Lesson 1 greeting, introduction and make phone call

Lesson 1 greeting, introduction and make phone call (一) 英语简单易学，所以英语如此通用 A piece of cake (二) 英语和汉语都是人类的语言 (三) 英语和汉语在文化和思维上的差异 Eg1 老外来中国旅游与导游在理解英语上的思维差异 Can I go somewhere? Sure, you can go everywhere. Eg2 台湾商人去英国旅游与英国小伙在理解汉语上的思维差异 我能去哪里方便一下吗, 你在这里不方便吗, (四) 思维的差异来自文化的差异 人之初，性本善，性相近，习相远 (五) 引入课程的 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 从比较中西文化差异入手。 很多人学习英语，掌握了英语语法和词汇尚做不到准确运用，原因是不了解英美文化。 我们作为英语初学者，一开始学习就从了解英美文化入手，能够使我们学习英语事半功 。 倍 (六) 正式介绍本课内容 1. Greeting 2. Introduction 3. Make phone call (七) 打招呼 打招呼是各种语言的都有的，是人们之间交流的基础，没有打招呼的交流，必然是高效的，但却是冷酷的，不合礼仪的。 1. 中国人打招呼的方式 1) 您(你)吃过了吗, 2) 您(你)去哪啊, 2. 美国人打招呼的方式 1) Hello 2) Hi 3. 中西文化在打招呼方面为何会有这样的差异 1) 西方文化发源欧洲，欧洲地广人稀，物产丰富，河流温和，种则丰收，灾害很少。 所以吃从来不是问题，西方文化不会关心吃不饱的问题。 2) 中国，多灾多难，两条凶悍的大河，常常饥荒，农民精耕细作未必有好的收成。吃1 很成问题。问一句，吃过了吗，其实很有意义。中国素有民以食为天的说法。 4. 中美在打招呼方面的差异也是中西文化差异 1) 美国:individualism，个人主义，注重个人隐私 2) 中国:collectivism， 集体主义，大家没有隐私可言。 5. 在中国能问的问题在美国有些不可以问 吃过了吗,可以问，但是理解起来不一样 你去哪里不能问，会以为你是FBI 6. 英汉如何互译 英语当中有对事物的解释和定义，汉语当中也有相应的解释和定义。比如说，刚才讲到 的形容事情简单，中国人说，小菜一碟，英美国家人说a piece of cake. 7. 课文第一部分 Han Li and Lynda are working in the same office. Han Li: Good morning, Lynda. Lynda Brock: Morning, Han Li. How are you? Han Li: I’m fine, thank you. And you? How are you? 的讲解 How are you doing? How’s everything going? 8. 中美文化的相互渗透 1) 美国文化如何影响中国文化 我80多岁的爷爷都会讲byebye 2) 中国文化如何影响美国文化 旧金山华人创造了long time no see. 9. 美国人先进最常见的打招呼的方式 What’s up? What’s new? 10. 对于打招呼的回答。 11. 课文第二部分 Lynda Brock: I’m fine, too, thank you. It’s going to be another busy day today, I believe? Han Li: You are right. Shall we start? Lynda Brock: OK, let’s. 12. It的用法 It表示时间 It表示天气 13. I believe的含义 14. Shall we的用法 Shall we go shopping? Shall we go swimming? Shall we这样表示建议的回答。 肯定 OK, why not? Let’s go. 否定 需要给出可以接受的理由，来表示礼貌。 15. Too的用法 Me too. Ditto 2 16. 英语当中的省略句 (八) 介绍 1. 介绍的基本方法，英语当中的基本表达 How do you do. Nice to meet you. 2. 很多语言当中刻板的寒暄语，随着时代的发展，有些已经不太讲了。 3. 课文 Zhang Wen, the manager of a company, is introducing Helen Taylor, his new secretary, to Han Li. Zhang Wen: Good afternoon, Han Li. Han Li: Good afternoon, Mr. Zhang. Zhang Wen: This is Helen Taylor, my new secretary. She’s from the United States. And Helen, this is Han Li. Helen Taylor: How do you do, Miss Han. Glad to meet you. Han Li: How do you do, Miss Taylor. Glad to meet you, too. 4. 在正式场合介绍的规则 Lady first, senior first 向地位高的人介绍你的朋友，要征得其同意。 问句可以是 would you like to know Tom? 5. 正式场合要称呼其先生，小姐，夫人，女士。如果是医生，有爵位的等等。 6. 中美姓名的比较 7. 中国人名字特点 8. 美国人名字特点 9. 中美名字称呼的区别与文化的联系 10. 中国人有家族血脉关系，这也是中国骨子里比较重男轻女。 11. 复习介绍的内容部分 (九) 打电话 1. 电话机的种类 2. 打电话的种类 3. 英美国家打电话的过程 4. 接电话的人自报家门hello, this is XXX 5. 然后问对方who’s that 6. 课文 Sun Wei has just got a new telephone number. Peter Boddy: Hello, this is Peter Boddy speaking. Sun Wei: Hello, Peter. This is Sun Wei. Peter Boddy: Hello, Sun! How are you? Sun Wei: I’m fine. Thank you. And you? Peter Boddy: I’m fine, too. Thank you. Sun Wei: I’m calling to tell you my new telephone number. Peter Boddy: Oh, what is it? Sun Wei: It’s 6034-3434 3 Peter Boddy: OK. I’ve got it. It’s easy to remember. Sun Wei: And I’ve got an answer phone, too. Peter Boddy: Really? Sun Wei: Yes. You can call me or leave a message at any time you like. Peter Boddy: That’s great. 7. 美国人打电话问清楚了彼此之后，直接切入正题。 通常的表达方式是I am calling to… 8. 电话号码读的方式，升降调的运用 (十) 总结一整节课的内容 自我测试 1(— Who's speaking, please? — ________ A. Could I speak to Mr. Zhang, please, B. One moment, please. C. I'd like to leave a message. D. This is John Wang speaking. 2(— May I speak to Dr. Brown? — _________ A Yes, he is not in at the moment. B No, you can't. C Yes, this is Brown speaking. D Sorry, speaking. 2(C 答案:1( D; Lesson 2 Family (一) 家庭观念 1. 中国人家庭观念强 1) 中国人会出现四世同堂 2) 中国人会出现父母供养自己到大学，结婚 3) 中国人会出现全家还房贷，全家供房 2. 美国人独立意识 1) 美国人家庭模式只有一个就是父母和未成年子女 2) 美国人会出现父亲开着法拉利，儿子还要为学费打工 3) 美国人会出现比尔盖茨捐出所有财产，儿子要从零做起 (二) 家庭成员 美国人的家庭成员 Father Mother 4 Son Daughter Elder-brother Younger-sister Eldest-brother (三) 其他亲戚 grand-father, grandpa grand-mother, grandma uncle aunt cousin Nephew Niece Sister-in-law brother-in-law (四) 中西方文化在称呼上的冲突 1. 中国人爱套近乎 2. 里根总统访华的尴尬 3. 称呼关系与伦理关系 歌词中“哥哥”和“妹妹”的翻译有时候不能翻译成brother和sister (五) 课文第一部分 Henry Black is invited to dinner at Wu Qiang’s home. Wu’s mother is preparing it. Henry Black: When will your father come back? Wu Qiang: He won’t come back for dinner. He has to work this evening. Henry Black: Dose your mother do the housework every day? Wu Qiang: Right. My mother dose most of the house work. Henry Black: It’s unfair. Wu Qiang: Yes, but my father and I lend a hand sometimes. Henry Black: I see. I think I should wash up the dishes after dinner today. Wu Qiang: OK. We will do it together. Henry Black: Listen, your mother is calling us. Wu Qiang: Yes. Supper is ready. (六) be invited 被动语态，be+过去分词。 (七) have to&must区别 1) must 侧重于个人意志和主观上的“必须”，have to 则侧重客观上的必须，可译为“不得不”。must 与 have to 经常可以互换使用。例如: I must/have to go to school now. 现在我必须上学了。 2) must 可用来表示现在和将来的必须，无时态变化;have to 则有更多的时态变化。例5 如: He had to give up the plan. 他不得不放弃这个计划。 I will have to buy a new pen. 我不得不买支新笔。 3) 变否定句时，must 只要直接在其后加 not，而 have to 既可变成 haven't to，也可变成 don't have to / doesn't have to。 (八) housework的问题 (九) unfair的问题 1. 不公平，反义词是fair 2. 美国的其中一个价值观就是EQUALITY / FAIRNESS 3. 美国人的其他价值观 (十) hand的用法 Hand 的意义A hand is someone, usually a man, who does hard physical work, for example in a factory or on a farm, as part of a group of people who all do similar work. 能干体力活的男劳力。后来引申为帮个忙 Eg:I could see you'd want a hand with the children. Come and give me a hand in the garden. Lend me a hand Give me a hand Do me a favor (十一) dinner问题 1. 美国人如何吃饭 2. 美国人不睡午觉 3. 美国人的工作效率 (十二) talk to, talk about Say, tell, speak, talk 1.say vt.强调说话的内容 例:I can say it in English. 2.speak vi.强调说话的动作 例:The baby can't speak. vt.后面加语言，例:speak English 3.talk强调两个人之间的谈话 talk with sb. ; talk to sb. 4.tell 告诉 后面常接双宾语，例:tell sb. a story 区分，辨别 (十三) call on, call at 1. call (up)on sb 拜访或看望某人。 eg:He called on them that evening. 他那天晚上去拜访了他们。 I called upon Mrs Foster this evening. 我今晚去看望了福斯特太太。 6 2. call at a place 到某地拜访。 eg:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他办公室拜访。 3. 另外: (车船等)停靠。 eg:The train calls at every station. 这火车每个站都停。 (十四) 课文第二部分 Henry Black’s talking to Wu Qiang about a Chinese couple who share the same interests with him. Henry Black: Yesterday I called on my friends, a Chinese couple. Wu Qiang: Did you have a good time? Henry Black: Yes, a very nice time. We had a good talk. Wu Qiang: How did you get to know them? Henry Black: You know, Yang, the husband, collects stamps, too. Wu Qiang: Do you exchange stamps? Henry Black: Sure. That’s why we become very good friends. Zhang, the wife, is good at cooking. Wu Qiang: So you enjoyed both stamps and nice food at their home, didn’t you? Henry Black: Yes. I’ll introduce you to them if you’re interested. Wu Qiang: It’s very kind of you. (十五) have a good time=enjoy oneself (十六) get to know 表示逐渐的了解 How did you get to know that I was here? 