马克思剩余价值理论

马克思剩余价值理论 专题十 马克思的剩余价值论 一、剩余价值的生产过程 (一)剩余价值生产的前提 (劳动力成为商品) 1.劳动力成为商品的基本条件 劳动力: 是指人的劳动能力，是人的体力和脑力的总和。 劳动力成为商品，要具备两个基本条件: 第一.劳动者是自由人，能够把自已的劳动力当做自已的商品来支配; 第二.劳动者没有别的商品可以出卖，自由得一无所有，没有任何实现自已的劳动力所必需的物质条件。 2.劳动力商品的特点与货币转化为资本 劳动力商品也具有价值和使用价值。 劳动力商品的价值包括三个部分: 维持劳动者本人生存所必需的生活 资料 新概念英语资料下载李居明饿命改运学pdf成本会计期末资料社会工作导论资料工程结算所需资料清单 的价值; 为维持劳动者家属的生存所必需的生活资料的价值; 劳动者接受教育和训练所支出的费用。 劳动力商品的使用价值的特殊性 劳动力商品的使用价值就是劳动 它是价值的源泉，它在消费过程中能够创造新的价值(v+m)，而且这个新的价值比劳动力本身的价值v更大m(剩余价值) 工作日12小时，必要劳动时间1-6小时，剩余劳动时间6-12小时 剩余价值:就是雇佣劳动者在剩余劳动时间内创造的、被资本家无偿占有的超过劳动力价值的那部分新价值。 劳动力成为商品是货币转化为资本的前提 (二)剩余价值的生产过程 (剩余价值是资本家通过贱买贵卖得来的吗，为什么,) 1.资本主义的生产过程: 价值形成与价值增殖过程的统一 A,W，,,,P,,,WG-- Pm (三)增加剩余价值生产的基本 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 1.绝对剩余价值的生产 在必要劳动时间不变的条件下，通过绝对延长工作日，从而绝对延长剩余劳动时间来生产剩余价值的方法。 M’=剩余劳动时间/必要劳动时间*100% 2.相对剩余价值的生产 在工作日长度不变的条件下，通过缩短必要劳动时间，相对延长剩余劳动时间来生产剩余价值的方法。相对剩余价值生产的条件是全社会劳动生产率的提高。 (四)剩余价值被生产出来后，资本主义生产就一劳永逸了吗, while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 1.马克思的资本积累理论到底说了些什么, (资本积累的含义、原因、实质、结果) 把剩余价值再转化为资本，或者说剩余价值的资本化，就叫资本积累。 剩余价值 促进 资本积累 促进 扩大再生产 资本积累 其实质就是资本家用无偿占有的剩余价值扩大生产规模，占有更多的剩余价值 二、剩余价值的实现(包括生产过程和流通过程 ) (一)资本循环 从史玉柱巨人集团倒塌的案例，可以看出单个资本运动要想实现剩余价值，需要做到“时间继起、空间并存”。 空间上的并存 把全部资本按一定比例分成三部分，使其同时并存于货币资本、生产资本和商品资本三种形态上 时间上的继起 必须同时连续不断地顺次通过三个阶段，相应变更它们的职能形式并回到原来的出发点 (二)资本周转 从海尔公司“让石头在水中飘起来”的案例，可以看出，单个资本要想赚取更多的剩余价值，必须想方设法加快资本的周转。加快资本周转具有重要意义 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 三)社会总资本的再生产和流通 1(社会总资本的顺利运动需要在规模、结构上保持一定的比例 (1)研究社会资本再生产的基本理论前提 社会总产品分为——价值构成与实物构成 社会生产划分为——生产资料生产和消费资料生产两大部类 社会总产品的实现问题 1价值补社会总产品的各个组成部分如何通过商品出售以货币形式实现价值(卖的出去) 2实物补各个组成部分转化为货币后，如何再购买到再生产所需要的生产资料和消费资料(买的回来) 结论: 马克思社会资本再生产理论，揭示了社会资本运动的内在规律性，即社会两大部类之间以及部类内部都应保持一定的比例关系，社会再生产才能顺利进行，否则社会总产品的实现就会遇到困难，生产过剩的经济危机就会产生。 2.