大学思辨英语精读Unit-4-Organization-and-Institution参考答案教学幻灯片

Unit4OrganizationandInstitutionTextAPreparatoryWork(1)a.Institutionalization:referstotheprocessofembeddingsomeconception(forexampleabelief,norm,socialrole,particularvalueormodeofbehavior)withinanorganization,socialsystem,orsocietyasawhole.Thetermmayalsobeusedtorefertocommittingaparticularindividualorgrouptoaninstitution,suchasamentalorwelfareinstitution.b.Solitaryconfinement:isaformofimprisonmentinwhichaninmateisisolatedfromanyhumancontact,oftenwiththeexceptionofmembersofprisonstaff.Itismostlyemployedasaformofpunishmentbeyondincarcerationforaprisoner,usuallyforviolationsofprisonregulations.However,itisalsousedasanadditionalmeasureofprotectionforvulnerableinmates.Inthecaseprisonersathighriskofsuicide,itcanbeusedtopreventaccesstoitemsthatcouldallowtheprisonertoself-harm.c.Parole:istheprovisionalreleaseofaprisonerwhoagreestocertainconditionspriortothecompletionofthemaximumsentenceperiod.Aspecifictypeofparoleismedicalparoleorcompassionatereleasewhichisthereleaseofprisonersonmedicalorhumanitariangrounds.Conditionsofparoleoftenincludethingssuchasobeyingthelaw,refrainingfromdrugandalcoholuse,avoidingcontactwiththeparolee’svictims,obtainingemployment,andmaintainingrequiredcontactswithaparoleofficer.d.Rehabilitation:isthere-integrationintosocietyofaconvictedpersonandthemainobjectiveofmodernpenalpolicy,tocounterhabitualoffending,alsoknownascriminalrecidivism.Alternativestoimprisonmentalsoexist,suchascommunityservice,probationorders,andothersentailingguidanceandaftercaretowardstheoffender.(2)Mainpublications:InfluencingAttitudesandChangingBehavior(2nded.).Reading,MA:AddisonWesley.,1977,Psychology(3rdEdition),Reading,MA:AddisonWesleyPublishingCo.,1999,PsychologyAndLife,17/e,Allyn&BaconPublishing,2005,TheLuciferEffect:UnderstandingHowGoodPeopleTurnEvil,RandomHouse,NewYork,2007Mainresearchinterests:socialpsychology,particularlyprisonstudy,socialintensitysyndromestudy(relatedtodischargedsoldiers).(3) Nameofexperiment Descriptionoftheexperiment Relationoftheexperimentwiththetext Experimentonobedience AseriesofsocialpsychologyexperimentsconductedbyYaleUniversitypsychologistStanleyMilgram.Theymeasuredthewillingnessofstudyparticipants,menfromadiverserangeofoccupationswithvaryinglevelsofeducation,toobeyanauthorityfigurewhoinstructedthemtoperformactsconflictingwiththeirpersonalconscience;theexperimentfound,unexpectedly,thataveryhighproportionofpeoplewerepreparedtoobey,albeitunwillingly,evenifapparentlycausingseriousinjuryanddistress. Closelyrelatedwiththetextsincetheyareallabouttheeffectofassignedroles. Small-worldexperiment(sixdegreesofseparation) Thesmall-worldexperimentcomprisedseveralexperimentsconductedbyStanleyMilgramandotherresearchersexaminingtheaveragepathlengthforsocialnetworksofpeopleintheUnitedStates.Theresearchwasgroundbreakinginthatitsuggestedthathumansocietyisasmall-world-typenetworkcharacterizedbyshortpath-lengths.Theexperimentsareoftenassociatedwiththephrase“sixdegreesofseparation”,althoughMilgramdidnotusethistermhimself. NotcloselyrelatedwiththetextsincetheexperimentisaboutsocialnetworkingbetweenindividualsintheUnitedStates.CriticalReadingI.Understandingthetext1. Part Para(s) Mainidea I.Anecdoteandintroduction 1-2 Acaseshowingthenecessityforprisonreform II.Body 3-10(theexperiment) Theexperimentofamockprisonwithguardsandprisonerswerecarriedoutandhadtoendearlierbecauseofthefrighteningeffect. III.Findings 11-13(implication) Individualbehaviorislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitytraits,character,willpower,orotherempiricallyun-validatedconstructs. IV.Conclusion 14(effectsofprison) Theprisonsituationisguaranteedtogenerateseverepathologicalreactionsinbothguardsandprisonersastodebasetheirhumanity,andmakeitdifficultforthemtobepartofasocietyoutsideoftheirprison.2.