国际商法课件第三章

ChapterThreeLawofAgency3.1NatureofAgencyandAgencyRelationships3.2CreationofAgency3.3DutiesofAgencyandPrincipal3.4LiabilityofPrincipalandAgenttoThirdParites3.5TerminationofAgencyKeyTermsagency代理agent代理人principle被代理人，委托人authorization授权voluntary意定代理statuory法定代理expressauthority明示授权impliedauthority默示授权apparentauthority表见授权agencybyratification追认授权agentforanamedprincipal显名代理agentforaunnamedprincipal隐名代理3.1NatureofAgencyandAgencyRelationships3.1.1DefinitionofAgencyAgencyis"afiduciaryrelationshipcreatedbyexpressorimpliedcontractorbylaw,inwhichoneparty(theagent)mayactonbehalfofanotherparty(theprincipal)andbindthatotherpartybywordsoractions.代理是指代理人（agent）按照被代理人（principle）授权或法律规定，代表被代理人同第三人订立合同或作其他的法律行为，由此而产生的权利与义务直接对被代理人发生效力。本人（Principle）代理人（Agent）第三人（Thethirdparty）委托代理权利义务实施法律行为（act）三方当事人：１．本人（principal）或称委托人２．代理人（agent）或称被委托人３．第三人（athirdperson）两种关系：１．内部法律关系（internalrelationship）本人与代理人的代理关系　Principal-agent(stipulatedbycontractofauthorization,contractofemployment,partnershipcontract)２．外部法律关系（externalrelationship）本人、代理人与第三人的法律关系Independentfrominternalrelationship特定情况下，代理人承担责任的情形：1.委托代理（1）代理人用明示或者暗示形式同意对该合同负责；（2）代理人在合同上签上自己的名字，或并未明确说明自己是代理人，代理人要对该合同负责。（3）代理人在签字蜡封合同上签名，即使注明自己是代理人，也要对该合同负责。（4）被代理人是虚构的情况下，代理人要对所订的合同负责。（5）商业惯例要求代理人对该合同负责。2.法定代理，被代理人是无行为能力。3.无权代理。两大法系的代理概念大陆法系（Civillaw）：一人为他人进行的法律行为。严格区别委任(内部关系)与授权（外部关系）。英美法系（Commonlaw）：通过他人去做的行为视同被代理人亲自所为的行为。建立在被代理人与代理人等同的理论。国际商事代理：是指代理人为取得佣金，依被代理人的授权，为被代理人的利益和第三人为商行为，是指一切营利性的营业行为，由此具有国际因素的被代理人、代理人及第三人之间产生权利义务关系的法律 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 。《国际货物销售代理公约》（ConventiononAgencyintheInternationalSaleofGood）规定：不论代理人以自己名义，抑或以被代理人名义之行为，均适用本公约。（Itappliesirrespectiveofwhethertheagentactsinhisownnameorinthatoftheprincipal.）代理的法律特征1．代理是具有法律意义的行为。2．代理是在代理权限范围内实施的行为。（法定、授权）3．本人（被代理人）对代理人的行为承担法律责任。4．代理的行为在法律上有不可代理性。如婚姻登记、收养子女等人身性行为。3.1.3AgencyRelationshipsPrincipal-agent（委托代理）Employer-employee（雇佣关系）Employer-indepndent（雇主独立）Principal-agent（委托代理）Principal-agentrelationshipisthearrangementthatexistswhenonepersonorentity(calledtheagent)actsonbehalfofanother(calledtheprincipal).Ingeneral,acontractisusedtospecifythetermsofaPrincipal-agentrelationship.employer-employee（雇佣关系）Theemployer-employeerelationshipisoneinwhichanagent(employee)whoworksforandissubjecttothecontroloftheprincipal(employer)mayenterintocontractualrelationshiponthelatter'sbehalf.Employer-indepndent（雇主独立）Anindependentcontractorisanaturalperson,businessorcorporationwhichprovidesgoodsorservicestoanotherentityundertermsspecifiedinacontractorwithinaverbalagreement.Unlikeanemployee,anindependentcontractordoesnotworkregularlyforanemployerbutworksasandwhenrequire,duringwhichtimesheorhemaybesubjecttotheLawofAgency.Generally,independentcontractorsretaincontroloverscheduleandnumberofhousworks,jobsaccepted,andperformanceoftheirjob.Exampleofoccupationswhereindependentcontractorarrangementsaretypical：（1）GeneralPractitioner（2）Taxianddrivers（3）Freelancers（4）Entertainer（5）ProfessionalWrestlers（6）Lawncareworkers（7）NewspaperCarriresTodeterminewhetheraworkerisanemployeeoranindependentcontractor,courtsconsiderthefollowing:(1)Howmuchdirectionandcontroltheemployerexercisesoverthedetailoftheperson'swork;(2)whetherthepersonisengagedinanoccupationorbusinessdistinctfromthatoftheemploy;(3)whethertheworkthepersonperformsisusuallydoneundertheemployer'sdirectionorwithoutemployersupervision;(4)whosuppliestoolsusedbytheperson;(5)thedurationoftheperson'semployment;(6)whatdegreeofskillisrequiredoftheworker;FactsCourtsConsidersE’eeI.C.Doestheemployerexerciseagreatdealofcontroloverthedetailsoftheperson’swork?YesNoIsthepersonengagedinanoccupationorbusinessdistinctfromthatoftheemployer?NoYesIstheworkdoneundertheemployer’sdirectionorsupervision?YesNoDoesthepersonsupplytoolsusedbytheperson?YesNoHasthepersonemployedalongtime?YesNoIstheworkerpaidattheendofthejob?NoYesIsthereagreatdegreeofskillrequired?NoYesEmployeev,IndependentContractorRelationshipAnindependentcontractorintortTheemployerofanindependentcontractorisgenerallynotheldvicariouslyliableforthetortiousactsandomissionsofthecontractor.How,vicariousliabilitywillbeimposedinthreecircumstances:（1）wherethecontractorsinjuresaninviteetotherealpropertyoftheempolyer;（2）thecontractorsisinvolvedinanultra-hazardousactivity（onelikelytocausesubstantialinjure,suchasblastingwithexplosive）（3）theempolyerisestoppedformdenyingliabilitybecausehehasheldouttheindependentcontractorasifheweresimplyanemployeeoragent.3.2CreationofAgencyBasicsforCreationofAgency1.Formationofanagency2.CapacityoftheParties3.Non-delegableDutiesofPrincipalsCreationofAgency1.ByExpressContractorConsensualAgreementTheagencyrelationshipisalwaysconsensual.2.BytheConductofthePartiesImpliedcontractsofagencymaybejudiciallydeterminedbecausethewordsofactionsofthepartieswouldleadotherstobelievethatanagencyexsited,thatonepartywasactingforanother.3.ByRatificationofanUnauthorizedActEventhoughwasnoagecywhenan"agent"performedavaildactostensiblyonbehalfanotherperson,thatpersonmayratifytheactacceptingitsresultsafterthefact.4.ByEstoppel5.ByNecessity两大法系的规定大陆法系意定代理（voluntary）是指被代理人的授权而产生的代理。这种代理是基于意思表示二产生。法定代理（statutory）是指被代理人于法律上或事实上不能为法律行为时，按照法律直接规定由他人代为进行法律行为的代理。