epistles(书信体诗文)

epistles( 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 信体诗文) Week 8 th 18-century Literature (2) I. Study of Pope’s Essay on Man (p.89-90): Theme: conveys a dialectical concept of human nature and life:duality through an analysis of the divinity as well as limitation of human beings; emphasis of the Common Road, or balance between ration and passion. Poetic pattern: heroic couplet Alexander Pope: a great satirical poet ,An Essay on Man ,--4 epistles(书信体诗文), revealing the poet’s political views and philosophical inclinations. ,--Pope’s identification of God almost with nature, his belief in God as the creator of the universe， but his denial of any supernatural elements in the Christian religion, his emphasis on the study only of the human world, his insistence on rationalism, his practical morality by holding to the golden mean, and his general optimistic view of bourgeois progress and of possible concord between social harmony and self-love. ,Text study ,Theme: ,the dialectical(辨证的) concept of human nature and life: ,Analysis of the divinity as well as limitation of human beings; ,emphasis of the common road, or balance between ration and passion. ,Poetic pattern: heroic couplet (first used by Chaucer, but perfected by Pope.) ,Text study: Extract 1 ,L1. The appropriate subject in study of mankind is man. (philosophical research: Who am I?) ,L2. We are placed on the middle part of the universe linked by the Heaven and the Hell. (H and H are two destinations for human beings. Life is temporary and transitional. ,L3. Oxymoron矛盾修饰法:darkly: ignorant; rudely: uncultivated, uncivilized, savage; great: divine; (a combination of good and bad) ,L4. Skeptic side: school of philosophy in ancient Greece which challenged everything and doubted everything. ,With so much knowledge we tend to doubt. /The more you know, the more you want to know. ,L5. Stoic:斯多葛学派(禁欲主义者) ,With too much weakness, we are proud of ourselves for being ascetic. ,L6. Christianity: we should be passive. We should listen to God to arrange everything for us. ,Greek Mythology: we should enjoy our life and try to seek for our pleasure. ,L7 & 8 combination of divine qualities and beastly features ,L9. We are born only to die and we are arguing all the time, but we are making mistakes all the time. ,L10. Human beings are as ignorant as they are reasonable. (on the one hand they are ignorant , on the other hand they are reasonable.) ,L12. Chaotic combination of reason and passion; ,L 13. Abused : make mistakes; disabused: correct mistakes (错上加错) ,L14. We can upgrade our life to God’s life or lower our life to a beastly life. ,L15. Bible: Adam is the master of the world. , Greek Myths: Epimetheus gave all the good things to animals, for example, strength, swiftness and so on. ,Man is prey to everything/ is the most vulnerable in nature. ,L16. Bible:Adam is given the right to name all animals. ,Only human beings have ration, (animals live in instinct) but we can not control ourselves. (often make mistakes) ,L17. Joke: laughable, ridiculous ,Glory: man is the perfect creation of God’s. ,The dual aspects of human nature is analyzed. Extract 2 ,L2. Self-love: passion; self-fulfillment; ,L 3. Pope corrects the Christian belief that passion is bad and reason is good. ,This :reason; that: self-love; ,L4. Ends: functions, purposes, goal; ,L5. Proper operation: appropriate function ,L7. Self-love is the motivation of action which makes the inner desire act; ,L8. Reason’s comparing balance rules the body. ,L9 &10. Man, without passion, could attend no action./ is not in the mood of doing anything. Without reason, man is busy but there is no purpose. ,L11. Peculiar: specific l12. Propagate: reproduce An Essay on Man By Alexander Pope ,Know then thyself , presume not God to scan ; ,The proper study of mankind is Man. ,Placed on t his isthmus of a middle state , ,A being darkly wise , and rudely great ; ,With too much knowledge for the skeptic side , ,Wit h too much weakness for t he stoic’s pride , ,He hangs between ; in doubt to act , or beast ; ,In doubt to deem himself a god , or beast ; ,In doubt his mind or body to prefer ; ,认识汝自己,勿妄论上帝; ,要研究人类,研究人自己。 ,生命如地峡,恰处中间位, ,聪明亦伟大,卑微加愚昧; ,说到怀疑论,知识太丰富, ,说到斯多葛,人又太怯弱, ,行动或止息,犹疑无所措; ,是神亦或兽,浑然陷困惑; ,精神或躯体,何者应占先; ,Born but to die , and reasoning but to err ; ,Alike in ignorance , his reason such , ,Whether he thinks too little , or too much ; ,Chaos of thought and passion , all conf us’d ; ,Still by himself abused , or disabused ; ,Created half to rise , and half to fall ; ,Great lord of all things , yet a prey to all ; ,Sole judge of Truth , in endless Error hurl’d ; ,The glory , jest , and riddle of t he world ! ,人生终有死,理论常出偏; ,犹如无知者,理智终不过, ,思虑少或多,结果又何如; ,思想加激情,浑沌不开雾; ,或是自骗自,或到头终悟; ,生来似立地,又似摇欲坠; ,万物之主帅,然为万物累; ,真理之判官,谬误永不断; ,世界之光荣,小丑加谜团. Quotations ,All nature is but Art, unknown to thee: 整个自然都是艺术 ，只是你不领悟 ,All Chance ,Direction ,which thou canst not see:一切偶然都是规定，只是你没有看 清 ,All Discord, Harmony ,not understood; 一切不协，是你不了解的和谐 ,All partial Evil ,universal good 一切局部的祸 ，乃是全体的福 ,And ,spite of Pride , in erring Reason’s spite, 高傲可鄙 ，只因它不近人情 ,One truth is clear, whatever is ,is right. 