TOEFL-iBT最新话题词汇新托福词汇分类突破71-100

071 Ant colonies have elaborate social structures in which the various activities necessary for the feeding, shelter, and reproduction of the colony are divided among specially adapted individuals. Ants belong to an order of insects called the Hymenoptera, a group that also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. Some species of wasps and bees resemble ants in that they live in colonies and are therefore said to be social, but ants are the only hymenopterans in which every species is social. Ants are distinguished from other hymenopterans in that they have bent, or elbowed, antennae and an indented abdomen that forms a narrow waist. · elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 复杂的 · shelter [5FeltE] n. 遮蔽处 · adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的 · h ymenoptera [7haimi5nCptErE] n. 膜翅目 · sawfly [5sR:flai] n. 叶蜂 · resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似 · in that [in] [TAt]conj. 因为 · distinguish [dis5tiN^wiF] v. 区别 · bent [bent] adj. 弯曲的 · elbowed [5elbEud] adj. 像肘一样弯曲的 · antenna [An5tenE] n. 触须 · indented [in5dentid] adj. 锯齿状的 · abdomen [5AbdEmEn] n. 腹部 · waist [weist] n. 昆虫腹部的较窄部位 072 Members of an ant colony typically fall into categories known as castes, each with a different role. The majority of colony members are female worker ants that are unable to mate. Worker ants do not have wings and perform most of the work of the colony, including searching for food, nursing young, and defending the colony against ants from other colonies. Queens are larger than worker ants and are the only females of the colony capable of mating. Queens are born with wings, which they break off after mating. They mate with winged male ants, later using the sperm from the mating to produce fertilized eggs, which hatch to produce more worker ants and a new generation of queens. · caste [kB:st] n. 有社会组织的昆虫的阶级 · mate [meit] v. 交配，繁殖 · perform [pE5fC:m] v. 执行 · nurse [nE:s] v. 看护 · capable of [5keipEbl] [Ev]adj. 有能力 · sperm [spE:m] n. 精子 · fertilized egg [5fE:tElaizd] n. 受精卵 · hatch [hAtF] v. 孵化 073 Insects and diseases are a continuing menace to forests. Various insects, such as the gypsy moth, the tussock moth, and the spruce budworm, devastate extensive areas by defoliation. Other insects serve as carriers for the causative agents of diseases that destroy trees. Parasitic tree diseases may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, or by such parasitic plants as the mistletoe or dodder. Noninfectious diseases of trees include sunscald; drought injury; root drowning, or suffocation; nutritional excesses or deficiencies; winter injury; and injury from smoke, gases, and fumes. · menace [5menEs] n. 威胁 · gypsy moth [5dVipsi] [mCW]n. 舞毒蛾 · tussock moth [5tQsEk] [mCW]n. 毒蛾 · spruce budworm [spru:s] [5bQdwE:m]n. 云杉蚜虫 · devastate [5devEsteit] v. 糟蹋 · defoliation [7di:fEuli5eiFEn] n. 落叶 · causative agent [5kC:zEtiv] [5eidVEnt]n. 病原体 · bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌 · fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌 · virus [5vaiErEs] n. 病毒 · nematode [5nemEtEud] n. 线虫 · mistletoe [5misltEu] n. 槲寄生，一种欧亚寄生灌木 · dodder [5dCdE] n. 菟丝子 · sunscald [5sQnskR:ld] n. 日灼病 · drought injury [draut] n. 旱害 · root drowning [ru:t] [5drauniN]n. 根部溺死 · suffocation [7sQfE5keiFEn] n. 窒息 · nutritional [njU:5triFEnEl] adj. 