你怎么知道我在这里? You'll like her once you get to know her. 你一旦了解她, 就喜欢她了. (十七) exchange 1. exchange rate外汇率 2. exchange Christmas gifts 交换圣诞节礼物 3. exchange seats with sb. 与某人调换一个座位 4. exchange experience 交流经验 5. exchange greetings 互相问候 (十八) 课文第三部分 Wu Qiang’s daughter is preparing for the university entrance examination. Henry Black: Good morning. Why? You look so tired. Wu Qiang: Oh. Last night I stayed up late with my daughter. She is preparing for the university entrance examination. Henry Black: But what can you do? Wu Qiang: Nothing much. Just to make her feel that I’m around when she needs me. Henry Black: I think your son could help her. 7 Wu Qiang: That’s true, but these days he himself is busy looking for a job. Henry Black: What is he going to do? Wu Qiang: He wants to work in a big company as an engineer. Henry Black: Anyway, you should take care of yourself. Wu Qiang: Thank you. (十九) university entrance examination高考 高考和科举是同一种模式 美国高考SAT，只是作为美国大学入学的参考 (二十) prepare for, around 中国家长的心态，仍然体现的是中国家庭的一家人团结做一件事的思维方式 也体现出高考作为新科举的反应。 (二十一) look for, find, discover Look for Find discover (二十二) take care of, look after look after 照顾，照料，关心，主要是对人在生活方面的照顾和料理。 Eg: My mother is ill. I have to look after her at home.我妈病了。我不得不在家照看她。 The nurse looked after the children very well.护士把这些孩子照顾得非常好。 take care of 除了有照顾，照料的意思和look after 同义，还有管理，保管，保护，主要是对物品/动物的管理或保护。 Eg: Can you take good care of these goods? 你能看管好这些货物吗, Lesson 3 hobby (一) 概述hobby 1. Hobby词本身，可数名词，复数形式 2. Hobby范畴 1) Collecting----collect stamp, collect butterflies, collect coins 2) Games----football, basketball, table tennis 3) Cooking 4) Gardening 5) Reading 6) Surfing the net (二) 如何表达自己的爱好 1. My hobby is doing sth. 8 爱好多是一个动作，表达上需要一个名词，从而用到动名词 Eg: 1) 我的爱好是打篮球。 My hobby is playing basketball. 2) 我的爱好是听音乐。 My hobby is listening to music. 3) 我的爱好是看电影。 My hobby is seeing movies. 2. I like doing sth. /I love doing sth. like后面同样加动名词 同样刚才的 句子 关于阅读的唯美句子关于古风的唯美句子执行力的经典句子鼓励人努力奋斗的句子用沉默代替一切的句子 可以换成这个句型。 (三) 如何问别人的爱好。 1. 一般疑问句 Do you have a hobby? 一般疑问句，有些不可以只用yes或者no来回答。我们平时交流所遵循的是情景内容而 不是语法规则。 Do you have a pen? Here you are. 问 Do you have a hobby? 回答 Yes, I do. 或者是 No, I don’t. 通常人们会告诉你具体的信息。I love reading. 2. 特殊疑问句 What’s your hobby? 语气比较重。 在美国交流尽量少用what引导的特殊疑问句，比较硬，有时候没有礼貌。 在没有挺清楚对方的话的时候，尽量少用what，用excuse me比较妥当一些。 What do you do in your spare time? (四) 课文第一部分 Bill Jackson and Li Ming are talking about their hobbies. Li Ming: I started a new hobby and it’s a lot of fun. Bill Jackson: What is it? Li Ming: It’s stamp-collecting. Do you collect stamps? Bill Jackson: No. It takes a long time to build a good stamp collecting, doesn’t it? Li Ming: Yes, it does. What’s your hobby, then? Bill Jackson: Well, I am interested in sports. I play football on weekends. Li Ming: Playing football is very exciting. Bill Jackson: Yes, it is. (五) 反义疑问句 9 It takes a long time to build a good stamp collecting, doesn’t it? 陈述句 + ，+ 助动词 + 主语, A+B+C+D+E五个部分 a) A代表一个陈述句 b) B代表“，” c) C是助动词，助动词的形式由A决定，A是肯定，C是否定;A是否定，C是肯定。 d) D是主语，这里的主语往往以代词的形式出现 e) E是问号 给大家几个例子。 He works very hard, doesn’t he? He has supper at home every day, doesn’t he? 反意疑问句的陈述部分含有由un-, im-, in-, dis-, 等否定意义的前缀构成的词语时，陈述部分要视为肯定含义，问句部分用否定形式。如: ?Your father is unhappy, isn’t he?(不能用is he?) ?The man is dishonest, isn’t he? (不能用is he?) ?It is impossible to learn English without remembering more words, isn’t it?(不能用is it ?) 反意疑问句的陈述部分带有little, few, never, hardly, seldom等否定意义的词时，问句部分用肯定式。如: ?She never tells a lie, does she?(不用doesn’t she?) ?He was seldom late, was he?(不用wasn’t he?) 陈述部分为Let’s…时，问句部分习惯上用shall we?形式。如: Let’s go home together, shall we? 陈述部分为否定祈使句时，问句部分一般用will you?形式。如: Don’t make any noise, will you? (六) it takes(took)+时间+to do something 1. It是形式主语，实际主语是to do something 形式主语，英语里有时候为了避免主语过长，用形式主语取代，真实的主语放在后面。 英语的特点， 意思是做某事要花多少时间 Eg: 1) 买衣服要花一整天的时间。 It takes a whole day to buy some clothes. 2) 做完这些家务要用一周。 It takes a week to finish the housework. 2. 做这些家务用一周看是对谁而言 对谁来说，我们用for somebody (七) be interested in… 1. 对„„感兴趣 In是介词后面应该加名词，如果是动作，我们应该是动词的动名词形式 Eg:我对阅读很感兴趣。 I am interested in reading. 2. 动名词的总结 10 (八) 课文第二部分 Li Ming likes taking pictures and playing basketball. Bill Jackson: Do you like taking pictures? Li Ming: Yes, I take a lot of pictures when I travel. Bill Jackson: Do you take pictures when you watch a football match? Li Ming: No, I don’t watch football match. But I do take pictures when I watch basketball match. Bill Jackson: Do you play basketball? Li Ming: Yes. I play basketball on weekends. Bill Jackson: Are you on a team? Li Ming: Not exactly. But I was on the school team when I was a middle school student. (九) taking picture拍照 照相机camera， 我们通常讲的数码相机叫做DC，就是digital camera 单反——相机的一种，现在是数码单反DSLR 胶卷film，现在已经几乎被数码取代, film被CCD取代 数码相机，像素问题Pixel 镜头 lens (十) basketball 1. NBA 2. NBA赞助商 3. 体育运动品牌的形象口号 just do it impossible is nothing 4. 中国人为何不具备创新思维 Imitation, not innovation (十一) 运动是非常好的hobby，带给人们的是健康 1. 世界上最昂贵的运动——golf Golf四个字母的意义 G——green O——oxygen L——leisure F——foot 2. Golf运动的文化与美国商业思维 3. 中国如何谈生意 (十二) on weekends 1. Weekend的意义 2. in, on, at作为表示地点的介词的用法区别 In 大的时间段 11 一天当中的大的时间段 At 短暂的时刻，通常是点时间 On 某个特殊的日子 特定的某天的上午，下午，晚上。 (十三) 课文第三部分 Li Ming is a computer games fan. Bill Jackson: You look sleepy(困乏的), Li Ming. Li Ming: Yes, I didn’t go to bed until 2 o’clock this morning. Bill Jackson: Why? Li Ming: I was sitting at the computer. Bill Jackson: Were you playing games? Li Ming: Yes, but how do you know that? Bill Jackson: Everyone knows you are very crazy about computer games. But playing games is a waste of time. Li Ming: Yes, it is. But it’s also very interesting. Bill Jackson: Yes, but is it more important than sleep? Li Ming: Er ..., maybe I should spend less time on games. (十四) fan的含义 1. 爱好者 2. 电脑爱好者 computer fan 3. 篮球爱好者 basketball fan 4. 粉丝 fans 5. ZBF (十五) COMPUTER GAME 1. 浪费时间和生命 2. 容易疲劳，甚至猝死 3. 办公室杀手 (十六) 总结一课内容，结束第三课。 (十七) 自我测试 1. — Do you like to play basketball? — _________ A. Perhaps. B. No. Xiaowang does not like it. C. I am crazy about it. D. I am pleased about it. 答案:C 12 Lesson 4 问路 (一) 问路与交际英语 (二) 基本交通工具和交通设施 Bus Shuttle bus Air-condition bus Double-decker bus Trolley bus Private car Taxi, cab Subway, tub Traffic light Overpass Underpass Crosswalk, pedestrian crossing (三) 英语中路的说法 1. Avenue 东西走向，两旁多有大树，林荫道也称avenue。 2. Street 南北走向，两旁有建筑，多在繁华地带。 3. Road 指普通的路，任何的路都可以叫road。 这三个词翻译过来，我们通常把avenue翻译成道，street翻译成街，road就是路。 (四) 美国人没有东南西北的方向感，只有前后左右的概念 1. 中国大城市布局方向规整，多是南北东西向，北京，西安。 2. 西方国家城市布局并不是以南北东西方向 3. 美国人以及西方国家的人们问路指路的概念是前后左右。 (五) 课文第一部分 John Smith is going to the Tian’anmen Square. John Smith: Excuse me. Can you tell me where the Tian’anmen Square is, please? Policeman: Take the first turning on the left and then ask again. John Smith: Pardon? Policeman: Take the first turning on the left. John Smith: Then it’s the Tian’anmen Square? Policeman: No, you should ask again. John Smith: Is it far? Policeman: No, it’s only about five minutes’ walk. John Smith: Many thanks. 