橡胶工艺学试题库

橡胶工艺学试题库 一、填空题 1. 生胶即尚未被交联的橡胶，由线形大分子或者带支链的线性大分子构成。 2. 生胶随温度的变化有三态，即玻璃态、高弹态和粘流态。 3. 橡胶按来源与用途可分为天然橡胶和合成橡胶两大类。 4. 合成橡胶分为通用合成橡胶和特种合成橡胶两大类。 5. 天然橡胶大分子链结构单元是异戊二烯。 6. 产量最大的一种合成橡胶是丁苯橡胶，其结构单元是苯乙烯和丁二烯。 7. 生产合成橡胶常用的聚合 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 是溶液聚合或乳液聚合。 8. 二元乙丙橡胶是完全饱和的橡胶，只能用过氧化物交联;三元乙丙橡胶主链 完全饱和，但含有一定不饱和的侧链。 9. 硫化是指橡胶的线型大分子链通过化学交联而构成三维网状结构的化学变 化过程。 10. 橡胶硫化体系的三个部分是硫化剂、活化剂、促进剂。 11. 橡胶硫化的历程可分为四个阶段:焦烧阶段、热硫化阶段、平坦硫化阶段、 过硫化阶段。 12. 促进剂可以降低硫化温度、缩短硫化时间、减少硫磺用量，又能改善硫化胶 的物理性能。 13. 橡胶中常用的填料按作用可分为补强剂和填充剂两大类。最主要的补强剂是 炭黑。 14. 炭黑按制造方法可分为炉法炭黑、槽法炭黑、热裂解炭黑、新工艺炭黑。 15. 白炭黑的化学成分是二氧化硅，可分为气相法和沉淀法两大类，其补强效果 次于炭黑。 16. 橡胶发生老化的主要因素有热氧老化、光氧老化、臭氧老化和疲劳老化。 17. 橡胶的增塑实际上就是增塑剂低分子与橡胶高分子聚合物形成分子分散的 溶液，增塑剂可看作是橡胶的稀释剂。 18. 橡胶中常用的增塑剂有石油系增塑剂、煤焦油系增塑剂、松焦油系增塑剂、 脂肪油系增塑剂、合成增塑剂。 19. 橡胶共混物的形态结构可分为均相结构、单相连续结构、两相联系结构。 be limited to no more than 2 days of work, material deposited in special insulated containers, material handling to gently and make use of thermal insulation material in windproof, waterproof, moisture-proof measure. 6.2 thermal design optimization for high-temperature special thermal insulation for piping support and hanger design, reduced heat dissipation of the hangers, ensure that the wall does not overheat. Small-diameter piping, thermal instrument layout and positioning of support and hanger design take fully into account the expansion space and insulation thickness. Large-diameter pipes after heat preservation plastering construction of valves, turbine, checking smooth surface, high temperature powder paint fully dry after. Protective coverings for electric equipment insulation boards designed with pressure plate, when ordering according to the installation diagram, model specifications publishing order, ensure when installing corners neat, uniform appearance, reduce the amount of on-site machining. Before valves, flange insulation shell construction, be sure to make a unified model, all valves, flanges, insulation cover unified, tidy and beautiful. When four parts such as pipes, boiler insulation, must do first article inspection, proof of design and construction methods, technology can meet the technological requirements, before extensive construction. Boiler steel beams, door opening boxes designed with insulation gaskets, flange cannot be oblique, even fastened. Back into the slope of the tubing during installation pay attention to the piping, oil station is a low point. Refueling must be controlled when casting material parts, select low thermal conductivity materials as far as possible, ensure that these parts do not overheat. 6.3 quality defects of insulation technology management optimization of construction process and develop a reasonable duration, regional transfer of strictly 20. 橡胶的配方 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 就是根据产品的性能要求和工艺条件，合理地选用原材料， 制订各种原材料用量和配比关系。 21. 橡胶工业中常用的混炼方法分为两种:间歇式混炼和连续式混炼。 22. 硫化可分为室温硫化和热硫化;后者分为直接硫化和间接硫化。 二、名词解释 1. 塑炼:通过机械力、热、氧或加入某些化学物质等方式，使橡胶由强韧的高弹态转变为柔软的塑性态的过程。 2. 混炼:通过适当的加工将配合剂与生胶均匀混合在一起，制成质量均一的混合物，完成这一加工操作的工艺过程称为混炼。 4. 压出:是使胶料通过挤出机机筒壁和螺杆间的作用，连续地制成各种不同形状半成品的工艺过程。 5. 正硫化:在工业上又称为最宜硫化，是橡胶制品性能达到最佳值时的硫化状态。 2. 