营养的 · deficiency [di5fiFEnsi] n. 缺乏 · fume [fju:m] n. 浓烟 074 Birds are the only animals with feathers, collectively called plumage, although some other animals, such as insects and bats, also have wings. Nearly all birds can fly, and even flightless birds, such as ostriches and penguins, evolved from flying ancestors. Many characteristics and behaviors of birds are distinct from all other animals, but there are some similarities. Like mammals, birds have four-chambered hearts and are warm-blooded — having a relatively constant body temperature that enables them to live in a wide variety of environments. Like reptiles, birds develop from embryos in eggs outside of the mother’s body. · plumage [5plu:midV] n. (鸟的)全身羽毛 · ostrich [5astritF] n. 鸵鸟 · penguin [5peN^win] n. 企鹅 · ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先 · distinct [dis5tiNkt] adj. 截然不同的 · similarity [7simE5lArEti] n. 相似之处 · chamber [5tFeimbE] n. 腔 · warm-blooded [wC:m5blQdid] adj. 恒温的(动物) · constant [5kCnstEnt] adj. 恒定不变的 · reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物 · embryo [5embriEu] n. 胚胎 075 The main component of feathers is keratin, a flexible protein that also forms the hair and fingernails of mammals. Feathers provide the strong yet lightweight surface area needed for powered, aerodynamic flight. They also serve as insulation, trapping pockets of air to help birds conserve their body heat. The varied patterns, colors, textures, and shapes of feathers help birds to signal their age, sex, social status, and species identity to one another. Some birds have plumage that blends in with their surroundings to provide camouflage, helping these birds escape notice by their predators. Birds use their beaks to preen their feathers, often making use of oil from a gland at the base of their tails. Preening removes dirt and parasites and keeps feathers waterproof and supple. Because feathers are nonliving structures that cannot repair themselves when worn or broken, they must be renewed periodically. Most adult birds molt — lose and replace their feathers — at least once a year. · keratin [5kerEtin] n. 角质 · flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 柔韧的 · mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物 · aerodynamic [7eErEudai5nAmik] adj. 空气动力学的 · insulation [7insju5leiFEn] n. 绝缘，绝热 · trap [trAp] v. 捕捉 · conserve [kEn5sE:v] v. 保存 · texture [5tekstFE] n. 质地 · social status [5sEuFEl] [5steitEs] n. 社会地位 · blend in [blend] [in]v. 与(环境等)协调 · camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装 · predator [5predEtE] n. 捕食者 · beak [bi:k] n. 喙 · preen [pri:n] v. (鸟)用嘴整理 · gland [^lAnd] n. 腺 · tail [teil] n. 尾 · parasite [5pArEsait] n. 寄生生物 · waterproof [5wC:tEpru:f] adj. 防水的 · supple [5sQpl] adj. 柔软的 · worn [wC:n] adj. 用旧了的，磨破了的 · periodically [7piEri5CdikEli] adj. 周期的，定期的 · molt [mEult] v. 换毛 076 Bird wings are highly modified forelimbs with a skeletal structure resembling that of arms. The shape of a bird’s wings influences its style of flight, which may consist of gliding, soaring, or flapping. Flight muscles are located in the chest and are attached to the wings by large tendons. The breastbone, a large bone shaped like the keel of a boat, supports the flight muscles. · forelimb [5fC:lim] n. 前肢 · resemble [ri5zembl] v. 类似 · glide [^laid] v. 滑行 · soar [sC:] v. 翱翔 · flap [flAp] v. 