资本主义生产为什么难以保持规模与结构上的比例关系, (即经济危机为什么会发生,) “在资本主义发展的相当长时期内，由于生产资料的私有制和雇佣劳动 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 所决定，两大部类的生产都是在价值规律和剩余价值规律的作用下自发进行的，具有严重的盲目性，这就导致了两大部类生产在规模和结构上经常处于失衡状态。这种失衡和脱节经常表现为生产过剩，以至于社会总产品的实现，即实物替换和价值补偿难以顺利进行，最严重的就是引发经济危机。经济危机的发生，实际上是资本主义条件下以强制的方式解决社会再生产的实现问题的途径，这种解决方式虽然最终也能够使社会再生产由失衡慢慢转变为平衡，却是以社会经济生活的严重混乱和瘫痪以及社会资源和财富的极大浪费为代价的。” 经济危机的根源: 资本主义基本矛盾:生产社会化和生产资料的私人占有之间的矛盾。 表现:(1)个别企业生产的有组织性和整个社会生产无政府状态之间的矛盾。 (2)资本主义生产无限扩大的趋势与劳动人民有支付能力的需求相对狭小之间的矛盾。 经济危机的实质:生产相对过剩 三、剩余价值的分配 (一)剩余价值转化为利润 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 剩余价值与利润的关系 , m是可变资本的产物 , p是全部预付资本的产物 剩余价值是利润的本质， 利润是剩余价值的转化形式。 剩余价值转化为利润，掩盖了剩余价值的真正来源。 , 利润: 在现实的资本主义经济生活中，资本家把剩余价值看做全部垫付资本的产物或增加额，剩余价值便取得了利润的形态。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 剩余价值率与利润率的区别: ?内容不同 m’:剥削率 p’:预付资本的增值程度 ?数量不同m’ > p’ 二者的联系:p’为m’的转化形式 (二)平均利润率规律 结论:不同部门之间的竞争 ——使利润趋于平均化 平均利润率 =剩余价值总量/社会总资本 平均利润 = 预付资本 ， 平均利润率 , 在利润率平均化过程中，形成了社会的平均利润率。 , 在利润率平均化的过程中，产业资本家得到产业利润，商业资本家得到商业利润， 银行资本家得到银行利润，土地所有者得到地租。 马克思剩余价值理论的意义 , 剩余价值论深刻揭露了资本主义生产关系的剥削本质，指出了无产阶级革命的历史 必然性; , 剩余价值论是马克思主义经济理论的基石; , 如果撇开制度因素，剩余价值论对发展社会主义市场经济也具有重大指导意义。 专题十一 当代资本主义的经济新变化 一、当代资本主义是垄断的资本主义 二、当代资本主义经济发展的总体变化趋势是全球化 三、当代资本主义具体的经济新变化有哪些, 四、应该如何正确认识当代资本主义的新变化及其实质, 一、当代资本主义是垄断的资本主义 (一)垄断资本主义的产生 资本主义的发展经历了两个阶段: 自由竟争资本主义和垄断资本主义 1、生产集中与垄断的形成 自由竟争引起生产集中和资本集中，生产集中和资本集中发展到一定阶段必然引起垄while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 断，这是资本主义发展的客观规律。 垄断是指少数资本主义大企业，为了获得高额利润，通过相互 协议 离婚协议模板下载合伙人协议 下载渠道分销协议免费下载敬业协议下载授课协议下载 或联合，对一个或几个部门商品的生产、销售和价格进行操纵和控制。垄断是通过一定的垄断组织形式实现的。 ?常见的垄断组织: 卡特尔 辛迪加 托拉斯 康采恩等。 垄断组织的四种主要形式 • 托拉斯 • 若干性质相同或互有关联的企业为了独占市场、获取高额利润而组成的垄断组织。 1879年首先在美国出现，如美孚石油托拉斯、美国钢铁托拉斯等。托拉斯本身就是 一个独立的企业组织，参加者在法律上和业务上完全丧失其独立性，而由托拉斯的 董事会掌握所属全部企业的生产、销售和财务活动。原来的企业主成为托拉斯的股 东，按照股权的多少分得利润。 • 卡特尔 • 卡特尔是由生产同类产品的企业联合组成的。卡特尔成员企业一方面为了获得垄断 利润而在价格、销售市场、生产规模和其他方面签定协定，另一方面又保持其在商 品经济活动中的独立性。 垄断组织的四种主要形式 • 辛迪加 • 若干资本主义大企业为了高价出售商品，低价购买原材料而建立的垄断组 织。