longer than a month.
我总是饿，所以我的节食一个月后就继续不下去了。.
6、PHRASAL VERB If you keep something up, you prevent it from growing less in amount, level, or degree. 使不下降
例： The riders had to keep their pace up.
骑手们必须保持速度不减。
7、see also keep
33、△Hollywood /ˈhɒlɪˌwʊd/ n. 好莱坞
34、boom /buːm/ n. 繁荣；吊杆；隆隆声vi. 急速发展；发隆隆声(booming, boomed, booms)
1、N-COUNT If there is a boom in the economy, there is an increase in economic activity, for example, in the number of things that are being bought and sold. (经济) 繁荣
例： An economic boom followed, especially in housing and construction.
接着是一个经济的繁荣，尤其在住房和建筑方面。
例： The 1980s were indeed boom years.
20世纪80年代确实是繁荣的时代。
2、N-COUNTA boom in something is an increase in its amount, frequency, or success. 增长
例： The boom in the sport's popularity has meant more calls for stricter safety regulations.
该项运动普及程度的大幅提高带来了更多要求更严格安全法规的呼声。
3、V-I If the economy or a business is booming, the number of things being bought or sold is increasing. 激增
例： By 1988 the economy was booming.
到1988年为止经济一直很繁荣。
例： Sales are booming.
销售量在激增。
4、V-T/V-I When something such as someone's voice, a cannon, or a big drum booms, it makes a loud, deep sound that lasts for several seconds. 发出低沉洪亮的声音
例： "Ladies," boomed Helena, without a microphone, "we all know why we're here tonight."
“女士们”，海伦娜没用话筒朗声说道，“我们都知道今晚我们为什么在这儿。”
例： Thunder boomed over Crooked Mountain.
雷声在克鲁克德山上空轰鸣。
5、PHRASAL VERB Boom out means the same as . 发出低沉洪亮的声音
例： Music boomed out from loudspeakers.
扬声器传出了低沉响亮的音乐。
例： A megaphone boomed out, "This is the police."
扩音器传出了低沉而响亮的声音：“我们是警察。”.
6、N-COUNT/SOUND Boom is also a noun. 轰鸣声
例： The stillness of the night was broken by the boom of a cannon.
夜晚的寂静被大炮的轰鸣声打破了。
35、aircraft /ˈɛəˌkrɑːft/ n. 飞机，航空器(aircraft)
N-COUNT An aircraft is a vehicle that can fly, for example, an aeroplane or a helicopter. 飞机
例： The return flight of the aircraft was delayed.
飞机的返回航程被推迟了。
36、△Cambodian /kæmˈbəʊdɪən/ n. 柬埔寨人（高棉人）；柬埔寨语
1、ADJ of or relating to Cambodia or its inhabitants 柬埔寨(人)的
2、Na native or inhabitant of Cambodia 柬埔寨人
37、Korea [kə'riə] n. 韩国；朝鲜
38、Korean /kəˈriːən/ n. 韩国人；韩国语；朝鲜人；朝鲜语adj. 韩国人的；韩国语的；朝鲜人的；朝鲜语的(Koreans)
1、ADJ Korean means belonging or relating to North or South Korea, or to their people, language, or culture. 朝鲜或韩国的; 朝鲜人或韩国人的; 韩语的; 朝鲜文化或韩国文化的
2、N-COUNT A Korean is a North or South Korean citizen, or a person of North or South Korean origin. 朝鲜或韩国人
3、N-UNCOUNT Korean is the language spoken by people who live in North and South Korea. 韩语
39、Pakistan ['pækistæn] n. 巴基斯坦（南亚国家名）
40、Pakistani /ˌpɑːkɪˈstɑːnɪ/ adj. 巴基斯坦的(Pakistanis)
1、ADJ Pakistani means belonging or relating to Pakistan, or to its people or culture. 巴基斯坦的; 巴基斯坦人的; 巴基斯坦文化的
2、N-COUNT A Pakistani is a Pakistani citizen, or a person of Pakistani origin. 巴基斯坦人[usu pl]
41、△immigrate /ˈɪmɪˌɡreɪt/ vi. 移入(immigrating, immigrated, immigrates)
V-I If someone immigrates to a particular country, they come to live or work in that country, after leaving the country where they were born. 移居国外; 移民[no passive]
例： ...a Russian-born professor who had immigrated to the United States.
...一位生于俄罗斯而后来移居到美国的教授。
例： He immigrated from India at age 18.
他18岁时从印度移民出来。
例： 10,000 people are expected to immigrate in the next two years.
在今后两年里，一万人有望移民。
42、immigration /ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən/ n. 外来移民；移居
1、N-UNCOUNT Immigration is the coming of people into a country in order to live and work there. 移居
例： The government has decided to tighten its immigration policy.
政府已决定收紧其移民政策。
2、N-UNCOUNT Immigration or immigration control is the place at a port, airport, or international border where officials check the passports of people who wish to come into the country. 移民局的检查
例： First, you have to go through immigration and customs.
首先你必须通过移民局和海关的检查。
43、racial /ˈreɪʃəl/ adj. 种族的；人种的
1、ADJ Racial describes things relating to people's race. 种族的
例： ...the protection of national and racial minorities.
…对少数民族和少数种族的保护。
2、racially ADV种族地
例： We are both children of racially mixed marriages.
我们俩都是不同种族通婚所生的孩子。
44、crossing /ˈkrɒsɪŋ/ n. 十字路口；杂交；横渡；横道(crossings)
1、N-COUNT A crossing is a journey by boat or ship to a place on the other side of an ocean, river, or lake. 横渡
例： He made the crossing from Cape Town to Sydney in just over twenty-six days.