振翅飞行 · chest [tFest] n. 胸部 · tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱 · breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨 · keel [ki:l] n. 龙骨：船的主要结构部件 077 Nearly all birds have a tail, the paired flight feathers of which, called rectrices, extend from the margins of a bird’s tail. Tails may be square, rounded, pointed, or forked, depending on the lengths of the rectrices and the way they terminate. · tail [teil] n. 尾 · rectrix [5rektriks] n. (plural: rectirces [5rektrEksiz])舵羽：鸟尾巴上主要几支硬羽毛的一支，用于掌握飞行方向 · square [skweE] adj. 正方形的 · forked [5fC:kt] adj. 叉状的 · terminate [5tE:mineit] v. 中止，结束 078 Birds have two legs; the lower part of each leg is called the tarsus. Most birds have four toes on each foot, and in many birds, including all songbirds, the first toe, called a hallux, points backwards. Bird toes are adapted in various species for grasping perches, climbing, swimming, capturing prey, and carrying and manipulating food. · tarsus [5tB:sEs] n. 跗骨 · toe [tEu] n. 趾 · songbird [5sRNbE:d]n. 鸣禽 · hallux [5hAlEks] n. (鸟)后趾, (人)大拇趾 · adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 适合的 · perch [pE:tF] n. 栖木：供鸟栖息的枝条 · manipulate [mE5nipjuleit] v. 处理 079 Instead of heavy jaws with teeth, modern birds have toothless, lightweight jaws, called beaks or bills. The eyes of birds are protected by three eyelids: an upper lid resembling that of humans, a lower lid that closes when a bird sleeps, and a third lid, called a nictitating membrane, that sweeps across the eye sideways, starting from the side near the beak. This lid is a thin, translucent fold of skin that moistens and cleans the eye and protects it from wind and bright light. · jaw [dVC:] n. 颚 · beak [bi:k] n. 喙 · bill [bil] n. 啄 · eyelid [5ailid] n. 眼睑 · nictitating membrane [5niktiteitiN] [5membrein] n. 瞬膜：鸟类、爬行动物和一些哺乳动物的内生透明眼睑，闭上可保护和滋润眼睛 · translucent [trAnz5lu:snt] adj. 半透明的 · moisten [5mCisn] v. 使潮湿 080 For breeding, most birds build nests, which help them to incubate, or warm, the developing eggs. Nests sometimes offer camouflage from predators and physical protection from the elements. Nests may be elaborate constructions or a mere scrape on the ground. · breed [bri:d] v. 繁殖；育种 · nest [nest] n. 巢 · incubate [5inkjubeit] v. 孵化 · camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 伪装 · element [5elEmEnt] n. 环境 · elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 精心制作的 · scrape [skreip] n. 浅坑 081 Among the best-known birds are the birds of prey. Some, including hawks, eagles, and falcons, are active during the daytime. Others, notably owls, are nocturnal, or active at night. Birds of prey have hooked beaks, strong talons or claws on their feet, and keen eyesight and hearing. Scavengers that feed on dead animals are also considered birds of prey. · bird of prey [bE:d] [Ev] [prei]n. 猛禽，食肉鸟 · hawk [hC:k] n. 鹰 · falcon [5fAlkEn] n. 隼 · owl [aul] n. 猫头鹰 · nocturnal [nCk5tE:nl] adj. 夜间的 · beak [bi:k] n. 喙 · talon [5tAlEn] n. 爪 · scavenger [5skAvindVE] n. 食腐动物 082 Migrating birds use a variety of cues to find their way. These include the positions of the sun during the day and the stars at night; the earth’s magnetic field; and visual, olfactory, and auditory landmarks. · migrate [5mai^reit] v. 迁徙 · cue [kju:] n. 提示 · magnetic field [mA^5netik] [fi:ld]n. 磁场 · olfactory [Cl5fAktEri] adj. 嗅觉的 · auditory [5C:dEtEri] adj. 