法定代理权：（1）根据法律规定而享有代理权。（2）根据法院的选任而取得代理权。（3）因私人的选任而取得代理权。大陆法系意定代理。根据被代理人意思表示（委托授权）而产生的代理。（口头、书面）本人第三人代理人（被代理人）（相对人）名义缔结法律效力大陆法系直接代理：代理人在代理权限内以代理人的身份，即以被代理人的名义与第三人订立合同的行为。间接代理：即指代理人以自己的名义，但是为了被代理人的利益而与第三人订立合同，日后再将其权利与义务通过另外一个合同让与被代理人的代理行为。英美法系1、实际授权（ActualAuthority）2、表见授权（ApparentorOstensibleAuthority）3、职业或惯常授权4、必要的授权（Agencyofnecessity）5、追认授权（Agencyofratification）1、实际授权（ActualAuthority）（1）Expressauthority（2）Impliedauthority（1）Expressauthority明示授权CreatedbytheexpressauthorizationofprincipalMostcommonlyused.Writing/oralExample:AlfredisauthorizedbywrittenagreementtocollectrentsfromabuildingwhichPeterowns.Forthisheistoreceive2percentofallamountshecollects.明示授权：即指被代理人和代理人之间以明确的意思表示达成建立代理关系的 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 ，代理人通过被代理人的明示指定或委任而实际享有的代理权。（2）ImpliedauthorityImpliedauthorityincludesadditionalauthoritythatanagentmayreasonablyassumetoimplementtheexpressauthority.Therecanbenoimpliedauthorityunlessfirstthereisexpressauthorityuponwhichtheimpliedauthorityisbased.默示授权：暗示代理是因双方存在的关系或特别的行为而产生的代理。三种情况：第一，由默示而存在的代理权；第二，附带授权，由于被代理人的明示委任并不一定能详尽地说明代理人在实际行动中所应具有的一切权力；第三，习惯授权。 案例 全员育人导师制案例信息技术应用案例心得信息技术教学案例综合实践活动案例我余额宝案例 被告公司的一秘书负责处理公司杂务。一天，秘书以公司名义租了辆劳斯莱斯，但却是用于自己与男友办婚礼用，被告认为秘书雇车私用，非公司业务，拒绝付款，法院认为公司的秘书有暗示的合理权限为公司目的订车，原告只认为秘书为被告的代理人，故公司应付款，至于私用问题只能由公司内部处理。2、表见授权（ApparentorOstensibleAuthority）IfthePrincipal'swordsorconductwouldleadareasonablepersonintheThirdParty'spositiontobelievethattheAgentwasauthorizedtoact,saybyappointingtheAgenttoapositionwhichcarrieswithitagency-likepower,thosewhoknowoftheappointmentareentitledtoassumethatthereisapparentauthoritytodothethingsordinarilyentrustedtooneoccupyingsuchaposition.表见代理：也称不容否认的代理权（agencybyestoppal）,是指被代理人虽没有对代理人加以明示委托，但如果他处于故意或疏忽，通过其言行使第三人有理由相信某人是其代理人而采取行动时，则他便不能否认其言行，而必须视为已向该代理人授权，并不得否认该代理人为其设定的与第三人的权利和义务的关系。表见代理（ApparentorOstensibleAuthority）（1）行为人以被代理人名义与相对人签订合同。（2）相对人与行为人之间订立合同应当符合合同成立和有效的要件要求。（3）客观上须有足以使相对人相信行为人具有代理权的情形。（4）相对人必须是善意的，且无过失。案例A公司业务员甲常年负责A公司与美国B公司的业务往来。7月1日，A公司开除了甲，但未及时告知B公司。7月11日，甲又以A公司名义与B公司签订了一份业务合同，该合同对A公司是否有效？案情：张立强以北京远景公司（以下简称“北京远景”）的名义与北方传媒公司（以下简称“北方传媒”）签订广告合同一份，约定：北方传媒为北京远景发布“柯林龙安84除菌系列”广告，广告金额为573460元。该份合同上留有北京远景的电话、厂址等，但没有加盖公章。合同签订后，张立强通过现金形式支付部分广告费后，该广告即在辽宁1、2、3、4频道予以播放。后在北方传媒催促张立强支付剩余广告款时，张立强用写有“北京远景“字样的公文用纸出具“广告费延付说明”一份，并加盖北京远景公章，确认该公司未能及时支付广告代理费305811元，并要求延期付款。北方传媒在多次催要未果后，诉讼至法院，要求北京远景支付广告费。北京远景以张立强非本公司职员、无授权委托关系、该产品虽系该公司生产，但该公司不负责销售，销售商为张立强所在单位等抗辩理由，认为应由张立强个人承担责任，并提供一份由张立强所在单位出具给北京远景的授权委托书，证明张立强的身份及其所在单位委托北京远景生产该广告产品的事实。本案在审理中，北京远景向法院提出鉴定 申请 关于撤销行政处分的申请关于工程延期监理费的申请报告关于减免管理费的申请关于减租申请书的范文关于解除警告处分的申请 ，要求对北方传媒提交的“广告费延付说明”上的印鉴真实性进行鉴定。