他从开普敦横渡到悉尼只用了二十六天多时间。
2、N-COUNT A crossing is a place where two roads, paths, or lines cross. 交叉路口
例： She sighed and squatted down next to the crossing of the two trails.
她叹了口气，在两条小路的交叉口旁蹲了下来。
3、N-COUNT A crossing is the same as a or a . 平交道口
45、vice /ˈvaɪsɪ/ n. 恶习；缺点；[机] 老虎钳；卖淫adj. 副的；代替的(vices)
1、N-COUNT A vice is a habit that is regarded as a weakness in someone's character, but not usually as a serious fault. 不良习惯
例： His only vice is to get drunk on champagne after concluding a successful piece of business.
他惟一的不良习惯就是在成功做成一笔生意之后喝香槟酒至大醉。
2、N-UNCOUNT Vice refers to criminal activities, especially those connected with pornography or prostitution. (尤指与色情、卖淫等有关的) 犯罪活动
例： He said those responsible for offences connected with vice, gaming and drugs should be deported on conviction.
他说那些跟卖淫、赌博、贩毒有关的罪犯应在判罪后被驱逐出境。
3、N-COUNT A vice is a tool with a pair of parts that hold an object tightly while you do work on it. 虎钳[英国英语]
4、V to grip (something) with or as if with a vice 握住; 钳紧
5、ADJ serving in the place of or as a deputy for 代替的; 代理的
6、ADJ (in combination) 副的
例： viceroy
7、Na person who serves as a deputy to another 代理人; 任副职者[非正式]
8、PREP instead of; as a substitute for 代替; 取代
46、nephew /ˈnɛvjuː/n. 侄子；外甥(nephews)
N-COUNT Someone's nephew is the son of their sister or brother. 侄子; 外甥
例： I am planning a 25th birthday party for my nephew.
我正在为侄子筹划他25岁的生日聚会。
47、pole /pəʊl/ n. 杆；极点；电极(poles)
1、N-COUNT A pole is a long thin piece of wood or metal, used especially for supporting things. 柱; 杆
例： The truck crashed into a telegraph pole.
卡车撞上了电线杆。
2、N-COUNT The Earth's poles are the two opposite ends of its axis, its most northern and southern points. 地极
例： For six months of the year, there is hardly any light at the poles.
一年中的6个月里，地球的两极几乎没有任何光线。
3、N-COUNT The two poles of a magnet are the two ends of the magnet where the magnetic force is strongest. 磁极
例： The important fact is that the two poles of the magnet work in opposite ways.
重要的事实是，磁体两极的运行方式完全相反。
4、N-COUNT The two poles of a range of qualities, opinions, or beliefs are the completely opposite qualities, opinions, or beliefs at either end of the range. (品质、观点或信仰) 截然相反的两极
例： The two politicians represent opposite poles of the political spectrum.
这两位政治家代表了各种政治倾向中的两个极端。
5、PHRASE If you say that two people or things are poles apart, you mean that they have completely different beliefs, opinions, or qualities. (信仰、观点或品质) 截然相反的[强调]
48、applicant /ˈæplɪkənt/ n. 申请人，申请者；请求者(applicants)
N-COUNT An applicant for something such as a job or a college is someone who makes a formal written request to be considered for it. 申请人
例： We have had lots of applicants for these positions.
对这些职位我们已有了很多申请人。
49、customs /ˈkʌstəmz/ n. 海关；风俗（custom的复数）；习惯；关税
1、N-PROPER Customs is the official organization responsible for collecting taxes on goods coming into a country and preventing illegal goods from being brought in. 海关部门
例： What right does Customs have to search my car?
海关有什么权力搜查我的车？
2、N-UNCOUNT Customs is the place where people arriving from a foreign country have to declare goods that they bring with them. 海关
例： He walked through customs.
他步行通过了海关。
3、ADJ Customs duties are taxes that people pay for importing and exporting goods. 海关的[ADJ n]
例： Personal property which is to be re-exported at the end of your visit is not subject to customs duties.
停留结束时要再次带出境的个人物品免收关税。
50、socialist /ˈsəʊʃəlɪst/ n. 社会主义者；社会党党员adj. 社会主义的(socialists)
1、ADJ Socialist means based on socialism or relating to socialism. 社会主义的
例： ...members of the ruling Socialist Party.
…执政的社会主义党成员。
2、N-COUNT A socialist is a person who believes in socialism or who is a member of a socialist party. 社会主义者; 社会主义党成员
例： Esperanto has always been popular among socialists.
世界语在社会主义者中一直很受欢迎。
51、socialism /ˈsəʊʃəˌlɪzəm/ n. 社会主义
N-UNCOUNT Socialism is a set of political principles whose general aim is to create a system in which everyone has an equal opportunity to benefit from a country's wealth. Under socialism, the country's main industries are usually owned by the state. 社会主义
52、occur /əˈkɜː/vi. 发生；出现；存在(occurring, occurred, occurs)
1、V-I When something occurs, it happens. 发生
例： If headaches only occur at night, lack of fresh air and oxygen is often the cause.
如果头痛只发生在晚上，缺少新鲜空气和氧气常常是其原因。
例： The crash occurred when the crew shut down the wrong engine.
机组人员关错发动机后就坠毁了。
2、V-I When something occurs in a particular place, it exists or is present there. (某事物在某地) 出现
例： These snails do not occur on low-lying coral islands.