13 Policeman: Not at all. (六) excuse me的含义 1. Excuse me 2. Pardon me (七) 问路的第一种方式Can you tell me where the Tian’anmen Square is, please? (八) turning, crossing, and T-shape crossing (九) take的含义，取道 (十) five minutes’ walk (十一) 对于感谢的回答方式。 1. Not at all 2. You are welcome 3. That’s OK 4. My pleasure 5. That’s all right 6. 北美常用的回答方式sure (十二) 课文的第二部分 John Smith is going to the Beijing Railway Station. John Smith: Excuse me, please, could you tell me the way to the Beijing Railway Station? Passer-by: Well, it’s far from here. John Smith: But I’m going to catch a train. Passer-by: Well, first go down the street, then take the second turning to the right and you’ll find a subway station just in front of you. Take the ring line subway and you can go straight to the Beijing Station. John Smith: Go down the street, take the second turning to the right and take the subway to the Beijing Station. Passer-by: Right. You can’t miss it. John Smith: Thank you very much. Passer-by: You are welcome. (十三) railway station和subway station (十四) 问路的第二种方式could you tell me the way to the Beijing Railway Station? (十五) far, near及如何表示路的远近 (十六) catch a train 14 (十七) go down 1. Down的含义down=along 2. Go up 3. Go down 4. Up和down都可以用along来取代。 5. Up多指从小地方到大地方。 6. Down多指从大地方到小地方 (十八) in front of 和 in the front of 1. In front of 在范围外 There is a beautiful garden in front of my house.我家前面有一个美丽的花园。 2. In the front of 在范围内 The blackboard is in the front of our classroom.黑板在教室的前面。 (十九) you can’t miss it Miss的用法和辨别 Miss somebody: 想念某人。 Miss something: 错过每个东西。 (二十) 复习感谢的回答方式，给出中式思维的干扰项。 1. Thank you 2. Please, don't say so. 3. No, It's not so good. 4. It doesn't matter. 5. Don't say that (二十一) 课文第三部分 John Smith is going to the post office. John Smith: Excuse me, but could you tell me where the nearest post office is? Passer-by: I’m sorry. I’m new here, too. John Smith: Thank you just the same. … John Smith: Pardon me, sir. Can you tell me where the nearest post office is? Policeman: Well, it’s some distance from here. John Smith: How can I get there? Policeman: You can go there either on foot or by bus. In fact, it takes at most twenty minutes if you walk there. John Smith: I think I’ll walk there. Policeman: OK. Let me show you the way. First turn right at the next light, walk three blocks ahead, stop at the cinema and turn left. The post office is right in front of you. John Smith: I see. Thank you. Policeman: You are welcome. (二十二) post office 15 1. Office的含义 2. Studio 3. Station 4. 其他一些部分的说法 (二十三) 问路的第三种方式could you tell me where the nearest post office is? (二十四) 何时抱歉 (二十五) thank you just the same Thank you all the same (二十六) 情态动词can和could (二十七) 第四种问路方式How can I get there? (二十八) either…or (二十九) 复习句型it takes + 时间 (三十) show you the way 和基本指路方式归纳 (三十一) block与美国城市布局。 介绍城市New York (三十二) right在文中的含义。 Right 正确的 正好，恰好 自我测试 1. — Thank for giving me so much help. — _________ A. My pleasure. B. Never mind. C. Yes, I should do. D. It doesn't matter. 2. — Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the bus stop? — _________ A. Yes, go straight down this way to the end. B. Why do you ask me the way? C. Yes, I will. D. No, I can't tell you that. 答案:1. A;2. A 16 Lesson 5 Shopping 购物 (一) 购物与现代城市生活 (二) 美国人的购物场所 MALL文化 MALL原意是“林荫道”，现在也可译为“购物林荫道”，起源于欧美，特指规模巨大、 连成一体、包罗众多专卖店和商铺，集购物、休闲、娱乐、饮食为一体的商业中心，也 指有屋顶的商业林荫道，因为有一条或多条步行街，购物、消费餐饮或漫步，犹如在林 荫道上闲逛一样舒适和惬意。 MALL作为美国的城市景观已经存在了半个世纪。并形成了独特的MALL文化，比如 “MALL老鼠”(mall rats)，即喜欢逛MALL、泡Mall的年轻人这样的群体 (三) 美国人的消费习惯 在美国人看来，消费是天经地义、理所当然的一件事。 个人消费是美国经济的主要驱动力，占国民生产总值的70%。国民存钱的比率很低，几乎是零。 对消费至上主义的反拨日益成为主流，在政治、经济以及娱乐中都有所反映。麦凯恩和奥巴马在总统竞选中都坦言，美国人的消费习惯需要调整，应减少借贷，增加储蓄。 (四) 现在的消费方式对语言交流的抛弃 购物越来越是在和物品打交道 只需要很少量的语言 (五) 课文单词 1. Pair 一双，一对，一副 2. Size (尺寸、体积、规模)大小 3. Sell out 售完，脱销 4. Order 订购 5. Leave 留下 6. Card 卡片 (六) 课文第一部分 Mrs. White wants to buy a pair of shoes. Shop-assistant: What can I do for you, Madam? Mrs. White: Yes, I’m trying to find a pair of shoes, Size 8. Shop-assistant: That’s American size. In European size, it’s 42. But, sorry, they’re sold right out. Mrs. White: Could you order a pair for me? Shop-assistant: Sure. What colour do you want? Red, black or blue? Mrs. White: Blue. Shop-assistant: All right. Would you please leave your phone number? I’ll call you when it arrives. Mrs. White: Yes, here is my business card. 17 Shop-assistant: Thanks a lot. (七) 想做什么want to do something Eg:I want to play basketball. 我想去打篮球 另外一种表达:Would like to do something Eg:go shopping 购物 1(I would like to go shopping. 我想去购物 缩写:I’d like to go shopping. 我想去购物 (八) buy买 buyer shopper custome client 1. pick up 2. purchase (九) a pair of shoes 一双鞋 1. trousers 裤子 2. pants 裤子 3. glass 眼镜 4. glove 手套 (十) 其他衣服的说法 T-shirt T桖衫 shirt衬衫 skirt 短裙 blouse 短衫 服装 dress 女装 suit 男装 tie 领带 Three piece suit 三件套 uniform 制服 formal dress 女性礼服 tail 燕尾服 coat 外套 fur coat 皮毛大衣 trousers 裤子 jeans 牛仔裤 underskirt 内衣 underpants 内裤 bra 文胸 stockings 长袜 18 socks 短袜 (十一) 衣服料子 natural fabric 天然纤维 cotton 棉 silk 丝 wool 毛料 linen 麻 polyester 伸缩尼龙 nylon 尼龙 (十二) what can I do for you? Can I help you? (十三) try to do Try doing (十四) American size, European size 美国码 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10 欧 码 34 35 36 36.5 37 37.5 38 39 39.5 40 41 41.5 42 42.5 43 44 厘米 21.5 22 22.5 23 23.5 24 24.5 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5 28 28.5 (十五) sell out (十六) 商店里的优惠和打折方式的说法 1. On sale 2. Discount 3. 20% off 八折:20% off 八五折:at 15% discount 九七折:discount three percent 七折:discount of 30% 九折:ten per cent off 六折:make an allowance of 40% (十七) order, book 1. reserve 预定[约]; 租定(座位, 房间等) 2. book 预定,定(房间、车票等) 3. order尤指书面下定单，较正式 eg: 1) book a hotel room; 预定旅馆房间; 2) reserve a table at a restaurant. 19 在餐厅订张桌子 (十八) color 1. Red 红色 2. Green 绿色 3. Blue 蓝色 4. Black 黑色 5. Yellow 黄色 6. White 白色 7. Purple 紫色 8. Orange 橘黄色 9. Gold 金色 10. Brown 棕色 11. Pink 粉色 (十九) Would you please leave your phone number? Would you please do something Would you like to do something Would you like to leave your phone number? 语气没有例句坚决和强硬。 (二十) Business Card 1. I exchange business card. 我交换名片。 2. Here's my business card. 这是我的名片。 3. Let me give you my business card. 我给你一张我的业务名片。 4. Would you please leave your business card? 请留下您的名片，好吗, (二十一) 课文第二部分单词 1. Gift 礼物 2. Price 价格 3. Expensive 贵重的 4. Cheap 便宜的 5. Cost 需花费 6. Cashier 收银员 (二十二) 课文第二部分 Mrs. White’s buying a bike for her daughter. Shop-assistant: My I help you, Madam? Mrs. White: Yes, I would like to buy a bike for my daughter as a birthday gift. Shop-assistant: What colour does she like? Red, blue or white? 