听觉的 083 Except in combinations such as waterfowl and wildfowl, in modern usage the word fowl usually is restricted to the common domestic fowl, or chicken. In poultry markets, fowl commonly means a full-grown female bird. Young birds of both sexes, such as broilers and fryers, are called chickens. On poultry farms, male chickens are called roosters or cocks; females, especially those more than a year old, are called hens; females less than a year old are called pullets ; very young chickens of either sex are called chicks; and castrated males are called capons. · combination [7kCmbi5neiFEn] n. 组合 · waterfowl [5wC:tEfaul] n. 水鸟 · wildfowl [5waildfaul] n. 野禽 · fowl [faul] n. 家禽 · domestic [dE5mestik] adj. 驯养的 · poultry [5pEultri] n. 家禽 · broiler [5brCilE] n. 适于烤焙的嫩鸡 · fryer [fraiE] n. 适于油炸的小鸡 · rooster [5ru:stE] n. 公鸡 · pullet [5pulit] n. 小母鸡 · chick [tFik] n. 小鸡 · castrate [kAs5treit] v. 阉割 · capon [5keipan] n. 阉鸡 084 All fishes are vertebrates(animals with backbones) with gills for breathing, and most of them have fins for swimming, scales for protection, and a streamlined body generally with a pointed snout and posterior and a broad propulsive tail for moving easily through the water. · vertebrate [5vE:tEbrEt] n. 脊椎动物 · backbone [5bAkbEun] n. 脊椎 · gill [dVil] n. 腮 · fin [fin] n. 鳍 · scale [skeil] n. 鱼鳞 · streamlined [5stri:mlaind] adj. 流线型的 · snout [snaut] n. 口鼻部 · posterior [pCs5tiEriE] n. 后部 · propulsive [prEu5pQlsiv] adj. 有推进力的 085 The term fishery is also used to describe the species of fish being harvested(because most of them are edible), which include familiar finned fish species, like cod and flounder; mollusks, including oysters and squid; and crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs. Lesser-known fisheries include echinoderms, like sea urchins; some amphibians, including frogs; and cnidarians, such as jellyfish. even the harvest of whales is usually considered a fishery. · fishery [5fiFEri] n. 食用鱼类，捕鱼业 · harvest [5hB:vEst] v. 收获，捕获 · edible [5edEbl] adj. 可食用的 · cod [kad] n. 鳕鱼 · flounder [5flaundE] n. 比目鱼 · mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物 · oyster [5CistE] n. 牡蛎 · squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼 · crustacean [krEs5teiFEn] n. 甲壳纲动物 · shrimp [Frimp] n. 虾 · crab [krAb] n. 螃蟹 · echinoderm [i5kainE7dE:m] n. 棘皮动物 · sea urchin[si:] [5E:tFin] n. 海胆 · amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物 · frog [frC^] n. 青蛙 · cnidarian [nai5diEriEn] n. 刺细胞动物 · jellyfish [5dVelifiF] n. 水母 · whale [weil] n. 鲸 086 angling refers to fishing for sport, recreation and relaxation. a fishing rod is a long, straight, flexible pole made of bamboo, fiberglass, or graphite that an angler uses to cast hook withbait or lures into the water. · angling [5AN^liN] n. 垂钓 · fishing [5fiFiN] n. 钓鱼 · recreation [rekri5eiFEn] n. 消遣 · fishing rod [5fiFiN] [rCd]n. 钓竿 · straight [streit] adj. 直的 · flexible [5fleksEbl] adj. 弹性的 · pole [pEul] n. 杆 · bamboo [bAm5bu:] n. 竹子 · fiberglass [5faibE^lB:s] n. 玻璃纤维 · graphite [5^rAfait] n. 石墨 · angler [5AN^lE] n. 钓鱼者 · cast [kB:st] v. 抛 · hook [huk] n. 鱼钩 · bait [beit] n. 饵 · lure [luE] n. 诱饵 087 C oral reefs are built up by limestone skeletons of coral, and are found only in tropical saltwater where bright sunlight can penetrate, because corals cannot exist without the symbiotic algae that live in coral tissues and require sunlight for photosynthesis. · coral [5kCrEl] n. 