参与的企业销售产品和采购原材料等业务，都由辛迪加总办事处统一办 理，并按协议规定在参加者之间进行分配。这种组织形式比卡特尔严密，参 加者在生产上和法律上虽仍保持独立地位，但已丧失商业上的独立性。 • 康采恩 • 以实力最雄厚的垄断企业为核心，把分属于不同经济部门的许多企业联合在 一起而组成，是垄断组织中最复杂的一种形式。其目的是垄断市场、争夺原 材料产地和投资场所，以获取高额垄断利润。它可以包括数十个以至数百个 矿业、工业、贸易、银行、保险、运输等部门的各种企业。参加者形式上保 持独立，实际上受其中占统治地位的资本集团控制。 2、垄断条件下竞争的特点 垄断是从自由竟争中形成的，是作为自由竟争的对立面产生的，垄断能否消除竞争, 第一，垄断没有消除产生竞争的经济条件; 第二，垄断必须通过竞争来维持; 第三，社会生产是复杂多样的。 垄断条件下的竞争同自由竟争相比具有一些新特点。 垄断条件下的竞争不仅规模大、时间长、手段残酷、程度更加激烈，而且具有更大的破坏性。 金融资本与金融寡头 • 金融资本是由工业垄断资本和银行资本融合在一起而形成的一种垄断资本。 • 金融寡头:指操纵国民经济命脉，并在世纪上控制国家政权的少数垄断资本家或垄 断资本家集团。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application • 金融寡头在经济领域中的统治主要是通过“参与制”实现的。 • 金融寡头对国家机器的控制主要是通过同政府的 “个人联合”来实现的。 • 金融寡头还通过建立政策咨询机构等方式来对政府的政策施加影响。 垄断利润和垄断价格 • 垄断资本的实质在于获得垄断利润。 • 垄断利润是垄断资本家凭借其在社会生产和流通中的垄断地位而获得的超过平均 利润的高额利润。 • 垄断利润主要通过垄断组织制定的垄断价格来实现的。 • 垄断价格包括垄断高价和垄断低价两种形式。 • 垄断高价是指垄断组织出售商品时规定的高于生产价格的价格; • 垄断低价是指垄断组织在购买非垄断企业所生产的原材料等生产资料时规定的低 于生产价格的价格。 (二)国家垄断资本主义的形成和发展 1、国家垄断资本主义的含义 是国家政权和私人垄断资本融合在一起的垄断资本主义。 实质是垄断资本利用国家政权的力量，以维护其垄断统治并保证获得稳定的高额垄断利润。 2、国家垄断资本主义的形成和发展的原因 国家垄断资本主义产生和发展的根本原因，是在私人垄断条件下生产社会化进一步发展与资本主义私人占有制之间的矛盾，即资本主义基本矛盾的发展和加深。 ?大规模生产建设需要巨额投资与私人垄断资本数量相对不足发生了矛盾。 ?现代生产和现代科技的社会化发展，遇到了私人垄断资本单纯追求自身利益和眼前利益的矛盾。 ?生产社会化的高度发展同私人垄断资本盲目竞争和生产无政府状态的矛盾加剧。 ?生产力的迅速增长与人民群众有支付能力的需求相对缩小的矛盾加深。 3、国家垄断资本主义的主要形式有四种: (1)是国家所有并直接经营的企业;(国有企业) (2)是国家与私人共有、合营企业;(相互购买对方企业的股票) (3)是国家通过多种形式参与私人垄断资本的再生产过程; (国家通过财政和金融等经济杠杆对资本主义再生产过程的管理和调节) (4)是宏观调节和微观规制。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application • 国家垄断资本主义对资本主义经济的发展产生了积极的作用: ?国家垄断资本主义的出现在一定程度上有利于社会生产力的发展; ?资产阶级国家在一定范围内突破了私人垄断资本的狭隘境界。 ?通过国家的收入再分配手段使劳动人民生活水平有所改善和提高; ?在国家垄断资本主义的参与和干预下，社会生产和社会生活的面貌改观，加快了这些国家国民经济的现代化进程。 4、国家垄断资本主义的实质 • 国家垄断资本主义无论采取何种形式，其实质 (1)是私人垄断资本利用国家机器来为其发展服务的手段; (2)是私人垄断资本为了维护垄断统治和获取高额垄断利润而和国家政权相结合的一种垄断资本主义形式; (3)是资产阶级国家在直接参与社会资本的再生产过程中，代表资产阶级总利益并凌驾于个别垄断资本之上，对社会经济进行调节的一种形式。 