三、简答题 1.什么是液体橡胶,与普通橡胶相比有什么优缺点,(15分) 指室温下为粘稠状可流动的液体，经适当的化学反应后可形成三维网状结构，成为具有与普通橡胶类似性能的材料。 优点:易于实现机械化、自动化、连续化生产，不需用溶剂、水等分散介质便看实现液体状态下的加工。 缺点:扩链后的强度及耐挠曲性不如固体橡胶，加工需另建系统，现有设备不适用，材料成本高。 2. 橡胶硫化后结构和性能发生那些显著变化(试指出至少五方面),(15分) 线型结构转变为体型结构;加热不再流动;不再溶于良溶剂中;模量和硬度提高;力学性能提高;耐老化性能和化学稳定性提高。 3. 什么是焦烧,防止焦烧的最直接 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 是什么,(15分) be limited to no more than 2 days of work, material deposited in special insulated containers, material handling to gently and make use of thermal insulation material in windproof, waterproof, moisture-proof measure. 6.2 thermal design optimization for high-temperature special thermal insulation for piping support and hanger design, reduced heat dissipation of the hangers, ensure that the wall does not overheat. Small-diameter piping, thermal instrument layout and positioning of support and hanger design take fully into account the expansion space and insulation thickness. Large-diameter pipes after heat preservation plastering construction of valves, turbine, checking smooth surface, high temperature powder paint fully dry after. Protective coverings for electric equipment insulation boards designed with pressure plate, when ordering according to the installation diagram, model specifications publishing order, ensure when installing corners neat, uniform appearance, reduce the amount of on-site machining. Before valves, flange insulation shell construction, be sure to make a unified model, all valves, flanges, insulation cover unified, tidy and beautiful. When four parts such as pipes, boiler insulation, must do first article inspection, proof of design and construction methods, technology can meet the technological requirements, before extensive construction. Boiler steel beams, door opening boxes designed with insulation gaskets, flange cannot be oblique, even fastened. Back into the slope of the tubing during installation pay attention to the piping, oil station is a low point. Refueling must be controlled when casting material parts, select low thermal conductivity materials as far as possible, ensure that these parts do not overheat. 6.3 quality defects of insulation technology management optimization of construction process and develop a reasonable duration, regional transfer of strictly 橡胶在加工过程中要经过塑炼、混炼、压延等工序，经受各种温度下不同时间热的作用。在加工工序或胶料停放过程中，可能出现早期硫化现象，即胶料塑性下降、弹性增加、无法进行加工的现象，称为焦烧。 防止焦烧的最直接措施是在配方中加入防焦剂。 4. 试以大分子链滑动学说说明炭黑的补强机理(15分)。 橡胶大分子能在炭黑表面上滑动，从而消除掉外来的一部分能量。炭黑粒子表面的活性不同，有少数强的活性点以及一系列能量不同的吸附点。吸附在炭黑表面上的橡胶链可以有各种不同的结合能量，有多数弱的范德华力的吸附以及少量强的化学吸附。吸附的橡胶链段在应力作用下会滑动伸长，发生形变，使外力对其做功，能量分散、消耗，而橡胶高分子长链不会发生断裂，相当于强度增加。 5. 什么是橡胶的老化,老化过程中期分子结构发生了哪些变化,(15分) 橡胶或橡胶制品在加工、贮存和使用的过程中，由于受内、外因素的综合作用(如热、氧、臭氧、金属离子、电离辐射、光、机械力等)使性能逐渐下降，以至于最后丧失使用价值，这种现象称为橡胶的老化。 分子链降解、分子链之间交联、主链或侧链发生改性。 6.举例说明橡胶老化的防护方法: 物理防护法:尽量避免橡胶与老化因素相互作用的方法。如:在橡胶中加入石蜡，橡塑共混，电镀，涂上涂料等。化学防护法:通过化学反应延缓橡胶老化反应继续进行。如:加入化学防老剂。 7. 什么是橡胶的热氧老化,影响热氧老化的外部因素主要有哪些,并作定性说明。 生胶或橡胶制品在热和氧两种因素的共同作用下发生的老化成为热氧老化。 温度:越高则老化越快; 氧的浓度:在一定范围内随氧浓度的升高而变化，超过一定浓度后无关。 金属离子:少量变价金属离子的存在会大大加速热氧老化。 8. 常用热氧老化防老剂的作用机理是什么(举三类分别说明)。 链终止型防老剂:其作用主要是与链增长自由基R?或RO?反应，以终止链2 增长过程来减缓氧化反应。 