珊瑚 · reef [ri:f] n. 礁 · build up [bild] [Qp]v. 堆积 · limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石 · skeleton [5skelEtEn] n. 骨骼 · tropical [5trCpikl] adj. 热带的 · saltwater [5sR:lt7wR:tE] n. 盐水 · penetrate [5penEtreit] v. 穿透 · symbiotic [7simbi5Rtik] adj. 共生的 · algae [5AldVi:] n. 藻类, 海藻(singular: alga [5AlgE]) · tissue [5tisju:] n. 组织 · photosynthesis [7fEutEu5sinWEsis] n.光合作用 088 S quids are carnivorous mollusks belonging to the same class as the cuttlefish, and octopus. The body of squids, stiffened by an interior cartilaginous skeleton, is spherical or cigar-shaped, with two lateral fins. around the mouth are eight sucker-bearing arms and two contractile tentacles with spatulate tips; on the latter are four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous(horny) hooks. The contractile tentacles, longer than the rest, are used to seize the prey and pass it to the shorter arms, which hold it to be torn by strong jaws shaped like a parrot's beak. Squid can swim faster than any other invertebrate by rapidly expelling water from the mantle cavity through the “funnel”. Many deep-sea squid are bioluminescent. They shoot out a cloud of dark ink when pursued; one genus secretes luminescent ink. · squid [skwid] n. 鱿鱼 · carnivorous [kB:5nivErEs] adj. 食肉类的 · mollusk [5mClEsk] n. 软体动物 · cuttlefish [5kQtlfiF] n. 墨鱼, 乌贼 · octopus [5CktEpEs] n. 章鱼 · stiffen [5stifnd] v. 使僵硬 · interior [in5tiEriE] adj. 内部的 · cartilaginous [7kB:tE5lAdVEnEs] adj. 软骨(质)的 · spherical [5sferikEl] adj. 球形的 · cigar-shaped [si5^B:] [Feipt]adj. 雪茄形的 · lateral fin [5lAtErEl] [fin]n. 侧鳍 · sucker-bearing [5sQkE] [5beEriN]adj. 长着吸盘的 · contractile [kEn5trAktl] adj. 会收缩的 · tentacle [5tentEkl] n. 触须、触角 · spatulate [5spAtFjulit] adj. 竹片状的 · row [rEu] n. 行，排 · suction cup [5sQkFEn] [kQp]n. 吸盘 · chitinous [5kaitEnEs] adj. 壳质的 · horny [5hC:ni] adj. 角状的 · seize [si:z] v. 抓住 · prey [prei] n. 被掠食者，战利品 · torn [tC:n] n. (tear的分词)撕 · jaw [dVC:] n. 颚, 颌 · parrot [5pArEt] n. 鹦鹉 · beak [bi:k] n. 喙 · invertebrate [in5vE:tEbrEt] n. 无脊椎动物 · expel [iks5pel] v. 喷出, 发射 · mantle cavity [5mAntl] [5kAvEti]n. 外套腔 · funnel [5fQnEl] n. 漏斗，漏斗形物 · bioluminescent [5baiEu7lu:mE5nesEt] adj. 发(冷)光的 · pursue [pE5su:] v. 追赶, 追踪 · genus [5dVi:nEs] n. 种, 类 · secrete [si5kri:t] v. 分泌 089 A mphibians have moist, hairless skin through which water can pass in and out, and were the first animals with backbones to adapt to life on land. they are the ancestors of reptiles, which in turn gave rise to mammals and birds. all amphibians belong to one of three main groups: the caudata, or tailed amphibians, which includes the sirens, salamanders, and newts; the anura n, or tailless amphibians, which includes frogs and toads; and the gymnophiona, which is made up of the wormlike caecilians. · amphibian [Am5fibiEn] n. 两栖动物 · moist [mCist] adj. 潮湿的 · adapt [E5dApt] v. 适应 · ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先 · reptile [5reptail] n. 爬行动物 · mammal [5mAmEl] n. 哺乳动物 · caudata [5ka:deitE] n. 有尾目 · siren [5sairin] n. 土鳗 · salamander [5sAlEmAndE] n. 火蜥蜴 · newt [nu:t] n. 蝾螈 · anura n [E5njuErEn] n. 无尾目 · frog [frC^] n. 青蛙 · toad [tEud] n. 蟾蜍 · gymnophiona [5dVimpfina] n. 无足目 · make up of [meik] [[Qp] [Ev]v. 组成、构成 · caecilian [si:5siliEn] n. 