农药环境毒害中小学PPT教学课件

第九章农药环境毒理第一节绪论一、农药的残留毒性问题生物富集:也称生物浓集，是指生物体从环境中能不断吸收低剂量的农药，并逐渐在其体内积累的能力。(P274)通过植物吸收后在生物体内的积累或经过食物链的生物富集，使人畜能得到会造成慢性毒害的亚致死剂量，引起有机体内脏机能受损或阻碍正常的生理代谢过程。(P269)第九章农药环境毒理第一节绪论农药的“三致性”：（三代繁殖试验）致畸性、致癌性、致突变性“三致”试验的结果，以及结合三代繁殖试验，神经毒性试验(主要是有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药)是当前衡量农药是否具有慢性毒性的重要标志。二、农药环境毒理与农药生态毒理农药环境毒理学研究范畴：研究农药进入田间后的环境行为与对非靶标生物的环境毒性。农药生态毒理学研究范畴：从生态的角度来考虑，研究对农药安全性的正确评估。农药在环境中的循环三、深入开展农药生态毒理研究在农药安全、合理使用上的意义生态毒理学的研究内容：1、研究污染物在物理环境中的释放、分布行为及其与物理、化学环境的相互作用；2、研究污染物入生物学环境及其变化情况；3、污染物在生态系中各种条件下有毒效应的定性、定量研究。第二节农药的环境行为与残留毒性一、农药的污染一种异物在环境中的行为包括释放、排泄、逸失、扩散、质流和渗滤、持留、吸收、蓄积、代谢、降解、聚合和矿化等。(一)、农田施药后药剂对作物的直接污染影响因素：农药性质、剂型、施用方法等吸收低剂量的农药，并逐渐在其体内积累的能力。第二节农药的环境行为与残留毒性(二)、作物对污染环境中农药的吸收根菜类、薯类吸收土壤中农药的能力强于叶菜。土壤的种类、土壤中有机质的含量对农药的吸收都有影响。(三)、生物富（浓）集与食物链：是指生物体从环境中能不断吸收低剂量的农药，并逐渐在其体内积累的能力。农药易在动物的肝、肾、脂肪等组织中，有些能随奶汁排出，或转移卵、蛋中。生物富集与食物链的陆生、水生生态模式二、农药的性质与残留1、含铅、汞等重金属元素的农药，由于经代谢或分解后，这些元素依然存在在作物或土壤、水质等自然环境中，它们对人、畜有一定的毒害。2、含砷的农药在环境中也是稳定的。3、DDT、六六六等有机氯杀虫剂性质稳定，脂溶性大，容易在人、畜体内积累，列入高残留品种。三、在自然环境、动物体中的残留动态（一）、对环境的污染1.对大气的污染2.对水系的污染3.对土壤的污染农药在土壤中的消失与农药的氧化作用、地下渗透、水解、土壤微生物分解等因素有关。三、在自然环境、动物体中的残留动态（二）、对动物的污染1.对水系动物的影响：甲壳类(虾)>鱼类2.对禽兽的影响：食物链3.对食品的污染4.对人体的污染四、农药在生态系统与环境中的代谢1.农药的变化形式可分为：衍生、异构化、光化(光异构化、光水解、光氧化)、裂解和轭合等；2.农药引起残留毒性的可能性可分为：农药母体本身所致、农药亲体与其某些代谢物共同所致、农药代谢产物所致以及农药中所含杂质所致等。农药残留包括有毒理作用的衍生物如降解或转化产物、代谢物、反应物以及杂质。第三节农药对害虫群落的影响及对非靶标生物的毒性一、农药对有害生物群落的影响（一）害虫的再猖獗原因：1、天敌的破坏；2、杀虫剂对害虫的刺激作用；3、化学药剂改变了作用的营养。（二）次要害虫上升（三）对杂草群落的影响二、农药对陆生有益生物的影响（一）对寄生性天敌昆虫的影响赤眼蜂(卵和幼虫耐药性强)，蚜茧蜂等（二）对捕食性天敌昆虫的影响菊酯类杀虫剂对瓢虫、草蛉的毒性大。昆虫生长调节剂对捕食性天敌安全。（三）对蜘蛛和捕食性螨的影响拟环纹狼蛛，纽氏钝绥螨，尼氏钝绥螨（四）对蜜蜂的影响：多数农药毒性大。（五）对家蚕的影响三、农药对水生生物的影响（一）农药对鱼、贝类的影响拟除虫菊酯类、鱼藤酮对鱼类毒性特别强。（二）农药对甲壳类动物、藻类的影响甲壳类动物对农药比较敏感。（三）防治农药对水生生物中毒的措施四、农药对土壤生物的影响（一）农药对土壤微生物的影响1.农药对土壤微生物区系的影响杀菌剂和熏蒸剂对微生物数量影响大。2.农药对土壤微生物活性的影响微生物数量、微生物呼吸量、生物量(生物循环中的碳和氮量)、氨化作用、固氮作用及酶的活性等3.土壤微生物对农药的分解作用：分解农药的微生物：细菌、放线菌、丝状菌、酵母、单细胞藻类等（二）农药对土壤动物的影响土壤动物群落了结构的变化，直接影响土壤的质量，进而对农作物产生直接或间接的影响。五、农药对蛙类等生物的影响表9-10农药对泽蛙蝌蚪的毒性（潘道一，1986）六、化学防治与生物防治的协调（一）根据天敌作用，适当调整防治阈值和防治指标（二）充分利用农药的选择性（三）培育和利用抗药性天敌抗药性草蛉、瓢虫、钝绥螨等。第四节农药的安全性评价一、预告危害所许的基础资料（一）在农药方面：有效成分、理化性质、制剂、活性谱、代谢与残留、毒性等。（二）从施用方面：剂型、施用方法、施药部位和时间、施药量等。二、建立农药防治病虫草害专家系统防治对象、保护对象、农药性质和防治谱、施药技术等。(一)预告危害在农药方面的基础资料1.有效成分的鉴定2.有效成分的物化性质3.工业品的组成4.制剂的性质5.生物活性6.代谢与残留研究7.对哺乳动物的毒理8.对其它动物的毒理学资料(二)农药施用方面的基础资料1.剂型2.施药方法3.施药部位与施药时间4.施药量与施药规模5.气候与地理位置从农药理化性质对环境危害性的预测1.水中溶解度影响农药在生态系中的分布，溶解度高的更易进入水系对水生生物构成威胁；2.农药的辛醇--水分配系数时预测农药易否被吸入生物体的重要参数；3.农药在土壤表面的吸附性关系到农药的渗滤、径流和降解的特性；4.农药的的挥发性影响到农药在土壤或水与空气之间的分布；5.农药降解与代谢速度与形式可直接预测农药的残留性与对环境的污染程度。二、建立农药防治病虫草害专家系统模式防治对象：种类、发生特点、危害特点、发育期、防治指标等；保护对象：种类、生育期、耐药性等；农药：种类、理化性质及异构体间的差异、环境行为、环境毒理等；施药技术：施药方式、施用频率等；环境中非靶标生物的特点：种类、发生期、耐药性等。