20 Mrs. White: Red, I think. Shop-assistant: What do you think of this one? Mrs. White: It looks fine. What’s the price? Shop-assistant: It’s 980 yuan. Mrs. White: Oh, it’s too expensive. Do you have some cheaper red bikes? Shop-assistant: Yes, they are over there. … Mrs. White: Oh, I like this one. It looks nice. How much is it? Shop-assistant: It will only cost you 490 yuan. Mrs. White: That’s OK. My daughter will surely like it. Shop-assistant: I’m sure she will. Mrs. White: Where shall I pay? Shop-assistant: Please pay at the cashier’s. Mrs. White: Thank you very much. Shop-assistant: You are welcome. (二十三) buy for 为„„而买 give to 给„„ 介词for和to的不同 I would like to buy a basketball for my son as a Christmas gift. (二十四) birthday gift present (二十五) what do you think of 一般要询问你的意见和建议的问法。 1. What about 2. How about (二十六) 感官动词+形容词 表示看起来怎么样，听起来怎么样，闻起来怎么样，尝起来怎么样，感觉怎么样。 1. Look you look great. 2. Sound it sounds good. 3. Smell the dish smells delicious. 4. Taste the wine tastes wonderful. 5. Feel the sofa feels comfortable. (二十七) 问价格 What’s the price…? How much is it? (二十八) cheap和high 1. Cheap形容物品 2. High形容价格 a good due / bargain 21 (二十九) cost的用法 It cost somebody some time (some money) 1. 主语是物品 How much does this book cost? It costs a lot to buy a house in this part of London. 2. 主语是人的句型为 Somebody spend some money doing something. Somebody spend some money on sth. Eg: We spent 20 dollars on books. (三十) at the cashier’s 用名词所有格表示处所 肉铺叫a butcher’s shop，但通常略写为a butcher’s。 类似情况下的shop, house, office都可以省略: 1. a tailor’s裁缝铺 2. a barber’s理发店 3. a doctor’s诊所 4. my sister’s我姐姐的家 5. stationer’s文具店 6. Chaplin’s卓别林的家 (三十一) 总结买东西的句型。 自我测试 1.— Good afternoon. Can I help you? — _________ A. No. I don't think so. B. Thank you. C. I need to buy a birthday present for my son. D. Yes. I think so 2.— How much is this blue tablecloth? — _________ A. The green one is better. B. Ten dollars and thirty cents. C. It's cheap. D. Yes. It's beautiful. 答案:1(,;2(, 22 Lesson 6 hotel 宾馆 1(hotel概述 饭店、宾馆、酒店(HOTEL)一词原为法语，指的是法国贵族在乡下招待贵宾的别墅。后来 欧美的酒店业沿用了这一名词 restaurant——饭店，餐厅 motel——汽车旅馆 inn——小旅馆 2(hotel星级的评判 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 three star hotel——三星级酒店 four star hotel——四星级酒店 five star hotel ——五星级酒店 3(hotel的硬件设施 indoor swimming pool outdoor swimming pool restaurant chess room billiards room business center beauty salon 4(hotel的基本服务 ironing service laundry service morning wake up butler service 5( 如何订宾馆 how to reserve a hotel room 6( 课文第一部分词汇 book 订(房间) kind 种类 single 单一的 double 双的 check in 入住 December 12月 January 1月 February 2月 March 3月 April 4月 May 5月 June 6月 July 7月 August 8月 September 9月 October 10月 November 11月 23 7(课文第一部分正文 Martin Baird is booking a hotel room by phone. (Ringing…) Receptionist: Good morning, this is the Garden Hotel. Can I help you? Martin Baird: Good morning. I’d like to book a room. Receptionist: All right. What’s your name, please? Martin Baird: My name is Martin Baird. Receptionist: Thank you, Mr. Baird. What kind of room do you want, single or double? Martin Baird: Double. One double room. Receptionist: OK, when would you like to check in? Martin Baird: On December 6th. Receptionist: How many nights will you stay? Martin Baird: Three. What is the price? Receptionist: 127 dollars each day including breakfast. Martin Baird: Good. Thank you. 8(book订购，预定 book a hotel room book a seat book a table book a ticket reserve a room Have you got a reservation? 9(what kind of room do you want? single room double room 标间 standard room (国外没有这个说法) superior room suite presidential suite 10(check in 表示宾馆的入住，即登记入住 Eg: I checked in at the Gordon Hotel. 另外，还表示办理登记手续 Eg: You have to checked in by 12:30. check out 表示结账交还钥匙后离开宾馆 Eg: The following morning he checked out. 另外，还有仔细检查的意思。 24 11(what’s the price How much does it cost? 12(including breakfast 通常可以问下 does the rate include breakfast? receptionist会告诉你，the breakfast is complimentary. complimentary免费的 13(课文第二部分单词 Fill 填写 Form 表格 Key 钥匙 14(课文第二部分正文 Martin Baird is checking in. Receptionist: Good evening! Welcome to the Garden Hotel! May I help you? Martin Baird: I’d like to check in. Receptionist: May I have your name, please? Martin Baird: Yes, Martin Baird. Receptionist: Please wait a moment. Let me check. … OK, please fill in the form. Martin Baird: Sure. … Martin Baird: Here you are. Receptionist: Thank you. Your room number is 2001. Here is the key. Martin Baird: Thanks. 15(may I have your name 英美人通常不问你姓名，但是在做登记或者其他手续时，需要你的名字。会很有礼貌的问:may I have your name? 意思是能告诉我你的名字吗,而通常不用what’s your name? 这样问比较生硬，可能警察问话的时候会这样问吧。 16(fill in the form fill 填满 Eg: Crazy crowds filled the street. Fill in a form 填写表格 Fill in your name and address. 17(key 钥匙 键——手机上的按键，打字机上的按键，电脑上的按键，钢琴上的按键 Keyboard，键盘，电脑的，电子琴的 25 card以后有card取代key的趋势 18(课文第三部分单词 change 改变，更换 favor 恩惠kindness certainly 一定的，必然的 empty 空的 19(课文第三部分正文 Martin Baird wants to change to a bigger room. Martin Baird: Excuse me, could you do me a favor? Receptionist: Certainly. Martin Baird: Can I change to a bigger room? Receptionist: Yes. Please wait a moment while I check. … Yes, there is an empty room. Do you want to change today? Martin Baird: No. I’m going to change tomorrow evening. By the way, what’s the price? Receptionist: 184 dollars per night. Your name and room number, please? Martin Baird: My name is Martin Baird. I’m staying in Room 2001. Receptionist: Thank you. Your new room number is 2301. Martin Baird: All right. When can I have the key? Receptionist: Come for it as soon as you are ready to change. You’ll have to fill in another form then. Martin Baird: OK. Thank you. Receptionist: My pleasure. 20(do me a favor give me a hand help me help 21(as soon as 一„„就„„ As soon as she got out of bed the telephone stopped ringing. 22(课文第四部分单词 wonderful 很棒的 future 未来 23(课文第四部分正文 Martin Baird is checking out. Receptionist: Good morning. 26 Martin Baird: Good morning. I’d like to check out. Receptionist: All right. What’s your room number? Martin Baird: Room 2301. Receptionist: You are Mr. Baird, Martin Baird, right? Martin Baird: Yes. I’ve stayed here for four days. Receptionist: That’s right. You checked in on December 6th. Here is the bill. Martin Baird: OK. Here is the credit card and the room key. Receptionist: Thank you. By the way, are you satisfied with our service? Martin Baird: Yes, it is wonderful. Everything is very nice here. Receptionist: Thank you. I hope we have the pleasure to serve you again in the future. 24(stay here for four days For后面加一个短时间。 Eg: I have been in Beijing for 3 years. I will leave Beijing in five years. 25(Bill 账单明细 26(credit card 信用卡的安全性 不用密码更安全 凡使用密码进行的交易，均视为持卡人本人所为。依据密码等电子信息办理 的各类结算交易所产生的电子信息记录均为该项交易的有效凭据。凡未使用密码 进行的交易，则以持卡人签字的交易凭证为该项交易的有效凭证。 27(by the way 顺便说一下。 28(be satisfied with 对„„感到满意 他对服务感到很满意 He was very satisfied with the service. 29(serve 为„„服务，为„„效忠 为人民服务serve the people For over thirty years, he (she) has served the company loyally. 