这些蜗牛不会出现在低洼的珊瑚岛上。
3、V-I If a thought or idea occurs to you, you suddenly think of it or realize it. (想法、主意在某人脑海中) 突然出现[no passive, no cont]
例： It did not occur to me to check my insurance policy.
我没想到要核对我的保险单。
53、cattle /ˈkætəl/ n. 牛；牲畜（骂人的话）；家畜；无价值的人
N-PLURAL Cattle are cows and bulls. 牛
例： ...the finest herd of beef cattle for two hundred miles.
…方圆200英里内最佳的肉牛群。
54、△Hispanic /hɪˈspænɪk/ adj. 西班牙的(Hispanics)
1、ADJ A Hispanic person is a citizen of the United States of America who originally came from Latin America, or whose family originally came from Latin America. 拉美裔美国籍的
例： ...a group of Hispanic doctors in Washington.
…华盛顿的一群拉美裔美国医生。
2、N-COUNT A Hispanic is someone who is Hispanic. 拉美裔美国人
例： About 80 percent of Hispanics here are U.S. citizens.
这里约80%的拉美裔美国人是美国公民。
55、indicate /ˈɪndɪˌkeɪt/ vt. 表明；指出；预示；象征(indicating, indicated, indicates)
1、V-T If one thing indicates another, the first thing shows that the second is true or exists. 表明
例： A survey of retired people has indicated that most are independent and enjoying life.
一项对退休人员的调查表明，他们中的大部分人生活自立而愉快。
例： Our vote today indicates a change in United States policy.
我们今天的投票表明了美国政策的变化。
2、V-T If you indicate an opinion, an intention, or a fact, you mention it in an indirect way. 暗示
例： Mr. Rivers has indicated that he may resign.
里弗斯先生已经暗示他可能要辞职。
3、V-T If you indicate something to someone, you show them where it is, especially by pointing to it. 指示[正式]
例： He indicated a chair. "Sit down."
他指着一把椅子说，“坐下。”
4、V-T If one thing indicates something else, it is a sign of that thing. 象征; 代表
例： Dreams can help indicate your true feelings.
梦能代表你的真实情感。
5、V-T If a technical instrument indicates something, it shows a measurement or reading. (仪器等) 指示
例： ...an instrument used to indicate wind direction.
…一台用于指示风向的仪器。
6、V-T/V-I When drivers indicate, they make lights flash on one side of their vehicle to show that they are going to turn in that direction. (车辆打转向灯) 指示转向[英国英语]
56、back to back背靠背；连续，紧接
57、luggage /ˈlʌɡɪdʒ/ n. 行李；皮箱（<美>baggage）
N-UNCOUNT Luggage is the suitcases and bags that you take with you when travel. 行李
例： Leave your luggage in the hotel.
把你的行李留在旅馆吧。
58、shave /ʃeɪv/ vt. 剃；修面；掠过vi. 剃；刮脸；勉强通过(shaved; shaved, shaven)
1、V-T/V-I When a man shaves, he removes the hair from his face using a razor or shaver so that his face is smooth. 刮 (脸); 剃须
例： He took a bath and shaved before dinner.
他在晚餐前洗了澡并刮了脸。
例： He had shaved his face until it was smooth.
他把脸刮到光滑为止。
2、N-COUNT Shave is also a noun. 剃须; 刮脸
例： He never seemed to need a shave.
他似乎从不需要刮脸。
3、shaving N-UNCOUNT剃须; 刮脸
例： ...a range of shaving products.
…一系列剃须产品。
4、V-T If you shave off part of a piece of wood or other material, you cut very thin pieces from it. 削掉; 刨掉
例： I set the log on the ground and shaved off the bark.
我把原木放在地上，然后刨掉树皮。
5、V-T If you shave a small amount off something such as a record, cost, or price, you reduce it by that amount. 少量削减; 略微降低
例： She's already shaved four seconds off the national record for the mile.
她已经把1英里赛跑的全国纪录减少了4秒。
6、see also shaving
7、PHRASE If you describe a situation as a close shave, you mean that there was nearly an accident or a disaster but it was avoided. 侥幸脱险
例： I can't quite believe the close shaves I've had just recently.
我几乎不能相信我最近刚经历的几次侥幸脱险。
59、△cable /ˈkeɪbəl/ n. 电缆；海底电报(cables)
1、N-VAR A cable is a kind of very strong, thick rope, made of wires twisted together. 缆绳
例： The miners rode a conveyance attached to a cable made of braided steel wire.
矿工们乘坐连着钢索的缆车。
2、N-VAR A cable is a thick wire, or a group of wires inside a rubber or plastic covering, which is used to carry electricity or electronic signals. 电缆
例： ...overhead power cables. …高架电缆。
3、N-UNCOUNT Cable is used to refer to television systems in which the signals are sent along underground wires rather than by radio waves. 有线电视
例： They ran commercials on cable systems across the country.
他们在全国范围内的有线电视上做广告。
60、△cable car 电缆车(cable cars)
N-COUNT A cable car is a vehicle for taking people up mountains or steep hills. It is pulled by a moving cable. 缆车
61、△Andrew Hallidie 安德鲁·海利迪
62、tram /træm/ n. 电车轨道；煤车(trams)
1、N-COUNT A tram is a public transportation vehicle, usually powered by electricity from wires above it, which travels along rails laid in the surface of a street. 有轨电车[also 'by' N]
例： You can get to the beach easily from the centre of town by tram.
你可以很容易地在市中心坐有轨电车到达海滩。
2、N-COUNT A tram is the same as a . 缆车[美国英语]
63、apparent /əˈpærənt/ adj. 显然的；表面上的
1、ADJ An apparent situation, quality, or feeling seems to exist, although you cannot be certain that it does exist. 未必真实的[ADJ n]
例： I was a bit depressed by our apparent lack of progress.