蚓螈 090 Paleontologists recognize several mass extinctions in the past 500 million years, which occurred in Ordovician, Devonian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Triassic, and Cretaceous Period, respectively. The most recent mass extinction was at the end of Cretaceous Period, and resulted in the loss of 76% of all species, most notably the dinosaurs. · paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者 · mass extinction [mAs] [iks5tiNkFEn] n. 大量消亡 · Ordovician [7C:dE5viFEn] n. 奥陶纪，是指古生代第二纪的一段地质时间 · Devonian [di5vEuniEn] n. 泥盆纪 · Paleozoic [peiliE5zEuik] n. 古生代 · Mesozoic [7mezEu5zEuik] n. 中生代 · Triassic [trai5Asik] n. 三叠纪 · Cretaceous [kri5teiFEs] n. 白垩纪 · respectively [ri5spektivli] adv. 分别地 · species [5spi:Fiz] n. 物种 · dinosaur [5dainEsC:] n. 恐龙 091 In mass extinctions, entire groups of species—such as families, orders, and classes —die out,creating opportunities for the survivors to exploit new habitats. In their new niches, the survivors evolve new characteristics and habits and, consequently, develop into entirely new species. · family [5fAmEli] n. 科 · order [5C:dE] n. 目 · class [klB:s] n. 纲 · survivor [sE5vaivE] n. 幸存者 · exploit [5eksplCit] v. 开拓 · habitat [5hAbEtAt] n. 栖息地 · niche [nitF] n. 合适的环境 · evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化 092 As the sum of all species living in the world's ecosystems, known as biodiversity, dwindles, so too go many of the resources on which we depend. Humans use at least 40,000 different plant, animal, fungi, bacteria, and virus species for food, clothing, shelter, and medicines. In addition, the fresh air we breathe, the water we drink, cook, and wash with, and the many chemical cycles —including the nitrogen cycle and the carbon cycle, so vital to sustain life—depend on the continued health of ecosystems and the species within them. · ecosystem [i:kEu5sistEm] n. 生态系统 · biodiversity [7baiEudE5vEsiti] n. 生物多样性 · dwindle [5dwindl] v. 减少 · plant [plAnt] n. 植物 · animal [5AnEmEl] n. 动物 · fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌类(singular: fungus) · bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 细菌(singular：bacterium) · virus [5vairEs] n. 病毒 · chemical cycle [5kemikEl] [5saikl]n. 化学循环 · nitrogen cycle [5naitrEdVEn][5saikl] n. 氮循环 · carbon cycle [5kB:bEn][5saikl] n. 碳循环 · vital [5vaitl] adj. 至关重要的 · sustain [sEs5tein] v. 维持 093 A central, and historically controversial, component of evolutionary theory is that all living organisms, from microscopic bacteria to plants, insects, birds, and mammals, share a common ancestor. · controversial [7kCntrE5vE:FEl] adj. 争议的 · component [kEm5pEunEnt] n. 组成部分 · evolutionary [7evE5lU:FEnEri] adj. 进化的 · organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物 · microscopic [maikrE5skRpik] adj. 极微小的 · ancestor [5AnsistE] n. 祖先 094 Hostility as to evolutionary theory gave way to acclaim as scientists vigorously debated, explored, and built on Darwin’s theory of natural selection. As the 20th century unfolded, scientific advances revealed the detailed mechanisms missing from Darwin’s theory. Study of the complex chemistry of all organisms unveiled the structure of genes as well as how they are duplicated, altered, and passed from generation to generation. New molecular biology techniques compare the genetic structures of different species, enabling scientists to determine heretofore undetectable evolutionary relationships between species. Today, evolution is recognized as the cornerstone of modern biology. Uniting such diverse scientific fields as cell biology, genetics, paleontology, and even geology and statistics, the study of evolution reveals an exquisitely complex interaction of the forces that act upon every life form on Earth. · hostility [hCs5tiliti] n. 