二、当代资本主义经济发展的总体变化趋势是全球化 (一)马克思有经济全球化思想吗,(世界市场理论) 经济全球化 经济全球化是世界经济发展的一个重要趋势，它伴随现代经济的出现而出现，伴随着现代经济的发展而发展。在世界经济史中生产要素跨国流动最初是劳动力，然后是商品，继而是资本，今天则发展成为综合的要素流动，其中科技要素的流动具有非常重要的作用。因此，经济全球化是各国在经济上相互依存不断加深，但是全球经济竞争也在不断深化的历史过程;其突出表现为商品和资本、技术等要素的国际多边流动日益加强;其主要因素是信息革命以及贸易和金融的自由化，即技术创新与制度变革的深刻过程 马克思早在1848年《共产党宣言》中就对第一次工业革命及其所带来的人类历史上第一轮经济全球化及其带来的矛盾与发展作过科学的预言与判断:“资产阶级，由于开拓了世界市场，使一切国家的生产和消费都成为了世界性的了…资产阶级挖掉了工业脚下的民族基础…过去那种地方的和民族的自给自足和闭关自守状态，被各民族的各方面的互相往来和互相依赖所代替…由于一切生产工具的迅速改进，由于交通工具极其便利，把一切民族甚至最野蛮的民族都卷到文明中来了…一句话，它按照自己的面貌创造出一个世界。” (二)经济全球化是资本主义一统全球，社会主义逐步被边缘化吗, 1、经济全球化的涵义 所谓经济全球化是指随着科学技术和国际分工的发展以及生产社会化程度的提高，使世界各国、各地区的经济活动越来越超出一国和地区的范围而相互联系和紧密结合的趋势。 2、经济全球化的表现 • (1)生产的全球化(2)贸易全球化(3)资本全球化 • (4)企业经营全球化标志:跨国公司成为世界经济的主体 • 跨国公司的迅速发展，使生产、资本、商品的国际化进一步深化，极大地推动了经 济全球化的进程。 3、经济全球化的动因 • 科学技术的进步和生产力的发展 • 跨国公司的发展 • 各国经济体制的变革 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 4、经济全球化的特点 经济全球化以市场经济为基础。 经济全球化以跨国公司为主要载体。 当代经济全球化以发达国家为主导。 经济全球化以市场经济为基础 经济全球化的基本要求: 把全球作为一个统一的无障碍的自由市场，实行自由贸易和自由竞争，在全球内实现资源的合理、有效的配置，形成生产、消费、金融及资本流动、竞争 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf 的全球化。 经济全球化以跨国公司为主要载体 经济全球化以发达国家为主导 (三)经济全球化给发展中国家带来哪些变化, 1.积极的: (1)优化资源配置，推动世界生产力的发展; 发展中国家可以利用这一机会引进先进技术和管理经验，以实现产业结构的高级化，增强经济的竞争力，缩短与发达国家的差距; (2)吸引外资，扩大就业，使劳动力资源的优势得以充分发挥; (3)利用不断扩大的国际市场解决产品销售问题，以对外贸易带动本国经济的发展; (4)发展中国家还可以借助投资自由化和比较优势组建大型跨国公司、积极参与经济全球化进程，以便从经济全球化中获取更大的利益。 • 从根本上说，推动了生产力的发展 2、消极的: 如，我国的产业和企业在经济全球化过程中，为什么绝大多数产业落入了所谓的“比较优势陷阱”，长期被锁定在国际价值链的低端，难以做到自主创新。 再比如，全球生态环境恶化与破坏。 、消极的: 2 如，我国的产业和企业在经济全球化过程中，为什么绝大多数产业落入了所谓的“比较优势陷阱”，长期被锁定在国际价值链的低端，难以做到自主创新。 再比如，全球生态环境恶化与破坏。 3、发展中国家应对经济全球化的态度 抓住机遇 积极参与 趋利避害 防范风险 迎接挑战 三、当代资本主义具体的经济新变化有哪些, (一)生产资料所有制的变化 (二)劳资关系和分配关系的变化 (三)社会阶层、阶级结构的变化 (四)经济调节机制和经济危机形态的变化 (一)生产资料所有制的变化 : 个体资本所有制占主导地位的所有制形式?私人股份资本所有制形式?国家资本所有制形式?法人资本所有制形式 (二)劳资关系和分配关系的变化 : “泰罗制”和“福特制”?职工参与决策制?终身雇佣制?职工持股制 (三)社会阶级、阶层结构的变化 1、拥有所有权的资本家一般不再直接经营和管理企业，股票的企业股票等有价证券的利息收入为生，最终成为以剪息票为生的食利者。 