我对我们表面上的缺乏进展感到有点沮丧。.
2、ADJ If something is apparent to you, it is clear and obvious to you. 明显的[v-link ADJ]
例： It has been apparent that in other areas standards have held up well.
显然在其他领域标准保持得良好。
3、PHRASE If you say that something happens for no apparent reason, you cannot understand why it happens. 莫名其妙地
例： The person may become dizzy for no apparent reason.
此人可能会莫名其妙地变得头晕目眩。
64、apparently /əˈpærəntlɪ/ adv. 显然地；似乎，表面上
1、ADV You use apparently to indicate that the information you are giving is something that you have heard, but you are not certain that it is true. 据说[含糊]
例： Apparently the girls are not at all amused by the whole business.
据说这些女孩们完全不觉得这整件事好笑。
2、ADV You use apparently to refer to something that seems to be true, although you are not sure whether it is or not. 貌似地
例： The recent deterioration has been caused by an apparently endless recession.
最近的恶化是由貌似没完没了的萧条造成的。
65、brake /breɪk/ vi. 刹车n. 闸，刹车；阻碍vt. 刹车(braking, braked, brakes)
1、N-COUNT Brakes are devices in a vehicle that make it go slower or stop. 刹车
例： A seagull swooped down in front of her car, causing her to slam on the brakes.
一只海鸥突然飞扑到她的车前,导致她猛踩刹车。
2、V-T/V-I When a vehicle or its driver brakes, or when a driver brakes a vehicle, the driver makes it slow down or stop by using the brakes. 刹车
例： He heard tyres squeal as the car braked to avoid a collision.
他听到当汽车刹车为避免撞车时轮胎发出了刺耳的尖声。
例： He braked the car slightly. 他稍稍刹车。
3、N-COUNT You can use brake in a number of expressions to indicate that something has slowed down or stopped. 停止; 减速
例： Illness had put a brake on his progress.
疾病中止了他的进展。
4、N an area of dense undergrowth, shrubs, brushwood, etc; thicket 灌木丛
5、N another name for bracken
66、conductor /kənˈdʌktə/ n. 导体；售票员；领导者；管理人(conductors)
1、N-COUNT A conductor is a person who stands in front of an orchestra or choir and directs its performance. (交响乐、合唱的) 指挥.
2、N-COUNT On a train, a conductor is a person whose job is to travel on the train in order to help passengers and check tickets. 列车员[美国英语]
3、N-COUNT On a tram or a bus, the conductor is the person whose job is to sell tickets to the passengers. (公共汽车等的) 售票员
4、N-COUNT A conductor is a substance that heat or electricity can pass through or along. (热、电的) 导体
例： Graphite is a highly efficient conductor of electricity.
石墨是一种高效的电导体。
5、see also semiconductor
67、slip /slɪp/ vi. 滑动；滑倒；犯错；失足；减退n. 滑，滑倒；片，纸片；错误；下跌；事故(slipping, slipped, slips)
1、 V-I If you slip, you accidentally slide and lose your balance. 滑; 滑倒
例： He had slipped on an icy pavement.
他在结冰的人行道上滑倒了。
2、V-I If something slips, it slides out of place or out of your hand. 滑走; 滑落
例： His glasses had slipped.
他的眼镜滑落了。
3、V-I If you slip somewhere, you go there quickly and quietly. 溜走
例： Amy slipped downstairs and out of the house.
埃米悄悄地下楼，溜出了屋子。
4、V-T If you slip something somewhere, you put it there quickly in a way that does not attract attention. 把…悄悄地放在
例： I slipped a note under Louise's door.
我悄悄地把一张字条塞到了路易丝的门下。
例： He found a coin in his pocket and slipped it into her hand.
他在口袋里找到一枚硬币，把它悄悄塞进她的手里。
5、V-T If you slip something to someone, you give it to them secretly. 偷偷地给
例： Robert had slipped her a note in school.
罗伯特上学时偷偷地塞给了她一张字条。
6、V-I To slip into a particular state or situation means to pass gradually into it, in a way that is hardly noticed. (不知不觉地) 陷入
例： It amazed him how easily one could slip into a routine.
一个人如此容易就能陷入俗套，这使他感到吃惊。
7、V-T/V-I If something slips to a lower level or standard, it falls to that level or standard. 使下降; 下降
例： Shares slipped to $1.17. 股票下跌至$1.17。
例： In June, producer prices slipped 0.1% from May.
六月份，生产商的价格从五月份下降了0.1%。
8、N-SING Slip is also a noun. 下降
例： ...a slip in consumer confidence.
…消费者信心的一次下降。
9、V-T/V-I If you slip into or out of clothes or shoes, you put them on or take them off quickly and easily. 迅速轻松地穿上; 迅速轻松地脱下
例： She slipped out of the jacket and tossed it on the couch.
她快速脱下了那件上衣，把它丢在沙发上。
10、V to detach (portions of stem, etc) from (a plant) for propagation (从植物)取接枝
11、N-COUNT A slip is a small or unimportant mistake. 差错; 疏漏
例： We must be well prepared, there must be no slips.
我们必须好好准备，一定不要有差错。
12、N-COUNT A slip of paper is a small piece of paper. 纸条
例： ...little slips of paper he had torn from a notebook.
…他从笔记本上撕下的几张小纸片。
例： I put her name on the slip.