三十多年来他对公司一直忠心耿耿。 30(in the future, in future in the future 特指在将来，在未来的某一特定时间段。 No one can foresee what will happen in the future.没人能预见将来会发生什么事。 in future指从现在往后，也就是今后，从今往后 Please be more careful in future. 今后小心 27 Lesson 7 Please send me a card 请给我寄一张明信片 Postcards always spoil my holidays. Last summer, I went to Italy. I visited museums and sat in public gardens. A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian. Then he lent me a book. I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word. Everyday I thought about postcards. My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send cards to my friends. On the last day I made a big decision. I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards. I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card! 单词 1. Send Send a letter Send a card Send a letter to my mother Send a card to my elder-brother Send sth. to sb. 直接宾语和间接宾语 Send sb. Sth. Give sb. Sth. Give sth. to sb. Send children to school Take children to school take:某人亲自送 send:通过第三个人去送 2. Postcard Send him a card Name card 名片 Here is my name card. Visiting card 名片 ID card 身份证 credit card 信用卡 cash card 银行卡 3. Spoil Spoil 使索然无味，损坏;把东西的质量变得不好了，或生活中不顺心的事;宠坏，溺爱 break 打破 damage 破坏，程度不一定很重 destroy 破坏，彻底摧毁 spoil 例句: a) His parents spoiled the boy. 他父母宠坏了那个男孩子。 b) This spoiled my day. 这件事毁了我一天的心情。 c) What you said spoiled me. 你说的话影响了我一天的心情 d) His arrival spoiled my holiday. 他的到来毁了我的假期。 28 4. Holiday Festival, holiday, vacation Festival:节日 每年的一天或一段时间，人们是不用工作去庆祝一个特别的事情，通常会与宗教有关系的，譬如说圣诞节和复活节，就是基督徒的节日。 Holiday: 假期 英式英语:一个固定的时间或期间，你不需要去工作或上学，又或是一个时间你可以去旅行或在家休息。 Vacation: 5. Italy Span France German Britain 有时候表示国家有两种方式，一种是从版图领土上的名称，另外一种政权或者政体的形 式 比如说美国我们可以叫the United States of America或者直接叫America 英国the United Kingdom 或者叫Britain, 有时候甚至用England就代替了 荷兰the Netherlands或者Holland 还有其他一些国家也是这样。 6. Visit Tour Holiday in Vacation in Call on 7. Museum Palace museum故宫博物院 8. Public public house public house (pub) 酒吧 in private 私下里的 in public 公开的 Why not have a conversation in public? 为什么不当着大家面说, 9. Garden花园，菜园，果园 Secret Garden 29 10. Waiter Waitress Chief waiter Shop assistant Attendant 11. Teach Teach sb. something Teach something Teach somebody a lesson 12. lend She was reading a book I had lent her. 她在读我借给她的一本书 Borrow from I borrowed the book from Tom. 我从Tom那里借的这本书。 13. line绳子，线，电话线，行，列，排，流水线，字行 14. Think Think of想起 I can never think of her name. Think about思考 I’ll think about it. Think over仔细考虑 Let me think over the whole thing. 15. Pass时间的消逝 Go by The time seems to have passed so quickly. 16. Quickly副词 Fast既是形容词，又是副词 17. Make a decision Decide Make a great decision 18. Get up站起身，起床 19. Spend花钱，花时间 20. The whole day All the day 21. Single 30 Double Single room Double room 语法 复习一般过去时 Spend的用法 Spend+时间+地点 I spent three hours in the sea. 我在海里玩了三个小时。 I spent my weekend at my mother’s. 周末我在妈妈家过了一天。 I spent three hours in the classroom everyday. 每天我要在教室里待上三个小时。 I spent a lot of time in traffic jam. 我在交通拥挤中度过了好长时间，所以迟到 了。 Spend+时间+on something Spend+时间+doing something 跟双宾语的动词 直接宾语——物 间接宾语——人 间接宾语前面加to或者for To:动作对什么人而做 For: 动作为什么人而做 Give a book to me. 能不能give a book for me.呢，讲不通 Take flowers to my wife Buy这个词跟for 汉语当中翻译成替，为。 I buy a book for you. I order a chicken for you. I made a cake for you. 跟for相连的动词 Buy, order, make, find Lesson 8 An exciting trip 激动人心的旅行 I have just received a letter from my brother, Tim. He is in Australia. He has been there for six months. Tim is an engineer. He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia. He has just bought an Australian car and has gone to Alice Springs, a small town in the centre of Australia. He will soon visit Darwin. From there, he will fly to Perth. My brother has never been abroad before, so he is finding this trip very exciting. 31 单词 1. Exciting Excite Exciting, excited 动词+ ing 表示令人„„ 动词+ed 表示自己感到„„ He was so excited he could hardly sleep. The news was so exciting. I am excited. Kobe Bryant is so exciting. 2. Trip Journey On a trip He talked about his recent trip to Africa. She often goes on business trip abroad. 3. Receive Receive a letter from Receive a reply Receive money from Accept accept: 同意接收(收下) receive:客观的收到 This morning Linda received a bunch of flowers from a boy, but she didn’t accept it. I know that they would accept my advice. take take the exam 接受考试 take advice 接受建议 4. Engineer Engine 5. Firm Company Corporation 6. Centre Middle Heart Core Centre是一种活动场所 托儿所 child-care centre 32 卫生所 health centre 艺术中心 art centre Centre还可以表示城市中心区downtown area 焦点 She was the centre of public admiration. 中锋 7. Abroad Overseas My friend has gone to line abroad. I just get back from abroad. Tom spends a holiday abroad. 8. Find 发现，找到 I think I’m lost. I can’t find the bridge. He can not find a job. 通过努力找到问题的解决方法 He will find the answer to this question. 认为觉得 Do you find that there are there are a lot more fires in the summer. 抽空做某事 How do you find time to write these books. Find sb. do something Find sb. doing something 语法 现在完成时 与现在完成时连用的副词和副词短语，其中包括before(now)，so far， up to,till now，just，already，now，ever，never等;还讲过有些用现在完成时的句子 不需要任何表示时间的词。注意以下句子: This is one of the worst photos I've ever taken. 这是我照过的最差的相片之一。 I've never seen such a good film before. 我从来没看过这么好的电影。 How many times have you had that dream? 那个梦你做过几次, I've had it three times so far. 迄今为止我已做过3次。 除了这些词以外，since和for也常与现在完成时连用，表示直到现在的时段。since一般与一个时间点连用，for一般与一个时间段连用: How long have y0u been a doctor? 你当医生有多久了, I've been a doctor since 1989. 33 自1989年以来我一直是个医生。 How long have you worked at the library? 你在图书馆工作多久了, I've worked at the library for a week. 我来图书馆工作已经一星期了。 I've lived here since 1980. 自1980年起我就住在这儿。 I've lived here for five years. 我已在这里住了5年了。 Have been to 和 have gone to 文化 澳大利亚概况 澳大利亚划分为六州和二领地。六州是: 新南威尔士州(NSW) - 首府悉尼 昆士兰(QLD) - 首府布里斯本 南澳大利亚(SA) - 首府阿德莱德 塔斯马尼亚(TAS) - 首府霍巴特 维多利亚(VIC) - 首府墨尔本 西澳大利亚(WA) - 首府珀斯 二领地是: 澳大利亚首都区(ACT) - 首府堪培拉 北领地(NT) - 首府达尔文 Lesson 9 No parking 禁止停车 Jasper White is one of those rare people who believe in ancient myths. He has just bought a new house in the city, but ever since he moved in, he has had trouble with cars and their owners. When he returns home at night, he always finds that someone has parked a car outside his gate. Because of this, he has not been able to get his own car into his garage even once. Jasper has put up 'No Parking' signs outside his gate, but these have not had any effect. Now he has put an ugly stone head over the gate. It is one of the ugliest faces I have ever seen. I asked him what it was and he told me that it was Medusa, the Gorgon Jasper hopes that she will turn cars and their owners to stone. But none of them has been turned to stone yet! 单词 1. Park 公园 乡村巨宅周围的庭院或者园林 园区 an industry park 工业园区， the amusement park 游乐场 34 停泊 She parked in front of the library 2. Rare Rare animal Rare bird Rare plant Rare illness 吃牛排well done, medium, rare 3. Believe 相信……的真实性 We believe him dead. I think 我想 表示所说可能不很准确 I believe he is very well in German. 