经公安部鉴定后结论为：印章与工商局预留样本印文不同。例外：（不构成表见代理）1、盗用他人介绍信、盖有合同专用章的空白合同书签订合同的2、冒用他人介绍信、盖有合同专用章的空白合同书签订合同的3.职业或惯常授权即以某种代理行为为职业的人，如拍卖商、不动产代理人、代理商、律师、合伙人、公司总经理或公司秘书等，其所享有的代理权可以扩大到这类代理人的职业通常所享有的权利范围。4、必要的授权（agencyofnecessity）Anagencybynecessityiscreatedlawfullywhencircumstancesmakesuchanagencynecessarytoprotecttheprincipal’sproperty.是指在特定的紧急情况下，某人依法律推定取得一种代理别人进行活动的代理权，他所实施的处分行为的结果及于被代理人。按英美法院的判例，须具备以下4个条件：（1）代理产生的事由必须是实际的、确定的、具有商业必需性质的紧急情况；（2）代理事由发生时，代理人必须处于根本无法与被代理人联系以取得被代理人指示，或虽能与被代理人联系但被代理人联系但被代理人却不作指示的境况之中。（3）代理人必须是出于善意的，并考虑到了所有相关当事人的利益。（4）代理人必须是合理谨慎地为代理行为。Facts:AnEnglishcompanyauthorizedaPolishcompanytopurchasepeltries(皮货)inPoland.ThisPolishfailedtocontacttheprincipalduetothebreakofwar.SohesolditanddepositedthesalesincomeonbehalfoftheEnglishcompany.However,thepeltriespriceincreasedsharplyduringthewar.SotheEnglishcompanysuedthePolishcompanyfordamage,becauseitdidn’tauthorizethePolishcompanytosellthepeltries.ThePolishcompanyanswereditssalesconductistheagencybynecessity?Answer:Furiseasytopreserve,Orthestoragethatwillnotgreatlyreducetheoriginalvalue,therefore,cannotthinkofthedefendantcompanyBhastheobjectiveessentialproxyshallsufferdamagesbecauseofthelossofAbehavior.[斯佩内葛诉威斯特铁路公司案]（1921）铁路公司替原告运一批西红柿到A地由于铁路工人罢工，西红柿被堵在半路上，眼看西红柿将腐烂，铁路公司就地卖掉了，法院认为，虽然铁路公司虽然是善意的，保护原告的利益，但当时是可以通知原告的，在可以联系而未联系的情况下私自处理他人的财物，不能算是具有客观必须的代理权，被告败诉。5.Agencybyratification追认授权Unauthorizedact:Anagentexceedsthelimitedauthoritygranted.Anonagentactsasagentforanother.Ratificationistheprincipal’sadoptionoftheagent’spreviouslyunauthorizedact.LegaleffectofratificationNotbindingforprincipalwithoutratification.Iftheprincipalacceptstheresultsoftheagent’sact,thentheprincipalisbound,justasifheorshehadauthorizedtheindividualtoactasagency.Ratificationisthecasethattheprincipalaccepttheagent’spreviouslyunauthorizedactafterward.Ratificationarisesintwogeneralsituations:(a)anagentexceedsthelimitsofhisauthoritygrantedbytheprincipal;(b)anon-agentpurporttoactasanagentforanother.RequirementsforRatification1.Thecourtsgenerallyholdthataprincipalcanratifyonlyiftheagent,indealingwiththethirdparty,hasindicatedthatheorsheisactingforaprincipalandnotinhisorherownbehalf.2.Atthetimeofratification,theprincipalmusthaveknownorhadreasontoknowoftheessentialfactsaboutthetransaction.Whatthismeansisthattheprincipalmusthaveeitheractualknowledgeoftherelevantfactsorsufficientknowledgesothatitwouldhavebeeneasytofindoutwhattheessentialfactswere.3.Ratificationmustoccurwithinareasonabletimeaftertheprincipallearnedofthetransaction.4.Iftheprincipalratifies,heorshemustratifytheentiretransactionratherthanratifyingthatpartwhichistohisorheradvantageandrepudiatingthatwhichistohisorherdisadvantage.5.Thetransactionobviouslymustbelegal,andtheprincipalmusthavethecapacityrequiredtobeapartytothetransaction.6.Ifanyformalities(suchasawriting)wouldhavebeenrequiredforanoriginalauthorization,thesameformalitiesmustbemetinratifyingthetransaction.LegaleffectofratificationNotbindingforprincipalwithoutratification.Iftheprincipalacceptstheresultsoftheagent’sact,thentheprincipalisbound,justasifheorshehadauthorizedtheindividualtoactasagency.追认授权：即指代理人未经被代理人明示或默示授权或超越代理权，而以被代理人的名义实施代理行为，被代理人事后对此予以追认或不明示否认，代理人由此获得了追认的代理权。要求：追认不得破坏或损害第三人在追认时的既得权利。如果代理人未经授权或者超出了授权范围而以被代理人的名义同第三人订立了合同，这个合同对被代理人是没有拘束力的但是被代理人可以在事后批准或承认这个合同，这种行为叫做追认。（1）代理人在与第三人订立合同时必须声明他是以代理人的身份订立合同；（2）合同只能由订立合同时已经指出姓名的被代理人或可以确定姓名的被代理人来追认；（3）追认该合同的被代理人必须是在代理人订立合同时已经取得法律人格的人；（4）被代理人在追认该合同时必须了解其主要内容；（5）必须在合理时间内，作出全部的追认；无权代理：行为人不具有代理权，而以被代理人的名义与第三人订立合同或进行其他民事活动。（1）未经授权，也不具备默示授权条件的代理（2）授权行为无效的代理（3）越出授权范围行事的代理（4）代理权过期消灭后的代理无权代理人所做的代理行为，如与第三人订立合同或处分财产等，非经本人的追认，对本人是没有约束力的，如果善意的第三人由于无权代理人的行为而遭受损失，该无权代理人应对善意的第三人负责，所谓“善意”是指第三人不知道该代理人是无权代理，如果第三人明知代理人没有代理权而与之订立合同，则属于咎由自取，法律上不予保护。某书画装裱店与著名书画家唐伯虎签订了一份委托年画作品创作合同。双方约定，唐伯虎交付书画店20副年画作品，书画店支付唐伯虎50000元报酬。但隔日，唐伯虎外出郊游时因不慎滑倒致使右手拇指受伤，不能创作，于是他委托他妻子秋香代为创作了全部书画，以此交付，书画店支付了全部报酬。但是不久书画店感到作品风格与唐伯虎不同，遂请专家鉴定，结果发现属他人作品。[问题]1．唐伯虎能否委托他的妻子代理其创作?2．唐伯虎妻子的行为是否属于无权代理?3.3DutiesofAgencyandPrincipal3.3.1DutiesofagenttoprincipalFiduciarydutyofLoyaltyDutyofcareDutyofobedienceDutyofaccountingDutyofnotify（communication）3.3.2DutiesofPrincipaltoAgentDutytopaycommission（compensate）DutytoreimburseandindemnifyDutytokeepaccountsFiduciarydutyofLoyaltyTheagentowesafiduciarydutyofgoodfaith(诚信)andutmostloyalty(忠实)totheprincipal.1）Conflictsofinterest；2）Double-agentprohibition；3）Self-dealingprohibition；4）Competitionprohibition；5）Protectconfidentialinformation；Case:AugustretainedBordentoactasabrokerinthesaleofhishouse.Bordenobtainedacorporationtobuythehouse.WhenAugustfoundthatBordenwasanofficerofthatcorporation,didhehavetherighttoavoidthecontractofsale?Double-agentProhibitionYes.Personscannotactasagentsforpartieswithadverseinterests.Self-dealingprohibitionTheagent’sownpersonalfinancialinterestscannotdirectlyconflictwiththeprincipal’sfinancialinterest.Theagentcan’tbethebuyer/selleriftheprincipalistheseller/buyerTheagentcan’tcompetewiththeprincipal(non-competitionagreementforexample).Facts:companyAauthorizedcompanyBtopurchaseamachinein2000.CompanyBorderedmachinefromitselfandsoldtoA.ConfidentialityConfidentialityisnecessarybecauseprincipalsoftenprovideconfidentialinformationtotheiragentstofurtherthebusiness,suchastradesecrets,businessplans,financialplans,customerlists,salestactics,Manufacturingtechnologies,NewproductinformationDutyofcareAgentmustusereasonableskillandcareinconductingtheprincipal’sbusiness.Doesthelawrequiretheagentguaranteessuccess?NoIsthefactofnottobepaidaffecthisdutyofcare?NoDutyofobedience（obeyInstructions）Agentsmustgenerallyobeyanyreasonabledirectionstheprincipalprovidesthatwillimpacttheprincipal’sbusiness,andisliableforanylossifhedeviates.ExceptionInstructionsareillegal,immoraloragainstpublicpolicy.Intheeventofasuddenemergency.DutyofaccountingAllpropertyandfundsbelongingtotheprincipalarerequiredtobeaccountedforadequately.Theagent’sindividualpropertymustbekeptseparatefromtheprincipal’sproperty.Case:DutiesofagenttoprincipalFacts:MarryauthorizedPeter,arealestatebrokertofindabuyerforherfarmland.Petergotinformationthatthelandpricewillincreasesharplysohedecidedtobuyithimselfatthepriceof$800peracreandsignedcontractwithMarry.However,afterthatMarryfoundanotherbuyerandsoldthelandatthesameprice.Peterlaterfoundabuyeratthepriceof$1250.Petersuedfordamages.Issue:canPetergetthiscompensation?Whichdutieshavebeenbroken?Decision:Asanagent,PeterbrokehisdutiessoMarryhastherighttoavoidthecontract.DutyofloyaltyCommunicationDutiesofPrincipaltoAgentDutytopaycommission（compensate）theamountandtimetopayisdecidedby:Agreement,PeterauthorizesMarrytobuycomputer.ItstatesthatMarrycanget$20foritintheiragreement.Noagreement,custom,e.g.inChina,thetenementrentagentchargestherentofonemonthascommission.Contingentcompensation(权变报酬)Thecompensationismadecontingentlyonresults.Salesagents:paidanagreed-onpercentageofthevalueofthesalestheymadeLawyers(intortactions):contingentfees,iftheywinthecasefortheplaintiff,theygotsomeshare(often1/3)oftherecovery;iftheyfail,nocompensation.Iftheprincipalnegotiatesandconcludesthecontractwiththethirdpartydirectly,shallhepaycommission?AgreementofagencyNostatementinagreementAgent’scontribution:paidNoagent’scontribution:notpaidForthesubsequentcontracts?AgencycontractexpiresAgreementofagencyNoagreement:Procuringcause(引致原因)Whenanagentwastheprimaryfactorinapurchaseorsale,hemaybeentitledtocompensationregardlessofwhoeventuallycompletesthesale.Thisruleisdesignedtopermitagenttocollectcommissiononsalescompletedafterterminationoftheagencyrealtionshipifthesaleprimarilyresultedfromtheagent'scommissions.DutytoReimburseandIndemnifyIftheagentisactingwithinthescopeofauthority,theprincipalhasadutytoreimbursetheagentforexpenses;toindemnifytheagentforlosses.Ifexpensesorlossesarecausedbytheagentfault,theprincipalwillnotberequiredtoreimburseorindemnify.example:Davidisasalespersonforacompany.HeisinChicagowhenheisaskedtogotoaforeigntradeshow.Heuseshisownfundstopayworkerstosetupthecompany’sboothattheshow.Thecompanyhasadutytoreimbursehimforhisexpense.DutytokeepaccountsTheprincipalhasadutytokeeprecordsbywhichthecommissionduetheagentcanbedetermined.Example:anemployermustkeepandmakeavailabletoasalespersonarecordofthesalesonwhichcommissionshavebeenearned.3.3.3RemediesAvailabletoEachSide1.RemediesAvailabletoPrincipal(1)Terminatetheagent'scontractofemployment;(2)Withholdcompensationotherwiseduetotheagent;(3)Recoverprofittheagentmadeinviolationofagencyobligations;(4)Recovermoneyorpropertygainedorheldbytheagenttowhichtheprincipalisentitled(5)Restraintheagentfromcontinuingtobreachofthecontractofemploymentorassessedagainsttheprincipalfortheagent'swrongdoing;(6)Rescindacontractenteredintobytheagentbasedonanimproperrelationshipbetweentheagentandthethirdparty;2.RemediesAvailabletoAgent(1)Leavetheprincipal'semployment;(2)Recoverdamagesfortheprincipal'sbreachofcontract;(3)Recoverthevalueofsevicesrendered;(4)Obtainreimbursementforpaymentsmadefortheprincipal;(5)Secureindemnityforpersonalliabilitiessustainedwhileperformingananthorizedactthepricipal;3.4LiabilityofPrincipalandAgenttoThirdParties3.4.1ContractLiabilities3.4.2TortLiabilities3.4.3LiabilityforCrimes3.4.1ContractLiabilities1.ContractLiabilityofthePrincipal(1)ExpressAuthority(2)ImpliedAuthority(3)Ratification(4)ThirdParty'sDutytoDetermineAuthority2.ContractLiabilityoftheagent（1）ConduitTheory（2）UnauthorizedContracts（3）AuthorizedContracts3.4.2TortLiabilities1.LiabilitiesofthePrincipalsForTortsoftheagent(1)DirectLiability(2)TortsofIndependentContractors2.TortsLiabilityoftheagent3.4.3LiabilityforCrime3.5Terminationofagency3.5.1ActofthepartiesAccomplishmentofcontractpurposeLapseoftime:periodprescribedinagencycontract.MutualagreementUnilateralTermination:RevocationorRenunciation3.5Terminationofagency3.5.2OperationoflawIncapacity,bankruptcy,deathofprincipal,agentillegality,Impossibilityorimpracticality,LegaleffectofterminationDutiesbetweenprincipalandagent:terminated.Dutiestowardthethirdparty;Thethirdpartyisinformed:terminatedNotinformed:continueCase:PeterwasabusinessmanofcompanyAduring1999-2004.PeterwasinchargeofitsbusinessinFranceandnegotiatedandsignedmanycontractswithaFrenchcompanyBduringthatperiod.In2005March,PeterquitfromcompanyAbutcontinuedtosigncontractwithFrenchcompanytoorderclothes.CompanyAknewnothingaboutit.InOctober,companyBinformedAtotakedeliveryandaskedforpayment.CompanyArefusedandaskedtoavoidthecontract.Bsuedfordamage.