我把她的名字写在那张纸条上。
13、N-COUNT A slip is a thin piece of clothing that a woman wears under her dress or skirt. 衬裙
14、N clay mixed with water to a creamy consistency, used for decorating or patching a ceramic piece 粘土与水的混合物
15、N a part of a plant that, when detached from the parent, will grow into a new plant; cutting; scion 接枝; 插枝
16、PHRASE If you let slip information, you accidentally tell it to someone, when you wanted to keep it secret. 无意中说出 (秘密)
例： I bet he let slip that I'd gone to America.
我确信他无意中说出了我已去了美国。
17、PHRASE If something slips your mind, you forget about it. 被遗忘
例： The reason for my visit had obviously slipped his mind.
我到访的原因显然被他忘了。
68、△wharf /wɔːf/ n. 码头；停泊处(wharfs)
N-COUNT A wharf is a platform by a river or the sea where ships can be tied up. 码头
69、bakery /ˈbeɪkərɪ, ˈbeɪkrɪ/ n. 面包店(bakeries)
N-COUNT A bakery is a building where bread, pastries, and cakes are baked, or the shop where they are sold. 面包房; 面包店
例： A smell of bread drifted from some distant bakery.
一股面包的味道从远处的某个面包店飘来。
70、ferry /ˈfɛrɪ/ n. 渡船；摆渡；渡口vt. （乘渡船）渡过；用渡船运送；空运(ferrying, ferried, ferries)
1、N-COUNT A ferry is a boat that transports passengers and sometimes also vehicles, usually across rivers or short stretches of sea. 渡船; 渡轮[also 'by' N]
例： They had recrossed the River Gambia by ferry.
他们乘船又一次渡过了冈比亚河。
2、V-T If a vehicle ferries people or goods, it transports them, usually by means of regular trips between the same two places. 运送
例： Every day, a plane arrives to ferry guests to and from Bird Island Lodge.
每天，一架飞机到达以运送进出鸟岛宾馆的客人。
71、△Angel Island 安琪儿岛
72、team up with与…合作，与…协作
73、hire /ˈhaɪə/ vt. 雇用；出租n. 雇用，租用；租金，工钱(hiring, hired, hires)
1、V-T/V-I If you hire someone, you employ them or pay them to do a particular job for you. 雇用
例： Sixteen of the contestants have hired lawyers and are suing the organizers.
参赛者中有16人已经聘了律师，正在起诉主办方。
例： He will be in charge of all hiring and firing at PHA.
他将负责公众房产管理局里的一切人事任免事务。
2.、V-T If you hire something, you pay money to the owner so that you can use it for a period of time. 租用[英国英语]
3、N-UNCOUNT You use hire to refer to the activity or business of hiring something. 租用[英国英语]
4、PHRASE If something is for hire, it is available for you to hire. 供出租[英国英语]
例： Helmets will be available for hire at all Vail Resort ski areas.
在韦尔度假村的所有滑雪场里都有头盔供出租。
74、△fascinating /ˈfæsɪˌneɪtɪŋ/ adj. 迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的
ADJ If you describe something as fascinating, you find it very interesting and attractive, and your thoughts tend to concentrate on it. 迷人的
例： Madagascar is the most fascinating place I have ever been to.
马达加斯加是我去过的最迷人的地方。
75、mark out规划，制定
76、seagull /ˈsiːˌɡʌl/ n. 海鸥(seagulls)
N-COUNT A seagull is a common kind of bird with white or grey feathers. 海鸥
77、take in接受；理解；拘留；欺骗；让…进入；改短(taking, took, taken, takes)
1、PHRASAL VERB If you take someone in, you allow them to stay in your house or your country, especially when they do not have anywhere to stay or are in trouble. 收留
例： He persuaded Jo to take him in.
他说服乔收留了他。.
2、PHRASAL VERB If the police take someone in, they remove them from their home in order to question them. (警察) 带走
例： The police have taken him in for questioning in connection with the murder of a girl.
警察把他带进去，以询问一女孩被杀的有关情况。
3、PHRASAL VERB If you are taken in by someone or something, you are deceived by them, so that you get a false impression of them. 欺骗
例： I married in my late teens and was taken in by his charm – which soon vanished.
我在十八九岁时结婚，被他的魅力给骗了–那种魅力很快就消失了。
4、PHRASAL VERB If you take something in, you pay attention to it and understand it when you hear it or read it. 领会
例： Lesley explains possible treatments but you can tell she's not taking it in.
莱斯莉解释了可行的治疗方法，但是你可以看得出她没有领会.
5、PHRASAL VERB If you take something in, you see all of it. 一眼看清
例： The eyes behind the lenses were dark and quick-moving, taking in everything at a glance.
镜片后的眼睛黑黑的且快速转动着，一眼就能看清一切。
6、PHRASAL VERB If people, animals, or plants take in air, drink, or food, they allow it to enter their body, usually by breathing or swallowing. 吸收
例： They will certainly need to take in plenty of liquid.
他们会肯定需要吸收大量液体。
7、PHRASAL VERB If a shop, restaurant, theatre, or other business takes in a certain amount of money, they get that amount from people buying goods or services. 收入[美国英语]
78、angle /ˈæŋɡəl/ n. 角度，角(angles)
1、N-COUNT An angle is the difference in direction between two lines or surfaces. Angles are measured in degrees. 角
例： The boat is now leaning at a 30 degree angle.
这条船现在正以30度角倾斜着。.
2、see also right angle
3、N-COUNT An angle is the shape that is created where two lines or surfaces join together. 角
例： ...the angle of the blade.