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 2、高级职业经理成为大公司经营活动的实际控制者。(CEO、CFO) 3、知识型和服务型劳动者的数量不断增强，劳动方式发生了新变化。(White-collar、Black-collar Pink-collar、Golden-collar) (四)经济调节机制和经济危机的变化 经济危机形态发生的变化表现在:危机对社会经济运行的干扰减轻，破坏性减弱，生产下降的幅度减小;失业率有所降低，企业破产的数量减少;危机周期的长度缩短;经济危机的四个阶段(即危机阶段、萧条阶段、复苏阶段和高涨阶段)之间的差别有所减弱，各阶段的交替过程已不如过去那样明显;金融危机对整个经济危机的影响加强。 四、应该如何正确认识当代资本主义的新变化及其实质, (一)当代资本主义新变化的原因 首先，科学技术革命和生产力的发展，是资本主义变化的根本推动力量; 其次，工人阶级争取自身权力和利益斗争的作用，是推动资本主义变化的重要力量; 再次，社会主义制度初步显示的优越性对资本主义产生了一定影响; 最后，主张改良主义的政党对资本主义制度的改革，也对资本主义的变化发挥了重要作用。 (二)当代资本主义新变化的实质 • 首先，当代资本主义发生的变化从根本上说是人类社会发展一般规律和资本主义经 济规律作用的结果; • 其次，当代资本主义发生的变化是在资本主义制度基本框架内的变化，并不意味着 资本主义生产关系的根本性质发生了变化。 第六章 社会主义社会及其发展 一、社会主义从空想到科学的发展 与资本主义生产方式发展所经历的家庭手工业、手工工场和机器大工业三个阶段相适应，空想社会主义思潮也经历了三个历史发展阶段，即16-17世纪的早期空想社会主义、18世纪的空想平均社会主义。19世纪初期批判的空想社会主义。19世纪初期以圣西门、傅立叶、欧文为代表的空想社会主义是科学社会主义的直接思想来源。 莫尔 乌托邦(213) 马克思恩格斯在新的历史条件下创立了唯物史观和剩余价值学说(是社会主义从空想成了科学)214 二、经济文化相对落后的国家建设社会主义的艰巨性和长期性(232) (一)社会主义首先在经济文化相对落后的国家取得胜利的原因 为什么经济文化相对落后的国家可以先于发达资本主义国家进入社会主义呢, 第一， 经济文化相对落后的国家可以先于发达资本主义国家进入社会主义，是由革命的客 观形势和条件是所决定的。 第二， 经济文化相对落后的国家可以先于发达资本主义国家进入社会主义，并不违背生产 关系一定要适合生产力状况的规律。 总之，经济文化相对落后的国家率先进入社会主义，也是历史发展规律作用的结果。那种把首先在相对落后的国家取得胜利看做是“反常现象”，把实践中的社会主义看作是“畸形的早产儿”的观点是错误的。 (二)必须充分认识经济文化相对落后的国家社会主义建设的艰巨性和长期性 while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application 第一，生产力发展状况的制约 第二， 经济基础和上层建筑发展状况的制约 第三， 国民环境的严峻挑战 第四， 马克思主义执政党对社会主义发展道路的探索和对社会主义建设规律的认识，需要 一个长期艰苦的过程 对于经济文化相对落后的国家社会主义建设的艰巨性和长期性，必须有充分的估计(235) 第七章共产主义是人类最崇高的社会理想 (二)在剖析资本主义社会居世界中阐发未来新世界的特点 马克思恩格斯关于未来社会的预测，是在科学的批判和解剖资本主义社会过程中作出的 (马克思主义的特点)254 (三)立足于揭示未来社会的一般特征，而不做详尽的细节描绘254 在共产主义社会个人消费品的分配方式是”各尽所能，按需分配257” while the lawn is still in a great stage of life activities, compared with the previous two periods, lawn water requirements increase at this stage, if not timely irrigation, not only affect the growth of grass, also causes yellow. At this stage, according to 4-5 of irrigation. In short, grass types, water requirements are different, you mustAccording to the climate conditions and plant species to determine irrigation of the lawn. About a day, when irrigation is better depends on irrigation. In theory, the same period as long as the amount of irrigation water is less than the infiltration capacity of the soil, irrigation all the time in a day. Then depends on the irrigation way. If intermittent intermittent spray or spray irrigation (high degree of atomization), irrigation is best with the Sun. Not only can add moisture, but also significantly improve the microclimate and photosynthesis and transpiration and gas exchange, facilitated the coordination of water, air, fertilizer and soil thermal and vegetative organs of root and root expansion, and could lead the entire transit storage of the plant material, breathing, lawns and lush. If using water, irrigation, and so on, should be watching season, early spring, late autumn around the heel as well and the rest take twilight as much. (2) irrigation irrigation quantity should be based on the soil, growing, grass and other factors to determine. General lawn growing season drought period, takes about a week to pay 20-40mm; vigorously growing lawn in the heat and severe drought situations, need to pay 50-60mm per week or more. In General, regardless of the method, should be irrigated more than once, each time less water, maximum surface runoff that just occurred. 2, fertilizing to maintain lawn dark green leaves, grows, portions must be fertilized. Lawn plants for leaf growth and blossom-free requirements, so nitrogen is more important, response to nitrogen fertilizer is the most obvious. Should be basic application