美国文学简史复习资料

精选文档—美国文学简史复习资料2016年12月23日名目殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学美国浪漫主义早期新英格兰超验主义美国浪漫主义后期美国现实主义文学美国乡土文学美国现代诗歌美国现代小说美国南方文学美国现代戏剧美国黑人文学美国华裔文学—殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学NewEngland：Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut,namedbyCaptainJohnSmithPuritanismDoctrinesofPuritanism：predestination（命运神定),originalsin,totaldepravity(彻底的堕落),andlimitedatonement(有限的赎罪)fromGod’sgracePuritansleftEuropeforAmericainordertoprovethattheywereGod’schosenpeoplewhowouldenjoyGod’sblessingsonearthandinHeaven.TheyfeltthattheywereexilesunderthespecialgraceofGodtoestablishatheocracyintheNewWorld.Styleofwriting：thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest；atouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBiblePuritans’wayofLife：hardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.InHawthorne’sTheScarletLetterthereisagooddescriptionofthePuritans’life.MainwritersWilliamBradfordOfPlymouthPlantation普利茅斯垦殖记ThomasPaineCommonSense常识；AmericanCrisis美国危机；TheRightsofMan人权；TheAgeofReason理性时代PhilipFreneauTheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheWildHoneysuckle野金银花BenjaminFranklinAutobiography富兰克林自传ThomasJeffersonDrafttheDeclarationofIndependence.美国浪漫主义早期RomanticismBackgroundofRomanticism：Economicboomandnationaloptimism；Favorableliterarymilieu:increasingnumberofmagazines；Foreigninfluences:theRomanticMovementinEurope.CharacteristicsofRomanticism：Arebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Feelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantforromanticsthanreasonandcommonsense.Anemphasisonindividualism;placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.Stressonthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Fascinationwiththewild,theirregular,theindefinite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrangeCherishingastronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.FeaturesofAmericanRomanticism：NewexperienceintheAmericanRomanticism.Theexoticlandscape,thefrontierlife,thewestwardexpansion,themythofaNewGardenofEdeninAmerica,andthePuritanheritage,etc.,thesewereallmaterialsforanindigenousliterature.AdeepinfluencefromtheAmericanPuritanism.DifferentfromtheirEuropeancounterparts,Americanromanticstendedtomoralize,toedifyratherthantoentertain.The“newness”oftheAmericansasanation.TheAmericansaredifferentfromtheEuropeans.Theiridealsofindividualismandpoliticalequality,andtheirdreamthatAmericawastobeanewGardenofedenformanweredistinctlyAmerican.TheNewEnglandPoets:HenryW.Longfellow-APsalmofLife人生礼赞MainwritersWashingtonIrvingTheSketchBook(1819-1820)见闻札记;TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传奇JamesFenimoreCooperLeather-stockingTales皮裹腿故事集;ThePioneers拓荒者;TheLastoftheMohicans最终一个莫希干人;ThePrairie大草原;ThePathfinder探路人;TheDeerslayer猎鹿人新英格兰超验主义TranscendentalismTranscendentalismasawayofknowing,believesthatindividualscanintuitivelyreceivehighertruthsotherwiseunavailablethroughcommonmethodsofknowing,thustranscendingthelimitsofrationalism.Someofitsmajorconceptsare:Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOver-soul（超灵）,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.Itemphasizedtheimportanceoftheindividualandbelievedthattheindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsocietyandthattheidealkindofindividualwasself-reliantandunselfish.ItofferedafreshviewofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.SignificanceAgroupofnewwritersapplytranscendentalideasintheirworksWeaknessTranscendentalismtendedtobecomemysticism.sometimesresultedinrampantindividualismmakemoralindignationanirrelevantemotion.MainwritersRalphWaldoEmerson(超验主义领袖）Nature（标志性之作）;TheAmericanScholar论美国学者HenryDavidThoreauWalden:informal,spontaneousandsoeasy.Hissentencesareconcentratedandvigorous.