…刀刃的尖角。
4、N-COUNT An angle is the direction from which you look at something. 角度
例： Thanks to the angle at which he stood, he could just see the sunset.
多亏他站的角度，他刚好能看到日落。
5、N-COUNT You can refer to a way of presenting something or thinking about it as a particular angle. 视角
例： He was considering the idea from all angles.
他从所有的视角考虑着这个观点。
6、N-COUNT any piece of fishing tackle, esp a hook 渔具中的任何部分，尤指鱼钩[OBSOLETE]
7、N-COUNT to fish with a hook and line 用鱼钩和鱼线钓鱼
8、N-COUNT to move in or bend into angles or an angle 斜移进来; 折弯成角
9、PHRASE If something is at an angle, it is leaning in a particular direction so that it is not straight, horizontal, or vertical. 成一定角度
例： An iron bar stuck out at an angle.
一根铁条成一定角度地突出来。
79、a great/good many
80、apply for申请，请求
81、nowhere /ˈnəʊˌwɛə/ adv. 无处；任何地方都不；毫无结果
1、ADV You use nowhere to emphasize that a place has more of a particular quality than any other place, or that it is the only place where something happens or exists. 任何其他地方都不[强调]
例： Nowhere is language a more serious issue than in Hawaii.
语言在任何地方都不像在夏威夷那样是个严重的问题。
例： This kind of forest exists nowhere else in the world.
这种森林在世界任何其他地方都没有。
2、ADV You use nowhere when making negative statements to say that a suitable place of the specified kind does not exist. 没有任何地方
例： There was nowhere to hide and nowhere to run.
没有任何地方可藏，也没有任何地方可逃。
例： I have nowhere else to go, nowhere in the world.
我无别处可去，在这个世界没有任何可去的地方。
3、ADV You use nowhere to indicate that something or someone cannot be seen or found. 任何地方都没有
例： Michael glanced anxiously down the corridor, but Wilfred was nowhere to be seen.
迈克尔焦虑地顺着走廊扫视，但任何地方都没有威尔弗雷德的身影。
例： The escaped prisoner was nowhere in sight.
那个越狱的囚犯已无踪影。
4、ADV You can use nowhere to refer in a general way to small, unimportant, or uninteresting places. 无名的小地方
例： ...endless paths that led nowhere in particular.
…不特别通往什么名胜的无尽头的小路。
5、ADV If you say that something or someone appears from nowhere or out of nowhere, you mean that they appear suddenly and unexpectedly. 无故突然出现['from/out of' ADV]
例： A car came from nowhere, and I had to jump back into the hedge just in time.
一辆轿车不知从哪里突然开了过来，我不得不赶紧向后跳进篱笆，险些来不及。
6、ADV You use nowhere to mean not in any part of a text, speech, or argument. (在文本、演讲或争论中) 任何地方都没有[强调]
例： He nowhere offers concrete historical background to support his arguments.
他在任何地方都没有给出具体的历史背景来支持他的论点。
例： Point taken, but nowhere did we suggest that this yacht's features were unique.
你说的是，但是我们在任何地方都没有表示这艘游艇的特点是独一无二的。
7、PHRASE If you say that a place is in the middle of nowhere, you mean that it is a long way from other places. 在遥远偏僻处
例： At dusk we pitched camp in the middle of nowhere.
黄昏时我们在遥远偏僻的地方搭起了帐篷。
8、PHRASE If you use nowhere near in front of a word or expression, you are emphasizing that the real situation is very different from, or has not yet reached, the state which that word or expression suggests. 远非[强调]
例： He's nowhere near recovered yet from his experiences.
他远未从他的经历中恢复过来。
82、△miserable /ˈmɪzərəbəl/ adj. 悲惨的；痛苦的；卑鄙的
1、ADJ If you are miserable, you are very unhappy. 痛苦的
例： I took a series of badly paid secretarial jobs which made me really miserable.
我连着干了几份工资很低的秘书工作，这让我感到真的很痛苦。
2、miserably ADV痛苦地
例： He looked miserably down at his plate.
他痛苦地低头看着自己的盘子。
3、ADJ If you describe a place or situation as miserable, you mean that it makes you feel unhappy or depressed. 令人忧伤的
例： There was nothing at all in this miserable place to distract him.
在这个令人忧伤的地方，根本没什么东西可以转移他的注意力。
4、ADJ If you describe the weather as miserable, you mean that it makes you feel depressed, because it is raining or dull. 阴冷多雨的
例： On a grey, wet, miserable day our teams congregated in Port Townsend.
在灰暗、潮湿而又阴冷的一天，我们几队人聚集在了汤森港。.
5、ADJ If you describe someone as miserable, you mean that you do not like them because they are bad-tempered or unfriendly. 脾气不好的; 不友好的[ADJ n]
例： He always was a miserable man. He never spoke to me nor anybody else, not even to pass the time of day.
他总是不友好。他从不和我说话，也不和别人说话，那怕是为了打发时光。
6、ADJ You can describe a quantity or quality as miserable when you think that it is much smaller or worse than it ought to be. 少得可怜的[强调]
例： Our speed over the ground was a miserable 2.2 knots.
我们在地面上的速度只有区区的2.2节。
7、miserably ADV少得可怜地[ADV adj]
例： ...the miserably inadequate supply of books now provided for schools.
…现在提供给学校的书籍少得可怜。
8、ADJ A miserable failure is a very great one. 惨痛的[强调][ADJ n]
例： The film was a miserable commercial failure both in Italy and in the United States.
这部电影在意大利和美国票房收入都遭到了惨败。
9、miserably ADV悲惨地[ADV with v]
例： Some manage it. Some fail miserably.