(1)Zimbardousesthespecificexampleofaprisoner’ssituationtopleadforprisonreformandtojustifytheexperimentheconductedaboutthebadeffectofprison.(2)Theyconductanexperimentabouttheeffectsofprisononbothguardsandprisoners.(3)Theywanttounderstandwhatitmeanspsychologicallytobeaprisoneroraprisonguard.(4)The24participantsareselectedrandomlyfromvolunteerstudentsinPaloAltocityandtheywererandomlyassignedrolesofguardsandprisonersinasimulatedprison.(5)AtStanfordUniversityin1971.(6)Theexperimenthastobeendedearlierthanplanned.(7)Becausetheeffectsofprison(abusingandbeingabused)onthosebeingexperimentedarefrightening.(8)Theresultsshowthatpeopleunderestimatethepowerandpervasivenessofsituationalcontrolsoverbehavior.(9)Individualbehaviorislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontingenciesratherthanpersonalitytraits,character,willpower,etc.Manypeople,perhapsthemajority,canbemadetodoalmostanythingwhenputintopsychologicallycompellingsituations–regardlessoftheirmorals,ethics,values,attitudes,beliefs,orpersonalconvictions.II.Evaluationandexploration(1)Hypothesis:thechangeofenvironment(includingchangedroles)affectsone’sbehavior(studentsareputintoamockprisonandassignedoppositeroleswhicharealldifferentfromtheirnormalenvironmentandroleofbeingastudentorcitizen)Cause:prisonandassignednewroles(changedenvironment)Effect:rationalpeoplewithhumanitywereturnedtoabusersandvictimsIndependentvariable:theparticipantsashumanbeings(thesamehumanbeings)(Stimulus:changeofenvironment/roles)Dependentvariable:behaviorTheexperimentonthepowerandinfluenceofrolesassignedtoordinaryindividualsisbasicallyvalidandconvincing,andsimilarexperimentsalsoprovethatmostpeople’sbehaviorareinfluencedbythesocialenvironment,particularlythenewrolestheyareassigned.Unfortunately,theexperimentcannotbeconfirmedduetotheethicalconcern(theharmcausedbytheexperimentontheparticipants).Andalso,sincetheparticipantsofasocialexperimentarehumans,theresultmightnotbeexactlythesame(unlikethenaturalscienceexperimentwhichcanberepeatedwithprecisionandsameresult).(2)Similarities:thetwoexperimentsareallabouttheeffectofassignedrolesandsocialexpectationsonthebehaviorofthehumanbeings.Differences:Zimbardo’sexperimentfocusesonthegradualchangeofbehavioronthosewhoareassignednewroles(prisoneffect)whileStanley’sexperimentfocusesonauthority’sinfluenceonindividualsinnormalcircumstances(authorityeffect).(3)Poweranditsexecutionarecloselyrelatedwiththeroleassignedtothepower-holder.Themoreimportantrolehe/sheisgiven,themorelikelyhe/sheabusesitiftherearenochecksandbalancesfromotherinstitutions.Itisveryimportanttofightagainstcorruption(incampaignsorthroughlegalmeans),butit’smoreimportanttosetupmechanismtobalancetherolegiventopower-holders.