美国浪漫主义后期HighRomanticsinfictionNathanielHawthorneTheScarletletter红字；TheHouseofSeverGables有七个尖角阁的房子HermanMelvilleMoby-Dick白鲸；Pierre皮埃尔HighRomanticsinpoetryEdgarAllenPoe-thefatherofmodernhorrorstoryanddetectivestoryTalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque怪诞故事集；TheRaven乌鸦Literarytheories(onpoetry)PoeticalprinciplesLength:thereisadistinctlimittoallworksofliteraryart—thelimitofasinglesitting.Province:Beautyisthesolelegitimateprovinceofthepoem.Tone:SadnessisthetoneofBeauty’shighestmanifestation.Melancholyisthemostlegitimateofallthepoeticaltones.Deathofabeautifulwomanisthemostpoeticaltopicintheworld.Theimmediateobjectofpoetryispleasure,nottruth.Poedefinestruepoetryas“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty”,anddeclaresthatmusicistheperfectionofthesoul,oridea,ofpoetry.WaltWhitmanLeavesofGrass草叶集EmilyDickinsonFeaturesofDickinson’spoemsDickinson’sstyleischaracteristicoffrequentuseofdashes,sporadiccapitalizationofnouns,convolutedandungrammaticalphrasing,off-rhymes,brokenmeters,boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors,andaphoristicwit.Herpoetrypreparesformodernpoetryinthe20thcentury.lyric.Herpoemsareremarkablefortheirvariety,subtlety,andrichness.brevityandintensity.unorthodoxsyntaxandpunctuation.innovationinrhyme.Onethewhole,herpoetryisirregularinrhymeandrhythm.美国现实主义文学RealismHistoricalbackgroundImpactoftheCivilWarChangesinnationaleconomiclifeConcentrationofwealthandpowerPolarizationoftherichandthepoor(ThiswasthebeginningofwhatMarkTwaincalled“TheGildedAge”—anageofextremes:ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.)ClosingofthefrontierDefinitionbasedontheaccurate,unromanticizedobservationofhumanexperiences.Itinsistsonprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonesty,andademocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.Realismasaliterarymovementreferstotheapproachofrealistfictionoccurredatthelaterpartofthe19thcentury.Realism,asabroaderterm,isalsoinclusiveofnaturalism,regionalismandlocalcolorwriting.MajorfeaturesRealismreactsagainstRomanticism’semphasisonintuition,imagination,adreamysenseofwonder,idealism,faithinnature,andgeneraloptimisticbeliefinthegoodnessofthings.Realistsclaimthattheyseektruththatisverifiablebyexperienceandhavepracticalconsequences;theydonotseekabstracttruth.Realistsbelievethatliteratureimitatesreality.Theyareattentivetosuchdetailsasdialect,customs,andexperiencesthatarecommonplaceand“real”.Realiststrytodescribeasmallportionoftheknowableworldinordertomaintain“objectivity.”MainWritersWilliamDeanHowellsTheRiseofSilasLapham塞拉斯·拉帕姆发迹记HenryJamesThePortraitofaLady贵妇画像LiteraryTheoryArtandlife:Artmustberelatedtolife;itmustbelifetransformedandchangedsothattheartformwouldgivethetruthfulimpressionofactuality.PointofviewPsychologicalrealism（心理现实主义）:byemphasizingtheinnerawarenessandinwardmovementsofhischaractersinfaceofoutsideoccurrencesbecamethefirstofthemodernpsychologicalanalystsinthenovelmodernstream-of-consciousnesstechnique美国乡土文学LocalColorFictionFeaturesLocalcolorfictionpresentsalocalewhichisdistinguishedfromtheoutsideworld.describestheexoticandthepicturesque.glorifiesthepast.attemptstoshowthingsastheyare.stressestheinfluenceofsettingoncharacter.Dialectpeculiaritiesarethedefiningcharacteristicoflocalcolorwritings.RepresentativesMarkTwainTheGildedAge镀金时代;TheAdventuresofTomSawyer汤姆·索亚历险记;ThePrinceandthePauper王子与贫儿;LifeonMississippi密西西比河上;TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn哈克贝利·费恩历险记Style:Vernacularlanguage;Localcolor.ContributionWilliamDeansHowellscalledMarkTwain“theLincolnofliterature.”