反对 · give way to [^iv] [wei] [tE]v. 退让 · acclaim [E5kleim] n. 称赞 · vigorously [5vi^ErEsli] adv. 竭力地 · unfold [Qn5fEuld] v. 展开 · reveal [ri5vi:l] v. 揭示 · unveil [Qn5veil] v. 揭示 · gene [dVi:n] n. 基因 · duplicate [5du:plikeit] v. 复制 · alter [5C:ltE] v. 改变 · genetic structure [dVE5netik] [5strQktFE]n. 遗传结构 · heretofore [7hiEtE5fC:] adv. 迄今为止 · undetectable [7Qndi5tektEbl] adj. 未被发现的 · cornerstone [5kC:nEstEun] n. 基础 · cell biology [sel] [bai5ClEdVi]n. 细胞生物学 · genetics [dVi5netiks] n. 遗传学 · paleontology [7peiliCn5tClEdVi] n. 古生物学 · geology [dVi5ClEdVi] n. 地质学 · statistics [stE5tistiks] n. 统计学 · exquisitely [ek5skwizit] adv. 非常地 095 Fossils are most commonly found in limestone, sandstone, and shale(sedimentary rock). Remains of organisms can also be found trapped in natural asphalt, amber, and ice. The hard, indigestible skeletons and shells of animals and the woody material of plants are usually preserved best. Fossils of organisms made of soft tissue that decays readily are more rare. Paleontologists use fossils to learn how life has changed and evolved throughout earth’s history. · fossil [5fasl] n. 化石 · limestone [5laimstEun] n. 石灰石 · sandstone [5sAndstEun] n. 砂岩 · shale [Feil] n. 页岩 · sedimentary rock [sedE5mentEri] [rCk] n. 沉积岩 · remains [ri5meins] n. 遗体 · organism [5C:^EnizEm] n. 有机生物 · trap [trAp] v. 困住 · asphalt [5AsfC:lt] n. 沥青 · amber [5AmbE] n. 琥珀 · indigestible [7indi5dVestEbl] adj. 不被吸收的 · skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨架 · shell [Fel] n. 外壳 · woody material [5wudi] [mE5tiEriEl]n. 木质材料 · preserve [pri5zE:v]v. 保存 · tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织 · decay [di5kei] v. 腐烂 · paleontologist [7peiliCn5tClEdVist] n. 古生物学者 · evolve [i5vClv] v. 进化 096 Basic Human Anatomy: Musculoskeletal System   The human skeleton consists of more than 200 bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments. The different parts of the body vary greatly in their degree of movement, which are effected by contractions of the skeletalmuscles, to which the bones are attached by tendons. Thus, the arm at the shoulder is freely movable, whereas the knee joint is definitely limited to a hingelike action, and the bones composing the skull are immovable. · anatomy [E5natEmi] n. 人体解剖 · musculoskeletal [7mQskjulEu5skelEtEl] adj. 肌肉与骨骼的 · skeleton [5skelitEn] n. 骨骼 · bind [blaind] v. 绑定，缔结 · tough [tQf] adj. 坚硬的 · inelastic [7inE5lAstik] adj. 无弹性的 · tissue [5tisu:] n. 组织 · ligament [5li^EmEnt] n. 韧带 · vary [5veEri] v. 不同，变化 · contraction [kEn5trAkFEn] n. 收缩 · muscle [5mQsl] n. 肌肉 · skeletal muscle [5skelitl] [5mQsl]n. 骨骼肌 · attach [E5tAtF] v. 缚上, 系上, 贴上 · tendon [5tendEn] n. 腱 · shoulder [5FEuldE] n. 肩 · knee joint [ni:] [dVCint]n. 膝关节 · hinge [hindV] adj. 枢纽; 门枢; 节点 · compose [kEm5pEuz] v. 组成 · skull [skQl] n. 头骨 097 There are two main types of bone. Compact bone, which makes up most of the bone of arms and legs, is very dense and hard on the outside. The structural units of compact bone are osteons, elongated cylinders that act as weight-bearing pillars, able to withstand any mechanical stress placed on the bone. The center of each osteon contains a hollow canal that acts as a central passageway for blood vessels and nerves. · compact bone [5kRmpAkt] [bEun]n. 