第五节农药残留毒性的控制一、控制措施（一）农药的合理使用；（二）农药的安全使用；（三）进行受污作物（或产品）的去污处理，或用微生物去除土、水中的残存农药；（四）采用避毒措施；（五）发展高效低毒、低残留的农药。二、农药的安全使用问题1、最大残留允许量：供消费食物中允许的最大限度的农药残留。2、ADI值(AcceptableDailyIntake)：各种农药的每日允许摄入量是根据当前已知该农药对动物的生理影响，包括对下一代的影响而制定的，它是保证人类一生中如果每日摄入该剂量也不会引起毒害。每公斤体重每日允许摄入药物的毫克数来表示(mg/kg)。二、农药的安全使用问题3、安全等待期(安全间隔期)根据农药在作物上的降解、持留、代谢制定出的最后一次施药离作物收割的间隔天数。本章重点一、概念：每日允许摄入量、最大残留允许量、安全间隔期、生物富集二、农药在环境中的残留动态三、农药对生物圈中有害生物和非靶标生物的影响。四、论述在植物保护中，怎样做到安全、合理的用药。Unit9SavingtheearthByIvyriver2006.9.27Whatproblemsistheearthfacing?problemstheearthisfacing:airpollutionwaterpollutionnoisepollutionsoilerosionwhitepollutionoverpopulationpovertywar&violence(rubbish)aidsWhatcanwedotohelptheearthsolvetheproblemsit’sfacing?Inordertohelptheearth,theUnitedNationsheldameetingtodiscusstheproblems.Question:What’sthenameofthemeeting?TheEarthSummit.WelcometotheEarthSummitearthsummitIntroductionBodyConclusionSampleoutlineIntroducetheEarthSummittothereaders.WhatwecandoBriefintroductionsustainabledevelopmentpoorsanitationresponsibilitiestakeactionwillingnesseducationinharmonywithParaMainideaKeywords1A1to1972&2002EarthSummitsTakebettercareoftheearth,problemsfacingourplanet,progressmade,oneofthetheme22ThebigthreeandtheresultscausedbythemThreebiggestkillers,contaminateddrinkingwater,3,airpollution3The4OftherichercountriesPoverty,war,violence,dowhatevertohelp,Prosper,sustainabledevelopment4HowtosavetheearthUnderstand,existingseriousproblem,5,changinghowwelive6…UnderstandingoftheEnvironmentandtheir6　　　toactareimportantStudents,learningmore,earthissues,betterUnderstandingofenvironment,willingnesstoact,whattodotohelp7Oneofthesolutionstotheproblems---7Keytofuture,buildabettersociety,8nature,putanendto,death&suffering,causedbythebigthree…1.WhenandwherewasthefirstEarthSummitheld?2.What’sthepurposeofthefirstEarthSummit?3.Wherewasthe2002EarthSummitheld?4.What’sthemainthemeofthisEarthSummit?ReadPara.1:1.WhenandwherewasthefirstEarthSummitheld?2.What’sthepurposeofthefirstEarthSummit?In1972inStockholm,Sweden.Tosharetheideasaboutwaystotakebettercareoftheearth.3.Wherewasthe2002EarthSummitheld?4.What’sthemainthemeofthisEarthSummit?InJohannesburginSouthAfrica.Oneofthemainthemesofthesummitwas“sustainabledevelopment”,orthequestionhowwecancontinuedevelopingtheworldwithoutdamagingtheenvironment.ReadPara.2:1.What’sthe“bigthree”?2.Howmanypeoplediefromthe“bigthree”everyyear?3.Howmanypeoplediefromairpollutioneveryyear?1.What’sthe“bigthree”?contaminateddrinkingwaterpoorsanitationairpollutionthethreebiggestkillersintheworld2.Howmanypeoplediefromthe“bigthree”everyyear?3.Howmanypeoplediefromairpollutioneveryyear?Morethansevenmillion.Almostthreemillion.ReadPara.3:1.Whatotherproblemsweretalkedaboutinthemeeting?2.Globaldevelopmentisnecessary.Atthesametime,globaldevelopmenthasbadeffect(影响)onus.Inthetext,what’sthebadeffect?3.WhatdidChina’sthenPremierZhuRongjistress?Andwhatshouldthedevelopedcountriesdo?1.Whatotherproblemsweretalkedaboutinthemeeting?Poverty,warandviolence.2.Globaldevelopmentisnecessary.Atthesametime,globaldevelopmenthasbadeffect(影响)onus.Inthetext,what’sthebadeffect?Alltoooften,globaldevelopmentmeansrichpeoplegetricherwhilethepoorgetpoorer.theneedforequalityandfairnessintheworldChina’sthenPremierZhuRongjistressedRichcountrieshavearesponsibilitytowardspoorcountriesandmustdowhatevertheycantohelpothers.3.WhatdidChina’sthenPremierZhuRongjistress?Andwhatshouldthedevelopedcountriesdo?ReadPara.4:1.Howcanwesavetheearth?Onlybychangingthewaywelivecanwesavetheearth.ReadPara.5Whatdidthevisitorsayinourtext?“HadIknownthatairconditionerscausesomuchpollution,Iwouldneverhaveboughtone.Notuntilweknowmorewillwebeabletoimprovethesituation.Ifallofusmakesmallchanges,wecouldmakeabigdifference.”ReadPara.4-6:DoyouthinktheEarthSummitismeaningfulandhelpful?Why?themeaningoftheEarthSummit:Tohelppeopleunderstandthatthereexistsseriousproblemsandthatthereisstilltimetotakeaction.(Abetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentisnecessary,asisthewillingnesstoact.)Totelluswhatwecandotohelp.ReadPara.7:1.Inordertosolvetheproblem,what’sthemostimportantthinginthefuture?2.Whyiseducationsoimportant?Inordertosolvetheproblem,what’sthemostimportantthinginthefuture?2.Whyiseducationsoimportant?Educationisthekeytothefuture.Withbettereducation,peoplewillbeabletobuildabettersocietyinharmonywithnatureandperhapsputanendtothedeathandsufferingcausedbythebigthree.b.Muchofthepovertycanbewipedout.c.Thereisagoodchancethatwewillseelessviolenceandfewerwars.WhichisTRUEabouttheEarthSummit?It’sheldevery3yearsinStockholm.Sofarithasbeenheldtwice:in1972andin2002.C.Sustainabledevelopmentistheonlythemeofthesummit.D.Atthesummitpeoplediscusshowtotakegoodcareoftheearth.2.Whichofthefollowingisthemaincauseofmillionsofdeathsinruralareas?A.LackofdrinkingwaterB.PoorsanitationC.AirpollutionD.Freezingcold3.Accordingtothetext,airpollutionalonecausesabout_____ofallthedeathsintheworldeveryyear.A.6.5%B.15%C.20%D.35%4.Atthesummit,China’sthenPremierZhuRongjiprobablymentionedthefollowingEXCEPT_______.InternationalcooperationSustainabledevelopmentWaysofpreventingsomediseasesfromspreadingEqualityandfairnessintheworld.5.Thefourthparagraphsuggeststhat______.It’snottoolateforustodosomethingtosavetheearth.Weneedn’tbesoworriedabouttheenvironmentoftheearth.Thereareproblemsfacingtheearth,butnotseriousenough.Wewillchangeourwayoflifesoonerorlater.6.Onevisitor’swordsarequotedinthetextinordertoshow_______.thattheEarthSummitisverypopularamongordinarypeoplethatwecanhelpsavetheearthbychangingourwayoflifehowwecandeveloptheworldwithoutdamagingtheenvironmenthowpeoplecanstopthedeathandsufferingcausedbythe“bigthree”7.