我想他在德国很有名吧。 使别人听上去你是认真的，而且尽可能的不带感情色彩 I believe I still owe you seven hundred dollars. 我想我还欠你700美元。 I don’t believe it. 难以置信 Could not believe one’s eyes Could not believe one’s ears Believe it or not信不信由你。 4. Ancient 古老的 古代的ancient Egypt 5. Myth 神话 Medusa was the unfortunate woman in the Greek myth who was loved by the god of the sea. 6. Since 自……以来，打……以后 It is two weeks now since I wrote to you. Ever since We met ten years ago and we have been friends ever since. 我们十年前认识的，打那个时候起，我们就是朋友了。 7. Move 移动 8. Trouble Have trouble doing something 35 做某事遇到麻烦 Do you have any trouble reading this book? In trouble 碰到了麻烦，遇到了问题 We are in trouble. 我们遇到麻烦了。 如果a woman in trouble是指未婚先孕 口语I am sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你 9. Return 回来 Go back Come back I return to my hotel. I come back to my hotel. 还回来 He borrowed my best suit and didn’t return it. 10. Gate 大门 Door 普通的门 11. Garage 车库 汽车修理间 12. Put up 张贴(海报，广告) She put up a large sign outside her house. 她在屋外挂了一幅大的告示牌。 13. Effect Have an effect Have no effect Have effect on The advice has no effect on me. 14. Ugly 丑的 15. Stone 所有的坚硬的像石头的东西都称之为stone 纪念碑，宝石，果壳，肾结石，铁石心肠 36 16. Medusa 美杜莎 美杜莎原来是个十分美丽的少女，长着一头披肩的秀发。可她自视长得好，竟然 不自量力地和智慧女神比起美来。雅典娜被激怒了，她施展法术，把美杜莎的那 头秀发变成了无数毒蛇。美女因此成了妖怪。更可怕的是，她的两眼闪着骇人的 光，任何人哪怕只看她一眼，也会立刻变成毫无生气的一块大石头。 语法 定语从句 Jasper White is one of those rare people who believe in ancient myths. Jasper White是那些相信古代神话的怪人之一。 Who后面的定语从句who believe in ancient myths所表达的就是“相信古代神话的”这个定语，但是在英语中不能简单的有一个词表达，也不能像汉语一样，不管定语有多长，都在后面加一个的就可以。 比如说:他是王魁，哪个王魁。他是就那个口蜜腹剑笑里藏刀曾经给日本人当汉奸的那个王魁。 Tom is the man. He told me the news. Tom is the man who told me the news. Tom bought some books. I love them very much. 如果前面一句是主句，后面这句用来修饰前面的一个词books Tom bought some books which l love very much. Who 和which都是关系代词。 关系代词有三个作用 第一，代替先行词 第二，在句子中做主语或者宾语 第三，连接主句和从句 关系代词主要有以下几对 Who, whom In this accident, the number of people who died reached as many as 25. 在这次事故中死亡多达25人。 I have many friends to whom I am going to send postcards. 37 我有很多朋友要寄给贺卡。 Which The river which runs through the centre of the city was polluted seriously. 穿过市中心的那条河遭到了严重污染。(which在从句中作主语) That Whose You’re the only one whose advice he might listen to. 只有你的建议他可能会听。(whose 在定语从句中作advice的定语) I’d like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。(whose在从句作window的定语) 除了关系代词引导定语从句，关系副词同样也可以引导定语从句 关系副词的作用是 第一，代替先行词 第二，在句子中做状语 第三，连接主句和从句 关系副词有以下几对 Where Potato can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice. 有些地方太冷不能种稻米，但可以种马铃薯。 When I shall never forget the days when we worked on the farm. 我永远也不会忘记我们在农场劳动的那些日子。 why Can you tell me the reason why the car broke down? 你能告诉我车子坏了的原因吗, Lesson 10 A walk through the woods 林中散步 I live in a very old town which is surrounded by beautiful woods. It is a famous beauty spot. On Sundays, hundreds of people come from the city to see our town and to walk through the woods. Visitors have been asked to keep the woods clean and tidy. Litter baskets have been placed under the trees, but people still throw their rubbish everywhere. Last Wednesday, I went for a walk in the woods. What I saw made me very sad. I counted seven old cars and three old refrigerators. The litter baskets were empty and the ground was covered with pieces of paper, cigarette ends, old tyres, empty bottles and rusty tins. Among the rubbish, I found a sign which said, 'Anyone who leaves litter in these woods will be prosecuted! 单词 38 1. Live 居住，vi I used to live in China. Where do you live? Lions live in central Africa. Most people live in poverty. We live in a technological society. 如果说somebody has lived 指某人见过世面的 If you haven’t seen Paris at night, you haven’t lived. 你要是没有见过夜巴黎的话，那你就白活了。 Live还是实况转播的意思 A live broadcast 2. Old 人老的aged his old mother 年代久远的ancient old painting 破旧的 old boxes 老科学家 3. Town 什么叫做town，实际上就是small city Metropolis City Town Village 在农村地区的一个小村镇，通常在国外一个village有几个商店，一个小教堂， 一个学校这样的小地方。 Country指农村，有耕地 countryside 4. Surround 包围，围绕，环绕 The whole cake is surrounded by a thick coat of jelly. 整块蛋糕周围包着一层厚厚的果冻 Surrounding 环境，四周的情况environment 周围的，邻近的 nearby，near 5. Beautiful Good-looking Nice-looking Pretty Handsome 39 Pleasing Charming Lovely 6. Wood 木头，木材。不可数名词 A piece of wood 装酒的木桶 The wine had had forty years in wood before bottling 树林，大片树林 如果是woods就是非常大片的树林了 I lost my sweater in the woods. Somebody can not see the wood for the trees 只见树木不见森林，只见局部而不见整体的意思。 7. Famous 有名的，出名的well-known A famous writer Be famous for The city is famous for its cloth. 这座城市以衣料而出名。 8. Spot 点，dot 景点 On the spot 在现场 They know what’s going on because they’re on the spot. 他们知道应该知道情况，因为他们在现场。 9. Through 从空间上穿越，如果是从平面上穿越是across 过马路go across the road We drove through London.我们从伦敦穿过。 They drove home through the darkness. 他们在夜色中开车回家。 要跟大家强调，through可以作为介词，意思是因为，相当于because of 通过考试 They even told me that I would get through my degree exams. 10. Clean Free from dirt, stain, and other unwanted substances or mark 没有灰尘，污渍和其他一些脏东西。反义词是dirty Tidy 摆放的很整齐。翻译词是messy 40 Clean and tidy就是我们中文所讲的“整洁” 11. Litter Rubbish Trash 一堆垃圾a pile of litter People have always dropped litter. 人们总是乱丢垃圾。 A local rubbish dump 一个当地的垃圾堆场 Rubbish除了指真正的垃圾之外呢，还包括一些劣质的东西。 There is so much rubbish on TV. 电视上有太多的无聊节目。 12. Place 作为地点地方，没有什么好说的。 Place还有一个意思是放置、安置。 She placed the music on the piano and sat down. 她把乐谱放到钢琴上，然后做了下来。 13. Throw, threw, thrown 扔 He threw the book in the air. 他把书扔向空中。 14. Count 数数 我将从一数到三。 I am going to count up to three. Count还用来说那些说话算数，举足轻重的人物。 We respect those who count.我们尊敬那些说话算数的人。 15. Refrigerator 冰箱，可以缩写成fridge Refrigerate冷冻或者冷藏事物的意思。 16. Cover 覆盖 She covered her face with her hands 她用手捂住了脸。用……with The entire land was covered in snow. 整个大地都被大雪覆盖了。 17. Cigarette Cigar雪茄 41 Tobacco烟草 18. Tyre Tire 轮胎 19. Bottle A bottle of milk A bottle of orange Cup A cup of coffee A cup of tea Glass A glass of water 20. Rusty 生锈的 红褐色，铁锈色 21. Tin 罐头 22. Among 在一组人之中，在一组东西中，都是三者以上 两个之间用between 23. Prosecute 控告，告发，检举 对……提起公诉 He was prosecuted for drunken driving. 他被控酒后驾车。 语法 被动语态 1. Visitors have been asked to keep the woods clean and tidy. 2. Litter baskets have been placed under the trees, but people still throw their rubbish everywhere. 文章中时态的转变 1. 一般现在时 2. 现在完成时 3. 一般过去时 42 Lesson 11 By air 乘飞机 I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy. My parents used to live in South America and I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays. A flight attendant would take charge of me and I never had an unpleasant experience. I am used to traveling by air and only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened. After taking off, we were flying low over the city and slowly gaining height, when the plane suddenly turned round and flew back to the airport. While we were waiting to land, a flight attendant told us to keep calm and to get off the plane quietly as soon as it had touched down. Everybody on board was worried and we were curious to find out what had happened. Later we learnt that there was a very important person on board. The police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane. After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly. Fortunately, nothing was found and five hours later we were able to take off again. 