密质骨 · make up [meik] [Qp]v. 组成 · dense [dens] adj. 密度大的 · osteon [5RstiRn] n. 骨单位(密质骨构造的基本单位) · elongated [5i:lCN^eitid] adj. 被拉长的 · cylinder [5silindE] n. 圆柱体 · pillar [5pilE] n. 柱状物 · withstand [wiT5stAnd] v. 经受得住 · canal [kE5nAl] n. 导管 · passageway [5pAsidVwei] n. 出入口 098 In some bones, internal to the compact bone is spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone, composed of a honeycomb network of bones that act as supporting beams. Spongy bone is designed to bear stress from several directions, such as that exerted on the pelvis in bending or stretching. The spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow containing the blood vessels that nourish spongy bone. Spongy bone is found in bones of the pelvis, ribs, breastbone, vertebrae, skull, and at the ends of the arm and leg bones. · spongy bone [5spQndVi] [bEun]n. 松质骨 · cancellous [kAn5selEs] adj. 网状骨质的: 具有间隙的、格子状的或多孔结构的 · cancellous bone [kAn5selEs] [bEun] n. 松质骨 · honeycomb [5hQnikEum] n. 蜂窝状物 · beam [bi:m] n. 梁 · pelvis [5pelvEs] n. 骨盆 · bend [bend] v. 使弯曲 · stretch [stretF] v. 伸展 · trabecula [trE5bekiElE] n. 小梁：任何结缔组织的支撑纤维，伸入一器官之中并构成该器官构架的一部分 · marrow [5mArEu] n. 骨髓 · breastbone [5brestbEun] n. 胸骨 · vertebra [5vE:tEbrE] n. 脊椎骨 099 The nervous system has two divisions: the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord; and the peripheral nervous system, including all neural tissue of motor and sensory systems. Impulses go to the central nervous system through sensory nerves and are carried away from it by the motor nerves. The motor system is further divided into the somatic ( or skeletal ) nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. The somatic motor system allows voluntary control over skeletal muscle with a few exceptions. The autonomic nervous system is largely involuntary and controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands. · nervous system [5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 神经系统 · division [di5viVEn] n. 部分 · central nervous system [sen5trEl][5sistEm] n. 中枢神经系统 · spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓 · peripheral nervous system [pE5rifErEl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 周围神经系统 · neural tissue [5njuErEl] [5tisu:]n. 神经组织 · motor [5mEutE] n. 运动肌 · sensory system [5sensEri][5sistEm] n. 感觉系统 · impulse [5impQls] n. 神经脉冲 · somatic nervous system [sEu5mAtik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm]n. 体神经系统 · skeletal nervous system [5skelitl][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 骨骼神经系统 · autonomic nervous system [7C:tE5namik][5nE:vEs] [5sistEm] n. 自主神经系统 · voluntary [5vRlEntEri] adj. 自主的 · cardiac [5kB:diAk] n. 心脏的 · smooth muscle [smu:T] [5mQsl]n. 平滑肌 100 Voluntary movement of head, limbs, and body is caused by nerve impulses arising in the motor area of the cortex of the brain and carried by cranial nerves or by nerves that emerge from the spinal cord to connect with skeletal muscles. · limb [lim] n. 肢 · arise [E5raiz] v. 起，兴起；发生 · cortex [5kC:teks] n. 大脑皮层 · cranial nerve [5kreiniEl] [nE:v]n. 颅神经 · emerge from [i5mE:dV] [frCm]v. 自……出现 · spinal cord [5spainl] [kC:d]n. 脊髓