“Abetterunderstandingoftheenvironmentisnecessary,asisthewillingnesstoact.”Theunderlinedwordcanbereplacedby______.A.whichB.soC.andD.but8.Thekeytosolvingthemajorproblemsfacingtheearthis_______.A.toeducatethepeopleoftheworldB.toimprovethelivingconditionsofthepeopleC.totreatpeopleequallyandfairlyD.toholdconferencesliketheEarthSummitfrequently9.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?A.DifferentcountrieshavedifferentopinionsaboutdevelopmentB.Equalityandfairnessarebadlyneededinthetoday'sworldC.TheEarthSummitisawaytosavetheearthD.Sustainabledevelopment,thefuturefortheworld10.Howmanypeopleonearthdonothaveaccesstocleanwater?20%A.getclosetoB.havechancestouseC.befreetouseD.getmeanstoapproachTask1:debate:AsweknowtheEarthSummitisaplacetofindsolutionsforthefuture.Somepeoplesaythatmoneycansolveallproblems,butsomesayeducation.Whichonedoyouagree?MoneyorEducation?Task2:ifyouhavethechancetoattendtheEarthSummit,whatwillyoudo?Wateristhesourceoflife,butitisnotinexhaustible.Ifwedidnottakeactionnow,thelastdropofwaterintheworldwouldbeman’stear!水是生命之源，但它却不是取之不尽，用之不竭的。如果我们现在不采取行动，世界上的最后一滴水将是人类的眼泪！1.what’s________hereisthewholefutureoftheindustry.A.atquestionB.inquestionC.atissueD.atproblematissue=inquestion=beingdiscussed/debatedHaveyouseenthelatest~~ofthemagazine?issue=importanttopicfordiscussion;pointinquestionEg.debate/avoid/confuse/raiseanissueissue=oneofaregularseriesofpublications（出版物的）期号issuestamps/shares/themagazineV.=publish2.________（概括的说），thesubjectissoimportant.Insummarysummarize/summariseV.=sumupHesummarised/summeduphisspeechinafewwords.make/write/giveasummaryof…写摘要3.TheGreens_____toliveasimplelife.A.arecontentB.iscontentC.arecontentedD.iscontentedcontentn.predictitscontentcontentadj.becontenttodosthHeiscontenttoremainwhereheisnow.他安于现状=bewillingtodobecontentwithsth=besatisfiedwithDon’tbecontentwithsmallsuccess.contentsb./oneselfwithsthV.一块冰淇淋足以让小孩子满足了。Anicecreamisenoughtocontentthechild.4.A.berepresentative(ofsb./sth.)adj=betypicalofsb/sth我是代表其他成员提出要求的.Mydemandisrepresentativeofthat（=thedemand）oftheothermembersB.arepresentativeofsb/sthn.