词汇 1. Used to do 过去常常做某事 I used to live in this street. 我过去住在这条街上。 The two children used to send me a card at Christmas time. 这两个孩子过去每当圣诞节时候总送给我贺卡。 Be used to doing 习惯做某事 We are used to working together. 我们习惯于一起工作。 Get used to something 熟悉，了解 She had got used to Robin and liked him. 她对罗宾已经很熟悉了，而且很喜欢他。 Be used to do Telephone is used to call people. 电话机是用来给人们打电话的。 2. Deal交易，买卖 A great deal许多，大量——修饰不可数名词 They talked a great deal. 他们谈了好多。 We learnt a good deal from her. 我们从他那学到了很多东西。 3. Flight 乘飞机旅行 43 It is his first flight. 这是他的第一次乘飞机旅行。 客机，班机，航班 I had an hour to wait for my flight to London. 我要等上一个小时才能登上去伦敦的班机。 4. Attendant 服务员 商店里的服务员我们通常叫做shop assistant 飞机上的服务员我们叫做flight attendant 餐厅里的服务员叫做waiter, waitress 5. Take charge of Be in charge of 照顾，照管。 Who is in charge here? 这儿谁负责 6. Unpleasant 不合意的，令人不愉快的 The smell was unpleasant. 那个味道很难闻。 The only work available is dirty, unpleasant and dangerous. 唯一能找到的工作很脏、很不合意，也很危险。 7. Occasion 场合，时节，时刻 I met him only on one occasion. 我只见过他一次。 Occasionally 偶尔，有时候 You have surprised people occasionally. 你有时还真令人惊讶。 8. Frightened Afraid 收到惊吓的，担心害怕的 When you were a child, were you frightened of the dark? 你小时候怕黑吗, 9. Take off take off最常用的含义为“脱下(衣服、鞋子等)”: Why don't you take off your coat/hat/glasses? 你为什么不把你的大衣脱掉,帽子摘掉,眼镜摘下, 44 它还可以表示“(飞机)起飞”或“(鸟)飞起”: After taking off, we first flew low over the city. 起飞之后，我们先在城市上空低低地飞行。 The plane will take off in half an hour. 飞机将于半小时后起飞。 10. Over 在某地，或者某个区域的上空 There’s an aircraft coming over. 有一架飞机从上空飞过 The lamp hung over the table. 等悬挂在桌子正上方 在楼房的上面一层 He lived over a bakery. 他住在一家面包店的楼上。 11. Gain 得到，获得 通过努力获得，不是不劳而获 This gives you a chance to gain experience. 增加(速度，高度，重量) Gaining height, he saw Beijing like a relief map on the ground below him. 飞机升高以后，他看北京就像在他下面的一张地势图。 12. Height高度 Weight重量 Length长度 Width宽度 13. Turn around转过身 14. Land土地，田地，陆地 作为动词，有落下，降落，着陆的意思 The last man slipped and landed in the water. 最后一个人滑了一下，落如水中。 15. Keep calm保持冷静 16. Get off下飞机 17. Touch down专门指飞机着陆 He watched the plane as it touched down. 18. Worry担心，忧虑 Don’t worry. You can do it. 19. Curious好奇的 My sister and I were curious children and delighted in finding out all sorts of things. 我和我妹妹都是好奇的孩子，事事都喜欢追根问底。 45 Curious的名词是curiosity，好奇心 好奇心杀死猫其实是源于西方谚语:Curiosity killed the cat. 西方传说猫有九条命，怎么 都不会死去，而最后恰恰是死于自己的好奇心，可见好奇心有时是多么的可怕～ 在很多西方人眼里，猫 (cat)是好奇心(curiosity)和神秘(mystery)的象征。 当 人们讲Curiosity killed the cat. 时，其实不是真的讲好奇心把猫杀死了，而是说好奇心可 能使自己丧命的喔～ 自然啦，在实际的用法中也并没有丧命那么严重，但起码是告诫 人们好奇心要有一定的限度，否则危险。 20. Happen发生 What happened? 21. Find out找出查明 是指下了一番功夫后找出，查明 Discover I found out the train times 我总算看懂了火车时刻表。 22. Learn Learn of Learn that 听到发现 Learn from从„„总得到教训 He never seems to learn from his mistakes. 23. Plant种植;在……内种植: Trees were planted along the river. 河边栽了树。 放置，安置;布置: On that day many policemen were planted along the main street. 那天(城里的)主要街道上部署了许多警察。 24. Search Police searched his house but find nothing. 警察搜了他的屋，但是什么也没有发现。 25. Thorough完全的，彻底的 Full A thorough search 彻底的搜查 26. Fortunately幸运的是 Unfortunately不幸的是 语法 46 状语从句 状语从句主要有:时间状语从句，地点状语从句，原因状语从句，目的状语从句，结果状语 从句，条件状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句，方式状语从句等 时间状语从句 一个句子中的状语不能简单的用一个词来表示，需要用一个句子来描述，这个句子就是时间 状语从句。连接从句的的引导词主要有:when, while, as, after, before, since, until等等。状语 从句放在主句之间，之中，之后都可以。 When the fire broke out, all the students were sleeping soundly. 当火灾发生的时候，所有的学生都在熟睡。 文中句子解析 While we were waiting to land, a flight attendant told us to keep calm and to get off the plane quietly as soon as it had touched down. After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly. 倒装句 这是一个倒装句。倒装句的结构为“副词+助动词(be, do, have, can, must等)+主语+句子的其 余部分”。它通常用来加强语气，是典型的正式修辞和正式文体。用倒装句的情况包括: (1)句首为否定或近似否定的副词(never, rarely, little, on no occasion, hardly, no sooner…than 等): Never has he got so many letters. 他从未收到过这么多信。 Little does he realize how important this meeting is. 他对这个会议的重要性知之甚少。 On no occasion must you accept any money if he offers it. 他如果给你钱，你可绝不能接受。 Hardly had he begun his speech when he was interrupted. 他刚开始讲话就被人打断了。 No sooner had he returned than he bought a house and went to live there. 他刚一回来便买下了一幢房子住了进去。 (2)句首为only构成的词组(如 only after, only then等): Only then did I realize what a mistake I have made. 只是到了那时我才意识到我犯了个什么错误。 Only after she had taken off her coat and hat could I recognize her. 只有在她脱掉大衣和摘下帽子以后我才认出了她。 文化 very important person---VIP 47 话题文章 My favorite food My favorite food is Chinese dumpling; its pronunciation is jiao zi in Chinese. It is a traditional Chinese food. And it is popular in many Chinese holidays or festivals, so it is part of the Chinese culture or tradition. I like eating dumpling not because I am from Northern China but because it is really very delicious and stand for reunion. My family usually eat dumpling when all the members of family come together. Making dumplings with my sisters is the happiest thing for me. Chinese dumpling is one of the most important foods in Spring Festival. Since the Spring Festival marks the first day of Chinese New Year, the first meal is rather important. People from north and south have different habits of the food, so they eat different foods on this special day. In Northern China, people usually eat dumplings. Chinese dumpling is a delicious food. You can make a variety of Chinese dumplings with different fillings. It depends on your taste and how various ingredients mixed together by you. Usually if you have Chinese dumpling for dinner, you will not have to cook anything else except for some big occasions. The dumpling itself is good enough for dinner. This is one of the advantages of Chinese dumpling over other foods, though it may take longer time to make them. Making dumplings is really teamwork. All family members often make dumplings together. It is also a good time to share their stories with each other. I started to make dumplings when I was a kid in my family, so most Chinese like me know how to make dumplings. 