.CombiningAmericanfrontierhumorandseriousstorytellingconventionswithhisjournalisticstyle,heproducedabodyofworkofenduringvalue.HiswritinggivesreadersaclearsenseoflifeintheprewarMississippiValley.Moreover,heinitiatedthevernaculartraditioninAmericanfiction.FrancisBretHarte-thefirstAmericanwriteroflocalcolortoachievewidepopularityTheLuckofRoaringCamp咆哮营里的幸运儿HarrietBeecherStoweUncleTom’sCabin汤姆大叔的小屋KateChopinTheAwakening觉醒StephenCraneTheRedBadgeofCourage红色英勇勋章TheodoreDresierSisterCarrie嘉莉妹妹;AnAmericanTragedy美国悲剧JackLondonTheCalloftheWild野性的召唤;MartinEden马丁·伊登美国现代诗歌ModernAmericanPoetry-thesecondflowering(1914-1945)Featurescommontheme:fragmentationstream-of-consciousnessItalsofosteredabeliefinartandliteratureasanavenuetoself-fulfillment.Itwascharacterizedbyaconsciousrejectionofestablishedrules,traditionsandconventions.TheessenceofmodernismwasabreakwiththepastItstrovetoreflect20thcentury’ssocialandpoliticalchangesBackgroundtheconsequenceofthetransformationofsocietybroughtaboutbyindustrialismandtechnologyinthecourseofthe19thcentury.Imagistmovement(1908-1917)Imagism意象派EzraPound-LeaderoftheImagistMovement.TwomodernistpoetsT.S.EliotheWasteLand荒原RobertFrost“TheRoadNotTaken”“没有走过的路”美国现代小说ModernAmericanFictionSocialbackgroundsinthe1920sImpactofWorldWarIThe1920s:theRoaring20s（咆哮二十年）JazzAge（爵士时代）DollarAgeTheRedScare恐共浪潮TheProhibition(1919-1933)禁酒令LostoffaithTheLostGenerationnamedappliedtothedisillusionedintellectualsandaesthetesoftheyearsfollowingWorldWarI,whorebelledagainstformeridealsandvaluesbutcouldreplacethemonlybydespairoracynicalhedonism.TheremarkofGertrudeStein,“Youareallalostgeneration,”addressedtoHemingway,wasusedasaprefacetothelatter’snovelTheSunAlsoRises,whichbrilliantlydescribesanexpatriategrouptypicalofthe“lostgeneration.”TwomajorrepresentativesF.ScottFitzgerald-thespokesmanofthe“roaring20s”TheGreatGatsby了不起的盖茨比ErnestHemingway-spokesmanfortheLostGenerationicebergtheory：Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.TheSunAlsoRises太阳照常升起；AFarewelltoArms永别了，武器；ForWhomtheBellTolls丧钟为谁而鸣；TheOldManandtheSea老人与海Hemingway’styleHemingway’sstyleisnotedforitssimplicity.Indiction,hefocusonnounsandverbsandreducestheuseofadjectives,especiallycomplicatedadjectives.Insentencestructure,heusescoordinatedclausestoavoidsubordinatedclausesthatwouldimplyvaguejudgments.Thiswasespeciallyobviousinhiswritingsinthe1920s.SomeotherwritersSherwoodAndersonWinesburg,Ohio小镇畸人WillaCatherMyAntonia我的安东尼亚SinclairLewis-ThefirstAmericanwritertowintheNobelPrize.Mainstreet大街；Babbitt巴比特JohnSteinbeckheGrapesofWrath生气的葡萄MargaretMitchellGoneWiththeWind飘美国南方文学SouthernAmericanliteratureTheAmericanSouthTheAmericanSouthincludesthesoutheasternstatesandthesouthernstatesalongtheGulfofMexico.Thisisauniqueregionwherepeoplespeakwithstrongsouthernaccent.Thesouthernershavetheirdistinctiveculture,viewpoint,andhistory.Inthesouthernhistory,theSouthwasguiltyofslaverywhichbeganin1621,theSouthfailedintheCivilWar,andtheSouthisrelativelypoorinanationofwealtheventoday.Guilt,failure,andpovertymaketheSouthdarksideofAmericanconscience.SouthernRenaissanceHerearesixmythsthatsouthernerhavecherished.Theyarenotobjectivelytrue,buttheyarepartofthecultureandtheymaketheSouthapartfromotherregions.Chevalierheritage.骑士ThesouthernersheldthattheirancestorswerenotPuritansbutnoblechevalierswhocamefromEnglandtosettledownintheNewWorld.Thismythcreatedaprideintheregion.Agrarianvirtue.农业美德Plantationaristocracy.种植园农场的贵族生活Lostcause.失去的事业Whitesupremacy.白人至上PurityofSouthernwomanhood.RepresentativeSouthernwritersWilliamFaulknerTheYoknapatawphaSaga约克纳帕塔法世系：TheSoundandtheFury喧嚣与骚动；AsILayDying我弥留之际；Absalom,Absalom!押沙龙，押沙龙！；GoDown,Moses去吧，摩西MajorfeaturesofFaulkner’swritingsFaulknerusedtheSouthtotalkabouttheviolenceandevilinallhumanbeings.Faulknerwasagreatavant-gardeexperimenter.Hesuccessfullyadvancedsomemodernliterarytechniques:Streamofconsciousness.