(4)Zimbardo’sstatementorconclusionisbasedonhisonlyexperimentabouthumansandtheirenvironmentandcannotberepeatedduetoethicalreasons.Itisreasonabletoarguethatmostpeopleareinfluencedbythe(changeof)environmentandadapttoitquickly,whichmeanspersonal“freedom”isconditioned.However,thereareexceptions,andthisstatementcannotexplainthebehaviorofthoseheroeswhosticktotheirprinciplesunderanycircumstancesandwouldratherdiethansurrendertoenemyorpower.(5)Theseexceptionalexamplesaremostlyheroesinextremecircumstancessuchaswarorconditionoflifeanddeath(WenTianxiang,LiuHulan,JohnBrownetc.).Theyhavetochoosebetweenlifeanddeathveryquicklyandsometimestheyactfrominstinct.Thereareotherfactorsthatresultintheseexceptionalcases–theyallhaveverystrongcharacterswhichhavebeenfosteredinhardship;theyalsohaveaverystrongfaithandarereadytodieforthecausetheypursue.(6)BesidesthereasonZimbardomentions(psychologicalfactorofself-imageforthedonors),thereareatleasttwomorereasons.Oneisreligiousreason–mostpeopleintheWestareChristianswhobelieveintheteachingsofJesusChristandfeeladutytohelpthepoor(intheformofmaterial,money,ortime).TheotherisrelatedtotheaffluenceoftheWestwherethemajorityofpeoplebecomewell-offenoughtogiveawayafractionoftheirwealthormoneytomaintainsocialstability.(There’realsootherreasonssuchastaxdeductioninsomecountriestoencouragedonation.)(7)Simplyput,themeritof“groupthink”isthatitcanmobilizeauniformedcollectiveforcetorealizesomegoalthatindividualsalonecannothopetoaccomplish(throughteamworkandnationalsolidarity).Thedemeritof“groupthink”isthatthegroupleader’sviewmightbeone-sidedandflawed,andthewrongdecisionorpolicybasedonitcouldeasilyleadtomistakesorevendisaster.Otherdemerits:thissituationmayeasilyresultinthecircumstanceofstrongleader/dictatorvs.obedient/populistfollowers;andinmanycasesthe“truth”isnotnecessaryinthehandsofthemajority.(8)Clinicaltrialsareexperimentsdoneinclinicalresearch.Suchprospectivebiomedicalorbehavioralresearchstudiesonhumanparticipantsaredesignedtoanswerspecificquestionsaboutbiomedicalorbehavioralinterventions,includingnewtreatmentsandknowninterventionsthatwarrantfurtherstudyandcomparison.Clinicaltrialsgeneratedataonsafetyandefficacy.Theyareconductedonlyaftertheyhavereceivedhealthauthority/ethicscommitteeapprovalinthecountrywhereapprovalofthetherapyissought.Theseauthoritiesareresponsibleforvettingtherisk/benefitratioofthetrial-theirapprovaldoesnotmeanthatthetherapyis'safe'oreffective,onlythatthetrialmaybeconducted.Dependingonproducttypeanddevelopmentstage,investigatorsinitiallyenrollvolunteersand/orpatientsintosmallpilotstudies,andsubsequentlyconductprogressivelylargerscalecomparativestudies.Thekeypointhereis:Allparticipantsarevolunteerswhochooseclinicaltrialwhenothermeansfail.Worldwideitisestimatedthatthenumberofvertebrateanimalsrangesfromthetensofmillionstomorethan100millionusedinanimalexperimentannually.IntheEU,thesespeciesrepresent93%ofanimalsusedinresearch.IfthesamewastrueintheUSthenthetotalnumberofanimalsusedinresearchisestimatedtobebetween12and25million.Mostanimalsareeuthanizedafterbeingusedinanexperiment.Supportersoftheuseofanimalsinexperiments,suchastheBritishRoyalSociety,arguethatvirtuallyeverymedicalachievementinthe20thcenturyreliedontheuseofanimalsinsomeway.TheInstituteforLaboratoryAnimalResearchoftheU.S.NationalAcademyofScienceshasarguedthatanimalresearchcannotbereplacedbyevensophisticatedcomputermodels,whichareunabletodealwiththeextremelycomplexinteractionsbetweenmolecules,cells,tissues,organs,organisms,andtheenvironment.Animalrights,andsomeanimalwelfare,organizationsquestiontheneedforandlegitimacyofanimaltesting,arguingthatitiscruelandpoorlyregulated,thatmedicalprogressisactuallyheldbackbymisleadinganimalmodelsthatcannotreliablypredicteffectsinhumans,thatsomeofthetestsareoutdated,thatthecostsoutweighthebenefits,orthatanimalshavetheintrinsicrightnottobeusedorharmedinexperimentation.LanguageEnhancementI.Wordsandphrases1.