破坏氢化过氧化物性防老剂:机理是破坏氢过氧化物，使它们不生成活性游be limited to no more than 2 days of work, material deposited in special insulated containers, material handling to gently and make use of thermal insulation material in windproof, waterproof, moisture-proof measure. 6.2 thermal design optimization for high-temperature special thermal insulation for piping support and hanger design, reduced heat dissipation of the hangers, ensure that the wall does not overheat. Small-diameter piping, thermal instrument layout and positioning of support and hanger design take fully into account the expansion space and insulation thickness. Large-diameter pipes after heat preservation plastering construction of valves, turbine, checking smooth surface, high temperature powder paint fully dry after. Protective coverings for electric equipment insulation boards designed with pressure plate, when ordering according to the installation diagram, model specifications publishing order, ensure when installing corners neat, uniform appearance, reduce the amount of on-site machining. Before valves, flange insulation shell construction, be sure to make a unified model, all valves, flanges, insulation cover unified, tidy and beautiful. When four parts such as pipes, boiler insulation, must do first article inspection, proof of design and construction methods, technology can meet the technological requirements, before extensive construction. Boiler steel beams, door opening boxes designed with insulation gaskets, flange cannot be oblique, even fastened. Back into the slope of the tubing during installation pay attention to the piping, oil station is a low point. Refueling must be controlled when casting material parts, select low thermal conductivity materials as far as possible, ensure that these parts do not overheat. 6.3 quality defects of insulation technology management optimization of construction process and develop a reasonable duration, regional transfer of strictly 离基，延缓自动催化的引发过程，一般不单独使用，而是与酚类等抗氧剂并用，称为辅助防老剂。 金属离子钝化剂:主要是酰胺类、醛胺缩合物等，他们能与酚类和胺类防老剂有效地并用。主要是铜抑制剂和铁抑制剂，可有效降低金属离子的浓度。 9.什么是橡胶的疲劳老化,其老化机理目前主要有哪两种,其要点是什么, 指在多次变形条件下，使橡胶大分子发生断裂或者氧化，结果使橡胶的物性及其他性能变差，最后完全丧失使用价值，这种现象称为疲劳老化。 老化机理主要有机械破坏理论:认为橡胶的疲劳老化是有所施加到橡胶上的机械应力使其结构及性能产生变化，以至最后丧失使用价值。在该过程中的化学反应只是影响疲劳过程的一个因素。 力化学理论:认为橡胶的老化过程是在里的作用下的一个化学反应过程，主要是在力作用下的活化氧化过程。 10. 相容性如何影响橡胶共混物的形态结构, 热力学相容性是聚合物之间均匀混合的主要推动力。两种聚合物的相容性越好就越容易相互扩散而达到均匀的混合，过渡区也就宽广，相界面越模糊，相畴越小，两相之间的结合力也越大。 有两种极端情况:一是两种聚合物完全不相容，两种聚合物链段之间相互扩散的倾向极小，相界面很明显，其结果是混合较差，相之间结合力很弱，共混物性能不好。第二种极端情况是两种聚合物完全相容或相容性极好，这时两种聚合物可相互完全溶解而成为均相体系或相畴极小的微分散体系。这两种极端情况都不利于共混改性。一般而言，我们所需要的是两种聚合物有适中的相容性，从而制得相畴大小适宜、相之间结合力较强的复相结构的共混产物。 11(橡胶配方设计有什么原则, 总的目的是优质高产，物美价廉。 使产品性能满足使用的要求或给定的指标;在保证满足使用性能或给定的指标的情况下，尽量节约原材料和降低成本;或者在不提高产品成本的情况下提高产品的质量;要使胶料适合于混炼、压延、挤出、硫化等工艺操作以及有利于提高设备的利用率;要考虑产品各部位不同胶料的整体配合，使各部件胶料在硫化速度和硫化胶性能上达到协调;在保证质量的前提下，应尽可能地简化配方。 be limited to no more than 2 days of work, material deposited in special insulated containers, material handling to gently and make use of thermal insulation material in windproof, waterproof, moisture-proof measure. 