(interiormonologue)MultiplepointofviewAuthorialtranscendenceinsteadofauthorialintrusion.Hisprosevariesfromcolloquial口语的,regional,toformaldictionandcadences节奏ofAmericanspeech.StreamofconsciousnessThecontinuousflowofsense-perceptions,thoughts,feelings,andmemoriesinthehumanmind;oraliterarymethodofrepresentingsuchablendingofmentalprocessesinfictionalcharacters,usuallyinanunpunctuatedordisjointedformofinteriormonologue.Itisanimportantdeviceofmodernistfiction.InEnglishliterature,novelsofstream-of-consciousnessarerepresentedbyJamesJoyceandVirginiaWolf.ThemodernAmericanwriterWilliamFaulknersuccessfullyadvancedthistechnique,forexample,inhisnovel,TheSoundandtheFury(1929).ThomasWolfLookHomeward,Angel天使，望乡美国现代戏剧ModernAmericanDramasAmericandramarenaissanceinthe1920sEugeneO’Neil-FounderofmodernAmericandrama/regardedasthe“AmericanShakespeare”BoundEastforCardiff东航卡迪夫(anone-actplay,whichusheredinthemoderneraoftheAmericantheatre)BeyondtheHorizon天际外；TheEmperorJones琼斯皇；TheHairyApe毛猿；DesireundertheElms榆树下的欲望LongDay’sJourneyintoNight日长路远夜肤浅Expressionism表现主义Expressionism,artisticstyleinwhichtheartistseekstodepictnotobjectiverealitybutratherthesubjectiveemotionsandresponsesthatobjectsandeventsarouseinhim.Heaccomplisheshisaimthroughdistortion,exaggeration,primitivism,andfantasyandthroughthevivid,jarring,violent,ordynamicapplicationofformalelements.InabroadersenseExpressionismisoneofthemaincurrentsofartinthelate19thandthe20thcenturies,anditsqualitiesofhighlysubjective,personal,spontaneousself-expressionaretypicalofawiderangeofmodernartistsandartmovements.TheLittleTheaterMovementinthe1920sand1930sTennesseeWilliamsTheStreetcarNamedDesire欲望号街车ArthurMillerDeathofaSalesman推销员之死TheateroftheAbsurdoftenappliedtothemodernsenseofhumanpurposelessnessinauniversewithoutmeaningorvalue.TheclassicworkofabsurdisttheaterisBeckett’sEnattendantGodot(WaitingforGodot,1952).EdwardAlbeeismostcloselyconnectedwiththeTheateroftheAbsurd.(Who’sAfraidofVirginiaWoolf?谁可怕弗吉尼亚沃尔夫？)美国黑人文学AfricanAmericanLiteratureEarlyAfricanAmericanliteratureFrederickDouglass;BookerT.Washington;W.E.B.DuBois-TheSoulsofBlackFolks:EssaysandSketches黑人的灵魂;JeanToomerHarlemRenaissanceTermusedtodescribeafloweringofAfrican-Americanliteratureandartinthe1920s,mainlyintheHarlemdistrictofNewYorkCity.DuringthemassmigrationofAfricanAmericansfromtheruralagriculturalSouthtotheurbanindustrialNorth(1914-18),manywhocametoNewYorksettledinHarlem,asdidagoodnumberofblackNewYorkersmovedfromotherareasofthecity.Meanwhile,SouthernblackmusiciansbroughtjazzwiththemtotheNorthandtoHarlem.Theareasoonbecameasophisticatedliteraryandartisticcenter.Respondingtotheheadyintellectualatmosphereofthetimeandplace,writersandartists,manyofwhomlivedinHarlem,begantoproduceawidevarietyoffineandhighlyoriginalworksdealingwithAfrican-Americanlife.CounteeCullen;ZoraNeale Hurston;LangstonHughes-“TheNegroSpeaksofRiver”“黑人说河”AfricanAmericanliteratureinthe1940sand1950sRichardWright;RalphEllison-InvisibleMan看不见的人JamesBaldwin-GoTellitontheMountains向苍天呼吁ContemporaryAfricanAmericanliteratureAlexPalmerHaley-Roots根;AliceWalker-TheColorPurple紫色TonyMorrison-TheBluestEye最蓝的眼睛；Beloved宠儿美国华裔文学ChineseAmericanLiteratureEdithMaudEaton水仙花Mrs.SpringFragrance春香夫人-美国华裔文学的开山之作LouisChu雷庭招EataBowlofTea吃一碗茶-第一部以美国华埠为背景的华裔小说FrankChin赵健秀-第一位引起美国主流批判留意的华裔剧作家Aiiieeeee!AnAnthologyofProseandPoetry哎呀！美国亚裔作家文集MaxineHongKingston汤婷婷TheWomanWarrior女勇士ChinaMan中国佬AmyTan谭恩美TheJoyLuckClub喜福会DavidHenryHwang黄哲伦M.Butterfly蝴蝶君-第一部在百老汇上演的华裔戏剧作品附：AmericanNobelPrizeWinnersinLiteratureSinclairLewis(1930,thefirstAmericanwritertowinNobelPrize)TheMainStreet(1920)《大街》--------------------EugeneO’Neil(1936)DesireundertheElms(1924)《榆树下的欲望》--------------------T.S.Eliot(1948)TheWasteLand（1922）《荒原》--------------------WilliamFaulkner(1950)TheSoundandtheFury（1929）《喧嚣与骚动》--------------------ErnestHemingway(1954)TheOldManandtheSea（1952）《老人与海》--------------------JohnSteinbeck(1962)TheGrapesofWrath(1939《生气的葡萄》)