(1)C&F(2)B&C(3)E&F(4)E&F(5)A&D(6)C&E(7)A&F(8)B&F(9)D&E(10)B&C2.（1）拼图、勾画（2）构建（名词）（3）建造（动词）（4）建筑物（5）档案（6）（一列）纵队（7）（用锉刀）锉（9）提出、提交（10）呼吁、要求（11）上诉（12）情绪感染、情感诉求（13）吸引力（14）从…悬吊下来（15）停职（16）暂停（17）悬浮（18）吸引（19）雇佣（20）交战、接触（21）忙于（22）面对、触及3.(1)dieaway(2)need(3)callfor(4)overwhelmed(5)assessed(6)resultin(7)function(8)filed(9)prayed(10)predicting4.(1)servedas(2)endupwith(3)differentiatebetween(4)dissolvedinto(5)prevent…from(6)trade…for(7)attributeto(8)inflicted…on(9)derivedfrom(10)passoutII.Sentencesanddiscourse1.(1)Thispowerfulappealforprisonreformwassenttomeinasecretletterfromaprisoner.Hecannotrevealhisnamebecauseofstillbeingrehabilitated.(2)Theguardswereinformedofthepotentialseriousnessanddangerofthesituationaswellastheirownweaknesses(duringtheexperiment).(3)Inlessthanaweek,theexperienceofimprisonmentdissolvedallgoodthingsthatthey’velearnedinalifetime,includinghumanvaluesandself-conceptswhiletheugliestandmostbasicsicksideofhumannaturecameintothesurface.(4)Individualbehaviorislargelyinfluencedanddominatedbysocialforcesandenvironmentalfactorsinsteadofbypersonalitytraits,character,willpower,orothercomponentsthatcannotbeprovedbyempiricalevidences.(5)Thuswecreatedafalsebeliefin(personal)freedombyemphasizingindividuals’internalcontrol(ofthemselvesandoftheenvironment)thatactuallydoesnotexists.(6)However,sincemostparticipantsinthesestudiesdoactinirrationalorunreasonableways,itcanbeconcludedthatthemajorityofobserverswouldalsoyieldtothesocialpsychologicalpressureinthesamesituation.2.(1)Agoodleaderdoesnotimposehispersonalwillonhissubordinates.(2)Whenrumorsofbribingwereout,thecompanyimmediatelydeniedit.(3)Theofficialwasconvictedoflifeimprisonmentbecauseofstealingandsellingstatesecrets;hedecidednottoappealtothehighercourt.(4)Thepurposeofsettingupthefundistorehabilitatethelandminevictims.(5)Thisuniversityisoneofthefewlocalhigherlearninginstitutionsthatcanconferdoctoratedegrees.(6)IfyouwanttoknowmoreaboutthecharacteristicsoftheBritish,youhavetofurtherstudythedimensionsoftheirhistoryandculture.(7)Thiscompanyhaslaunchedanewroundofpublicitycampaignacrossthecountry,toattractthosepotentialcustomers.(8)Nocountryshouldinterfereinanyothercountry’sdomesticaffairsintheexcuseofhumanrights.(9)Inreallife,onlyveryfewpeoplecanremainindependent,notsuccumbingtopowerandauthority.(10)Somepeoplebelievethatinmodernsocietyweshouldadoptanattitudeofunderstandingandtolerancetowardsdeviantviewsandbehaviors.3.个人行为在很大程度上受到社会力量和环境变化的控制，而非取决于个人特质、性格、意志力或其他未经实验证实的因素。因此我们创造了一种虚幻的自由，相信我们自己内在有更多对情境的掌控能力，而实际不然。我们之所以低估了实际情境对我们无处不在的控制能力是因为：（a）它们常常是隐性的和微妙的，（b）我们常常能够避免陷入可能被情境控制的局面，（c）我们给那些在这种情形下有异于我们自我期许（而不是实际行为）的那些人的行为贴上“软弱”和“不正常”的标签。4.(1)F(2)E(3)C(4)A2，侵权必究联系QQ68843242本页为自动生成页，如不需要请删除！谢谢！如有侵权，请联系68843242删除！2，侵权必究联系QQ688432422，2，侵权必究联系QQ68843242本页为自动生成页，如不需要请删除！谢谢！如有侵权，请联系68843242删除！2，侵权必究联系QQ68843242本页为自动生成页，如不需要请删除！谢谢！如有侵权，请联系68843242删除！侵权必究联系QQ688432421