6.2 thermal design optimization for high-temperature special thermal insulation for piping support and hanger design, reduced heat dissipation of the hangers, ensure that the wall does not overheat. Small-diameter piping, thermal instrument layout and positioning of support and hanger design take fully into account the expansion space and insulation thickness. Large-diameter pipes after heat preservation plastering construction of valves, turbine, checking smooth surface, high temperature powder paint fully dry after. Protective coverings for electric equipment insulation boards designed with pressure plate, when ordering according to the installation diagram, model specifications publishing order, ensure when installing corners neat, uniform appearance, reduce the amount of on-site machining. Before valves, flange insulation shell construction, be sure to make a unified model, all valves, flanges, insulation cover unified, tidy and beautiful. When four parts such as pipes, boiler insulation, must do first article inspection, proof of design and construction methods, technology can meet the technological requirements, before extensive construction. Boiler steel beams, door opening boxes designed with insulation gaskets, flange cannot be oblique, even fastened. Back into the slope of the tubing during installation pay attention to the piping, oil station is a low point. Refueling must be controlled when casting material parts, select low thermal conductivity materials as far as possible, ensure that these parts do not overheat. 6.3 quality defects of insulation technology management optimization of construction process and develop a reasonable duration, regional transfer of strictly 12. 影响塑炼的因素有哪些,试对其作定性说明。 机械力:越大则塑炼越快; 氧:加速塑炼; 温度:越高则越快; 化学塑解剂:大大加速塑炼; 静电与臭氧:加速。 13 混炼操作开始前，需进行哪些准备工作, 各种原材料与配合剂的质量检验:配合剂的检验包括纯度、粒度及其分布、机械杂质、灰分及挥发分、酸碱度等;生胶的检验包括化学成分、门尼粘度、物理机械性能。 对某些配合剂尽心补充加工:固体配合剂的粉碎、干燥和筛选;低熔点固体配合剂的融化和过滤;液体配合剂的加温和过滤;粉状配合剂的干燥和筛选。 油膏与母炼胶的制造:为防止粉状物料的分散、损失及环境污染，有时候将某些配合剂、促进剂等事先以较大比例与液体软化剂混合制成膏状使用;而母炼胶是某些配合剂与生胶单独混合制成的物料。 称量配合操作:即按配方规定的原材料品种和用量比例，以适当的衡器进行称量搭配。 14 什么是压延效应,其原因是什么, 压延效应是指压延后的胶片在平行和垂直于压延方向上出现性能各向异性的现象。 原因:橡胶大分子链的拉伸取向;形状不对称的配合剂粒子沿压延方向的取向。 15 减少压延效应的措施有哪些, 配方设计:尽量不用几何形状不对称的配合剂。 压延工艺方面:适当提高压延机辊筒表面的温度;提高压延半成品的停放温度;降低压延速度;适当增加胶料的可塑度;将热炼后的胶料调转90º向压延机供胶。 16 冷喂料压出有什么优点, (1)冷喂料压出对压力的敏感性小，尽管机头压力增加或口型阻力增大，但压出速率降低不大。 be limited to no more than 2 days of work, material deposited in special insulated containers, material handling to gently and make use of thermal insulation material in windproof, waterproof, moisture-proof measure. 6.2 thermal design optimization for high-temperature special thermal insulation for piping support and hanger design, reduced heat dissipation of the hangers, ensure that the wall does not overheat. Small-diameter piping, thermal instrument layout and positioning of support and hanger design take fully into account the expansion space and insulation thickness. Large-diameter pipes after heat preservation plastering construction of valves, turbine, checking smooth surface, high temperature powder paint fully dry after. Protective coverings for electric equipment insulation boards designed with pressure plate, when ordering according to the installation