有人成功了。有些人败得很惨。
83、punishment /ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/ n. 惩罚；严厉对待，虐待(punishments)
1、N-UNCOUNT Punishment is the act of punishing someone or of being punished. 惩罚
例： ...a group that campaigns against the physical punishment of children.
…一个发起运动反对体罚儿童的组织。
2、N-VAR A punishment is a particular way of punishing someone. 处罚方式
例： The government is proposing tougher punishments for officials convicted of corruption.
该政府正在提议对被判贪污罪的官员予以更严厉的处罚。
3、N-UNCOUNT You can use punishment to refer to severe physical treatment of any kind. 虐待; 糟蹋
例： Don't expect these boots to take the punishment that gardening will give them.
别指望这样的靴子能经得起园艺活儿的糟蹋。
4、see also capital punishment, corporal punishment
84、justice /ˈdʒʌstɪs/ n. 司法，法律制裁；正义；法官，审判员(justices)
1、N-UNCOUNT Justice is fairness in the way that people are treated. 公正
例： He has a good overall sense of justice and fairness.
他有良好的公正和公平的整体意识。
例： He only wants freedom, justice and equality.
他只要自由、公正和平等。
2、N-UNCOUNT The justice of a cause, claim, or argument is its quality of being reasonable, fair, or right. 正当性
例： We are a minority and must convince people of the justice of our cause.
我们是少数，必须让人们相信我们动机的正当性。
3、N-UNCOUNT Justice is the legal system that a country uses in order to deal with people who break the law. 司法
例： Many in Toronto's black community feel that the justice system does not treat them fairly.
多伦多黑人社区的很多人觉得司法
制度
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对他们不公正。
4、N-COUNT A justice is a judge. 法官[美国英语]
例： Thomas will be sworn in today as a justice on the Supreme Court.
托马斯将在今天宣誓就任最高法院法官。.
5、N-TITLE Justice is used before the names of judges. 法官 (表示头衔)
例： A preliminary hearing was due to start today before Justice Hutchison, but was adjourned.
预审原定由哈奇森法官今天开始审理，但延期了。
6、PHRASE If a criminal is brought to justice, he or she is punished for a crime by being arrested and tried in a court of law. 依法惩处
例： They demanded that those responsible be brought to justice.
他们要求那些责任人应依法予以惩处。
7、PHRASE To do justice to a person or thing means to reproduce them accurately and show how good they are. 准确再现优点
例： The photograph I had seen didn't do her justice.
我看到的那张照片不如她本人。.
8、PHRASE If you do justice to someone or something, you deal with them properly and completely. 恰如其分地处理
例： No one article can ever do justice to the topic of fraud.
没有一篇文章能恰如其分地处理欺诈这一主题。.
9、PHRASE If you do yourself justice, you do something as well as you are capable of doing it. 充分发挥某人能力
例： I don't think he did himself justice in the game today.
我认为今天他在比赛中没有充分发挥出自己的实力。
85、mourn /mɔːn/ v. 哀悼；忧伤；服丧(mourning, mourned, mourns)
1、V-T/V-I If you mourn someone who has died or mourn for them, you are very sad that they have died and show your sorrow in the way that you behave. 悼念
例： Joan still mourns her father.
琼还在哀悼她的父亲。
例： He mourned for his valiant men.
他为他的勇士们悼念。
2、V-T/V-I If you mourn something or mourn for it, you regret that you no longer have it and show your regret in the way that you behave. 为 (失去) …而痛惜
例： We mourned the loss of our cities.
我们为失去我们那些城市而痛惜。
86、civil /ˈsɪvəl/ adj. 公民的；民间的；文职的；有礼貌的；根据民法的
1、ADJ You use civil to describe events that happen within a country and that involve the different groups of people in it. 国民的[ADJ n]
例： ...civil unrest.
…民众的骚乱。
2、ADJ You use civil to describe people or things in a country that are not connected with its armed forces. 民用的
例： ...the U.S. civil aviation industry.
…美国民用航空工业。
3、ADJ You use civil to describe things that are connected with the state rather than with a religion. 民政的[ADJ n]
例： They were married on August 9 in a civil ceremony in Venice.
他们于8月9日在威尼斯通过民政仪式结了婚。
4、ADJ You use civil to describe the rights that people have within a society. 公民的[ADJ n]
例： ...a United Nations covenant on civil and political rights.
…一份关于民权和政治权利的联合国公约。
5、ADJ Someone who is civil is polite in a formal way, but not particularly friendly. 文明的[正式]
例： As visitors, the least we can do is be civil to the people in their own land.
作为游客，我们至少要能做到文明地对待当地人民。
6、civility N-UNCOUNT礼貌
例： ...civility to underlings.
…对下属的礼待。
87、authority /ɔːˈθɒrɪtɪ/ n. 权威；权力；当局(authorities)
1、N-PLURAL Theauthorities are the people who have the power to make decisions and to make sure that laws are obeyed. 当局
例： This provided a pretext for the authorities to cancel the elections.
这给当局提供了一个取消选举的借口。
2、N-COUNT An authority is an official organization or government department that has the power to make decisions. 官方机构
例： ...the Philadelphia Parking Authority.
…费城停车管理局。
3、see also local authority
4、N-COUNT Someone who is an authority on a particular subject knows a lot about it. (某一学科的) 权威人士
例： He's universally recognized as an authority on Russian affairs.
他被公认为是俄罗斯事务的权威。
5、N-UNCOUNT Authority is the right to command and control other people. 职权
例： A family member in a family business has a position of authority and power.