=typicalexampleofaclassorgroup典型，有典型的人或事物展览会是现代中国艺术的代表TheexhibitionisarepresentativeofthemodernChineseart.alegalrepresentative法定代理人5.Swittzerlandhas______thesea_____theRiverRhine.A.anaccessto;byB.accessto;viaC.anaccessto;throughD.accessto;acrossgain/get/haveaccesstoA.accesstosth=approachtosth什么是成功之道？Whatistheaccesstosuccess?B.accesstosb/sth=meansofapproachingorentering(aplace);wayin（接近或进入某地方的方法；通路=opportunityorrighttousesthorapproachsbIt’sdifficulttogainaccesstohim.接近他很难6.onearth/ontheearthWhat_______doyoumean？你究竟是什么意思？when,what,who,where,how,why…onearth/intheworldusedforemphasislook/be/feellikenothingonearth=verybad;unwell;peculiar他穿着奇装怪服难看级了Helookslikenothingonearthinthosestrangeclothes.onearth7.Ihaveneverbeentothis____island_____before.A.alone;lonelyB.alone;aloneC.lonely;lonelyD.lonely;alone1.,alone:A.withoutanycompanionsIdon’tlikegoingoutaloneafterdark.B.withoutthehelpofotherpeopleorthingsIprefertoworkonitalone.2.leave/letsb/sthalonenottrytoinfluenceorchangesb/sth;nottouchsb/sth不想左右或改变某人；不触摸我早告诉过你——不要动我的东西I’vetoldyoubefore---leavemythingsalone.3.letaloneIhaven’tdecidedonthemenuyet,letalneboughtthefood.我还没决定吃什么菜呢，更不必说买好了=withoutconsidering不必考虑8.Hecamehere______toseeyou,____afterheheardthatyoureturnedfromabroad.A.specially;mainlyB.especially;speciallyC.specially;especiallyD.especially;especially9.Ifwe____todeveloptheworldsuccessfully,wemustmakethateveryoneisabletotakepartinthenewworldwecreate.A.oughtB.aregoingC.areD.readybetodosthA.expressingduty;necessityYouaretoreporttothepolice.B.expressingarrangement;purpose;intentionTheyaretobemarried.C.expressingposibilityThebookwasnottobe(couldnotbe)found.D.expressingdestinyHewasnevertoseehiswifeagain.10.Theendoftheholidaycame_____soon.A.alltooB.toomuchC.tooonlyD.nonetooall+too/adjs/advs=morethandesirable过于alltoooften/soon/quickly他过于兴奋Hewasalltooexcited.11.AmongthespeakerswasChina’sthenPremierZhuRongji,whostressedtheneedforqualityandfairnessintheworld.A.thenattrib.ThethenPrimeMinistertookherhusbandwithheronallhertravels.当时的首相每次外出都与夫偕行B.stress=putstressoremphasisonsth在会议上，他强调了教育的重要性。Hestressedtheimportanceofeducationatthemeeting.lay/putplacestressonsth重视/强调一些学生不重视英语学习。SomeStudentslay/putlittlestressonEnglishstudy.undergreatstress在很大的压力下Heisundergreatstressbecauseofhisnewwork.12.have/take/bear(a)responsibilityfor承担。。的责任It’sone’sresponsibilitytodosthIt’smyresponsibilitytolockthedoors.我负责锁门。beresposiblefor13.Ifyoudon’tgototheparty,______.A.SodoIB.nordoIC.sowillID.norwillIasisthewillingnesstoact=soisthewillingnesstoact14.Thekey___theproblemistomeetthedemand_____bythecustomers.tosolving;makingB.tosolving,madeC.tosolve;makingD.tosolve;madethekeytosth/doingsth=thingthatprovidesaccess,controlorunderstanding关键；要诀thekeytothequestions15.Hesoonfoundhimself____hisnewco-workers.A.inharmonywithB.alongwellwithC.getalongwellwithD.atharmonywithinharmony（withsb/sth）=agreeing/matching协调一致，相配大海与天空的和谐构成一幅美妙图画。