diagram, model specifications publishing order, ensure when installing corners neat, uniform appearance, reduce the amount of on-site machining. Before valves, flange insulation shell construction, be sure to make a unified model, all valves, flanges, insulation cover unified, tidy and beautiful. When four parts such as pipes, boiler insulation, must do first article inspection, proof of design and construction methods, technology can meet the technological requirements, before extensive construction. Boiler steel beams, door opening boxes designed with insulation gaskets, flange cannot be oblique, even fastened. Back into the slope of the tubing during installation pay attention to the piping, oil station is a low point. Refueling must be controlled when casting material parts, select low thermal conductivity materials as far as possible, ensure that these parts do not overheat. 6.3 quality defects of insulation technology management optimization of construction process and develop a reasonable duration, regional transfer of strictly (2)由于不需热炼工序，减少了质量影响因素，从而压出物更加均匀 (3)胶料的热历程短，所以压出温度较高也不易发生早期硫化。 (4)应用范围广，灵活性大，可适用于天然橡胶、丁苯橡胶、丁腈橡胶、氯 丁橡胶、丁基橡胶等。 (5)冷喂料挤出机的投资和生产费用较低。 be limited to no more than 2 days of work, material deposited in special insulated containers, material handling to gently and make use of thermal insulation material in windproof, waterproof, moisture-proof measure. 6.2 thermal design optimization for high-temperature special thermal insulation for piping support and hanger design, reduced heat dissipation of the hangers, ensure that the wall does not overheat. Small-diameter piping, thermal instrument layout and positioning of support and hanger design take fully into account the expansion space and insulation thickness. Large-diameter pipes after heat preservation plastering construction of valves, turbine, checking smooth surface, high temperature powder paint fully dry after. Protective coverings for electric equipment insulation boards designed with pressure plate, when ordering according to the installation diagram, model specifications publishing order, ensure when installing corners neat, uniform appearance, reduce the amount of on-site machining. Before valves, flange insulation shell construction, be sure to make a unified model, all valves, flanges, insulation cover unified, tidy and beautiful. When four parts such as pipes, boiler insulation, must do first article inspection, proof of design and construction methods, technology can meet the technological requirements, before extensive construction. Boiler steel beams, door opening boxes designed with insulation gaskets, flange cannot be oblique, even fastened. Back into the slope of the tubing during installation pay attention to the piping, oil station is a low point. Refueling must be controlled when casting material parts, select low thermal conductivity materials as far as possible, ensure that these parts do not overheat. 6.3 quality defects of insulation technology management optimization of construction process and develop a reasonable duration, regional transfer of strictly