凡是存在都合理，这是清楚的道 理。 ――by Alexander Pope. Quotations Blessed is the man who expects nothing, for he shall not be disappointed. Alexander Pope. British Poet 一无所求的人是幸福的，因为他永远也不会失望。 Fools admire, but men of sense approve. 傻瓜才仰慕别人，而有见识的人赞赏别人 Hope springs eternal in the human breast. ----Alexander Pope 希望永远在人心中跳动。 ,An honest man is the noblest work of God ,程式的人是上帝创造的最佳作品。 II. Study of Gray’s “Elegy” (91-92) a masterpiece of lyric Theme: a sentimental meditation upon life and death, esp. of the common rural people, whose life, though simple and crude, has been full of real happiness and meaning Poetic pattern: quatrains of iambic pentameter lines rhyming ABAB Mood: melancholy, calm Style: neoclassic ---vivid visual painting, ---musical/rhythmic, ---controlled and restrained, ---polished language ,Part I: stanzas 1-11--- the vision of a small country churchyard, with the poor tombs of humble people in a striking contrast between the boasting exequies (葬礼) of the rich, gives the poet the chance to meditate on death, the transience of life and to recall the reader’s attention to the social differences in life that, however, are finally dissolved and annihilated by the leveling power of death. ,Gray's "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard" is noteworthy in that it mourns the death not of great or famous people, but of common men. ,. The speaker of this poem sees a country churchyard at sunset, which impels him to meditate on the nature of human mortality. The poem invokes the classical idea of memento mori, a Latin phrase which states plainly to all mankind, "Remember that you must die.“ , The speaker considers the fact that in death, there is no difference between great and common people. He goes on to wonder if among the lowly people buried in the churchyard there had been any natural poets or politicians whose talent had simply never been discovered or nurtured. This thought leads him to praise the dead for the honest, simple lives that they lived. ,The "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard," has earned him a respected and deserved place in literary history. ,The poem was written at the end of the Augustan Age and at the beginning of the Romantic period, and the poem has characteristics associated with both literary periods. ,On the one hand, it has the ordered, balanced phrasing and rational sentiments of Neoclassical poetry. On the other hand, it tends toward the emotionalism and individualism of the Romantic poets; most importantly, it idealizes and elevates the common man. A Country Churchyard ,Lines 1-4: In the first stanza, the speaker observes the signs of a country day drawing to a close: a curfew bell ringing, a herd of cattle moving across the pasture, and a farm laborer returning home. The speaker is then left alone to contemplate the isolated rural scene. The first line of the poem sets a distinctly somber(忧郁的) tone: the curfew bell does not simply ring; it “knells”，a term usually applied to bells rung at a death or funeral. From the start, then, Gray reminds us of human mortality. Lines 5-8: The second stanza sustains the somber tone of the first: the speaker is not mournful, but pensive, as he describes the peaceful landscape that surrounds him. , 乡村墓园挽歌 晚钟响起来一阵阵给白昼报丧， 牛群在草原上迂回，吼声起落， 耕地人累了，回家走，脚步踉跄， 把整个世界留给了黄昏与我。 苍茫的景色逐渐从眼前消退， 一片肃穆的寂静盖遍了尘寰， 只听见嗡嗡的甲虫转圈子纷飞， 昏沉的铃声催眠着远处的羊栏。 只听见常春藤披裹的塔顶底下, 一只阴郁的柢枭向月亮诉苦， 怪人家无端走进它秘密的住家， 搅扰它这个悠久而僻静的领土。 峥嵘的榆树底下，扁柏的荫里， 草皮鼓起了许多零落的荒堆， 各自在洞窟里永远放下了身体， 小村里粗鄙的父老在那里安睡。 香气四溢的晨风轻松的呼召， 燕子从茅草棚子里吐出的呢喃， 公鸡的尖喇叭，使山鸣谷应的猎号 再不能唤醒他们在地下的长眠。 在他们，熊熊的炉火不再会燃烧， 忙碌的管家妇不再会赶她的夜活; 孩子们不再会“牙牙”的报父亲来到， 为一个亲吻爬倒他膝上去争夺。 往常是:他们一开镰就所向披靡， 顽梗的泥板让他们犁出了垄沟; 他们多么欢欣地赶牲口下地～ 他们一猛砍，树木就一棵棵低头～ “雄心”别嘲讽他们实用的操劳， 家常的欢乐，默默无闻的命运; “豪华”也不用带着轻蔑的冷笑 来听讲穷人的又短有简的生平。 门第的炫耀，有权有势的煊赫， 凡是美和财富所能赋予的好处， 前头都等待着不可避免的时刻: 光荣的道路无非是引导到坟墓。 墓志铭 ,这里边，高枕地膝，是一位青年， ,生平从不曾受知于“富贵”和“名声”; ,“知识”可没轻视他出身的微贱， ,“清愁”把他标出来认作宠幸。 ,他生性真挚，最乐于慷慨施惠， ,上苍也给了他同样慷慨的报酬: ,他给了“坎坷”全部的所有，一滴泪; ,从上苍全得了所求，一位朋友。 ,别再想法子 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 彰他的功绩， ,也别再把他的弱点翻出了暗窖 ,(他们同样在颤抖的希望中休息)。 ,那就是他的天父和上帝的怀抱。 Assignment: Questions: 1. How is the period defined in time? 2. What was the historical background, politically, economically and ideologically? 3. What was the predominant genre of literature? Who were the important writers of the time? 4. In what way was romanticist literature different from that of neoclassicism in the th18 century, such as in form, guiding principle, subject matter, purpose, style, etc.? Text study: “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” by Wordsworth (103) 1. What is the theme? 2. What is the predominant image? 3. How does it reflect the poet’s idea of romantic poetry? 4. What is the poetic pattern? 5. Paraphrase each stanza in one sentence.