家庭成员在家族企业中都有职有权。
6、N-UNCOUNT If someone has authority, they have a quality which makes other people take notice of what they say. 威信
例： He had no natural authority and no capacity for imposing his will on others.
他天生没有威信，也没有将其意志强加于他人的能力。
7、N-UNCOUNT Authority is official permission to do something. 官方的许可
例： The prison governor has refused to let him go, saying he must first be given authority from his own superiors.
监狱长已拒绝释放他，说他必须首先得到上级的许可。
88、reform /rɪˈfɔːm/ n. 改革，改良；改正vt. 改革，革新；重新组成vi. 重组；改过(reforming, reformed, reforms)
1、 N-VAR Reform consists of changes and improvements to a law, social system, or institution. A reform is an instance of such a change or improvement. 改革; 改良
例： The party embarked on a programme of economic reform.
这个政党开始了一个经济改革的
计划
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。
2、V-T If someone reforms something such as a law, social system, or institution, they change or improve it. 改革; 改良
例： ...his plans to reform the country's economy.
…他改革国家经济的计划。
3、V-T/V-I When someone reforms or when something reforms them, they stop doing things that society does not approve of, such as breaking the law or drinking too much alcohol. 改造; 改过自新
例： When his court case was coming up, James promised to reform.
当他的案件即将被审理时，詹姆斯承诺要改过自新。
4、reformed ADJ改过自新的
例： ...a reformed alcoholic.
…一个改过自新的酗酒者。
89、grasp /ɡrɑːsp/ n. 抓住；理解；控制vt. 抓住；领会(grasping, grasped, grasps)
1. V-T If you grasp something, you take it in your hand and hold it very firmly. 抓牢
例： He grasped both my hands.
他紧紧地抓住我的双手。.
2、N-SING A grasp is a very firm hold or grip. 紧握
例： His hand was taken in a warm, firm grasp.
他的手被热情地、紧紧地握住了。.
3、N-SING If you say that something is in someone's grasp, you disapprove of the fact that they possess or control it. If something slips from your grasp, you lose it or lose control of it. 掌控
例： The people in your grasp are not guests, they are hostages.
在你控制之下的这些人并非宾客，而是人质。
例： She allowed victory to slip from her grasp.
她听任胜利从手中溜走。
4、V-T If you grasp something that is complicated or difficult to understand, you understand it. 理解
例： The government has not yet grasped the seriousness of the crisis.
政府还不明白这场危机的严重性。
5、N-SING A grasp of something is an understanding of it. 理解
例： They have a good grasp of foreign languages.
他们很好地掌握了各门外语。
6、PHRASE If you say that something is within someone's grasp, you mean that it is very likely that they will achieve it. 为某人所能及
例： Peace is now within our grasp.
我们现在和平在望。
90、△thoughtful /ˈθɔːtfʊl/ adj. 深思的；体贴的；关切的
1、ADJ If you are thoughtful, you are quiet and serious because you are thinking about something. 沉思的
例： Nancy, who had been thoughtful for some time, suddenly spoke.
南希沉思半晌后，突然开口说话。
2、thoughtfully ADV沉思地[ADV with v]
例： Daniel nodded thoughtfully.
丹尼尔若有所思地点点头。
3、ADJ If you describe someone as thoughtful, you approve of them because they remember what other people want, need, or feel, and try not to upset them. 考虑周到的[表赞许]
例： ...a thoughtful and caring man.
…一个考虑周到、关心体贴的男人。
4、thoughtfully ADV考虑周到地[ADV with v]
例： ...the bottle of wine he had thoughtfully purchased for the celebrations.
…他为庆祝活动特地购买的这瓶葡萄酒。
5、ADJ If you describe something such as a book, film, or speech as thoughtful, you mean that it is serious and well thought out. (书籍、电影或讲话等) 有思想深度的
例： ...a thoughtful and scholarly book.
…一本既有思想深度又有学术价值的书。
6、thoughtfully ADV有思想深度地[ADV with v]
例： ...these thoughtfully designed machines.
…这些经缜密思考而设计的机器。
91、thankful /ˈθæŋkfʊl/ adj. 感谢的；欣慰的
ADJ When you are thankful, you are very happy and relieved to have something, or that something has happened. 感到庆幸的
例： Most of the time I'm just thankful that I've got a job.
大部分时候我庆幸自己有了份工作。
92、insert
动词读作/ɪnˈsɜːt/。名词读作/ˈɪnsɜːt/。vt. 插入；嵌入(inserting, inserted, inserts)
1、 V-T If you insert an object into something, you put the object inside it. 插入; 嵌入
例： He took a small key from his pocket and slowly inserted it into the lock.
他从衣袋里掏出一把小钥匙，然后缓缓地将其插入锁孔里。
2、insertion N-VAR插入; 嵌入
例： ...the first experiment involving the insertion of a new gene into a human being.
…首次把新基因嵌入人体的实验。
3、V-T If you insert a comment into a piece of writing or a speech, you add it. (在文件或讲话中) 插入; 添加
例： They joined with the monarchists to insert a clause calling for a popular vote on the issue.
他们与君主制主义者一起添加了一个条款，要求对该问题进行全民投票表决。.
4、insertion N-VAR插入; 添加
例： ...an item for insertion in the programme. …插入节目中的一则消息。
5、N-COUNT An insert is something that is inserted somewhere, especially an advertisement on a piece of paper that is placed between the pages of a book or magazine. 插入物; (尤指书刊中的) 活页广告
例： Sunday is the preferred day for advertising inserts in newspapers.
星期天是添加广告插页的最佳日子。
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