harmony=agreement/pleasingcombinationofrelatedthings一致，匀称，协调Theharmonyofseaandskymakesabeautifulpicture.Mycatandmydogliveinperfectharmony.我的猫和狗生活的非常和谐。16.putanendtosth=stopsthfromhappeningabolishsth终止，废止我们结束争吵吧。Let’sputanendtothisquarrel.cometoanendThemeetingcametoanendearly.bring…toanendHebroughthislecturetoanendaround10o'clock.17.wipeoutA.cleantheinsideof搽拭。。。内部Thevasewasn’twipedoutproperlybeforeitwasputaway.这个花瓶没檫干净就收起来了。2.removeorcancelsth除去或取消某事物wipeout还清债物wipeoutone’sdebtsC.destroysthcompletelyDoctorsaretryingtowipeoutsuchadisease.医生正在尽力消除这种疾病18.Thereisachancethat…..chance=possibility/likelihoodchanceof(doing)sth/todosth/that有可能得到今晚演出的票吗？Isthereanychanceofgettingticketsfortonight?Shehasagoogchance/nochance/notmuchchance/onlyaslimchanceofwinning.takemeasures/stepstakeaction(on)becontenttodosthbecontentwithsthacontentedsmilehave/gain/getaccesston/vingwithviolencelay/put/placestressonunderthestressof…take/bear/haveresponsibilityfor…inharmonywith…outofharmonywith…putanendtosth;bringsthtoend采取措施采取行动乐于做某事对…满意一个满意的微笑通往…,有…权利/机会猛烈地,用力地强调,重视在压力下对…负责,有责任与…和谐与…不和谐结束wipeouthavenoalternativebutto…defendsbfrom…issuestampstakepartinhavewillingnesstodo…;bewillingtodo…airconditionerinco-operationwithsustainabledevelopmenthaveequalitywithdrawaconclusionliveinpovertymakeanoutline消灭,擦洗只好,别无选择不得不保护某人免遭…发行邮票参加愿意做某事空调与…合作可持续发展和…一样平等得出结论过得很贫穷列提纲对…更好的理解常常,经常取得很大进步交换意见地球上,究竟对…有害/不好少些农村劝某人做某事abetterunderstandingof…alltoooftenmakemuchprogressshareideasonearthbebadforbeharmfultolessofruralareaadvisesbtodosthadvisedoingsthadvisesbagainststh=advisesbnottodosth1.Tomisourr_________atthemeeting.2.Heisc________toliveinthecountryside.3.Thedead-endstreetwastheonlya______toherhome.4.Hes________thepointthatweshouldbepunctual.5.Imusttrytow______outthememoryoftheterribleevent.6.Therearea_______answerstoyourquestion.7.Shewasdeeplya______byhiswords.8.Themanknockedonthedoorwithgreatv______.epresentativeontentccesstressedipelternativeffectediolence1.学生应有使用好图书馆的便利条件.(access)Studentsmusthaveaccesstoagoodlibrary.2.用完浴缸后你擦洗了吗?Haveyouwipedoutthebathafterusingit?3.天气是我们耽搁的主要原因.(beresponsiblefor)Theweatherisresponsibleforthedelay.4.政府答应对空气污染采取行动.Thegovernmenthaspromisedtotakeactionontheairpollution.5.疾病开始侵袭他的视力.(affect)Thediseaseisbeginningtoaffecthereyesight.(sb)bring…toanend(sth)cometoanand(sth)drawtoanen(sb)putanendto…使…….结束完成，结束结束，制止Weshouldputanendtothewar.Themeetingcametoanendearly.Hebroughthislecturetoanendaboutteno’clock.接近尾声