单词 1. pronunciation发音，读法 2. traditional传统的 tradition 传统，惯例 3. Chinese culture中国文化 alien culture外国文化 ancient culture古代文化 4. habit习惯，习性 5. special特别，特殊，专门的 6. variety变化，多样性 7. filling填补物，馅 8. depend依靠，依赖 9. various不同的，各种各样的 10. taste品尝，有…味道， 味道，味觉 11. ingredient成分，因素 48 12. mixed together混合在一起 13. occasion 场合，时机，机会 14. advantage 优势，有利条件，利益 15. kid小孩 Newspapers As we all know, now most people enjoy reading newspapers in their spare time. Reading newspapers is a part of our daily life at present. There are many different kinds of newspapers. According to their different publishing time, we call them daily papers, evening papers, weekly papers, and so on. Among these newspapers, the People's Daily, GuangMing Daily and other national papers have more readers than the others. The People's Daily is the most important paper in our country. It is also the most popular one. Newspapers can tell us the latest news concerning politics, economics and military affairs in our country and abroad. In the meantime, by reading newspapers, we can obtain more knowledge and broaden our outlook. With the rapid development of modern civilization, we must read newspapers in order to learn what is happening in our country and around the world, so that we can make greater progress toward the future. 单词 1. spare time消遣时间 2. many kinds of多个种类 3. According依照 4. publishing出版的，出版业的 5. concerning关于 6. politics政治组织，国家组织，政治 7. economics经济学 8. military军事的，军用的 9. affair事务，事件，私事 10. meantime在此期间 11. obtain获得，得到，公认 12. broaden放宽，变宽 13. rapid迅速的，飞快的，险峻的;急流，高速交通工具 a rapid river湍急的河流 a rapid descent急陡的下坡 14. civilization文明，文化，文明社会，一个著名游戏的名称 15. progress前进，进步，发展 进行 16. future 未来，将来，前途，远景 未来的，将来的 Your future is bound up with the fate of your motherland. 49 你的前途同祖国的命运紧密相联。 The Changes in my Hometown The world is changing rapidly everyday. My hometown has seen the changes over the years. These changes help people develop themselves and make their lives colorful; however, people are facing some challenges. These challenges can be seen in education, the environment and entertainment. Education plays an important role during one's life. Parents pay much attention to education, and almost everyone who graduates from a university is working to gather more knowledge. As the economy becomes more and more global, English becomes a necessary tool to do business around the world; therefore, many English training agencies are opening. Many people join them and not only improve their English ability, but also gain friendship and happiness. People's notion of education is also changing. "One is never too old to learn" motivates them to do better. Everyone has the responsibility for protecting the environment. People in my hometown realize this and are fully committed to doing their part, such as planting trees, keeping the roads clean, and not using plastic bags. The environment is much better than before; however, the improvement of people's economic level makes them choose cars as their vehicles, which replace bicycles. Our "bicycle country" is gradually disappearing. Cars bring a great deal of noise and gases that do a tremendous amount of harm to the environment. The environment is facing a severe challenge. Nowadays, people tend to combine entertainment with work and study. So, more and more entertainment places open, for instance, KTVs, bars, and bookstores. People's lives are not boring anymore because they can relax and rest in many different ways instead of just watching TV at home. Various activities make people's lives beautiful and they enjoy their lives very much. Education, the environment and entertainment are three changes which illustrate that my hometown has undergone great changes. The improvement of education, the environment and entertainment help people live happy lives and find good jobs. 单词 1. rapidly迅速地 2. colorful华美的，色彩的，有趣的 3. challenge挑战 向…挑战 4. education教育 5. environment环境 6. entertainment款待，娱乐 7. attention注意，关心，关注，注意力，(口令)立正 Give your whole attention to what you are doing. 把全部注意力用于你所做的事。 8. graduate毕业生，研究生 毕业 50 9. gather集合，聚集 10. economy经济，节约 11. global全球的 12. necessary必要的，重要的 13. training训练 14. agencies机构 15. improve改善，增加 16. ability能力 17. motivate激励 18. responsibility责任 19. protect保护 20. committed 做，努力付出 21. plastic塑料 22. economic经济的 23. vehicle车辆 24. gradually逐渐的 25. disappearing消失 26. gas气体 27. tremendous极大的，巨大的 28. challenge挑战 29. tend趋向，照管 30. combine with与…结合 31. instance建议，要求 32. relax放松 33. Various不同的，各种各样的 34. activity活跃的 35. illustrate图解 Water pollution Water pollution is caused by waste from factories and cities. Oceans are able to clean themselves, but certain seas, once they become dirty, are not able to do so. One example is the Mediterranean which lies between Europe and Africa. It has only one narrow entrance to the ocean in the west. On quarter of the shores of the Mediterranean are polluted and are no longer safe for swimming, as a lot of diseases are present in the water. In most places it is not safe to eat the fish. Lakes also have the same problems. Lake Baikal in Asia was once the cleanest in the world, with over 700 different kinds of plant and animal life. Now, however, the water of this great lake, which is also the world's deepest, has been dirtied by waste from a chemical factory. In 1989 an oil tanker hit a rock off the northwest coast of Alaska. 35,000 tons of oil poured into the sea. The accident was one of the worst in history. More than 34,000 birds and 10,000 animals were killed. 4,800 square kilometres of ocean were polluted. 单词 1. pollution污染 51 2. be caused by由…引起 3. certain确定的 4. dirty肮脏的 5. Mediterranean地中海 6. Europe欧洲 7. Asia亚洲 8. Africa非洲 9. narrow狭窄的 10. quarter四分之一 11. shore岸 12. disease疾病 13. chemical化学的 14. tanker油轮 15. rock岩石 16. oil 石油 17. ton of 大量，许多 18. poured into涌入(出) Television Advertisements Today, a growing number of commercial advertisements jump into TV programs, which is a controversial issue. Television advertisements have positive aspects. First, they can provide viewers with valuable information about merchandise. Second, the wide spread of TV ads may also stimulate the economy. Finally, these commercials often finance the operation cost of television stations. However, television advertisements also have negative aspects. In the first place, these ads often interrupt interesting programs. Besides, some ads may be highly unreliable if they are motivated by profit. What is more, ads may increase people's greed by encouraging them to own so called "valuable" products. Finally, some TV ads give viewers a false sense of reality by promising that certain products will make potential customers lucky, attractive, rich and successful. Weighing the positive and negative aspects, I think that we should turn TV ads to their best advantage. TV ads should be carefully examined and scientifically edited before they are allowed to become a part of people's life. TV stations and producers should treat TV ads as their good servant, not their bad master. 52 完形填空 第一部分 完型填空的准备知识 1. 概述 完形填空，就是通过填空是一片挖去了很多空格的的支离破碎的文章，变成一片完整的 文章。也就是说恢复其原来摸样。 2. 从实际做题的情况 对英语水平差的同学，完形填空就是杀手锏;对于英语水平好的同学，练习或者应试时 做完形填空成绩也很不稳定。做题的情况时好时坏，波动很大。这次错一两个，下次就 错五六个。这种情况很大程度上不是英语水平决定的。 3. 从命题意图和考查的内容来看 完形填空综合考查各种语言知识能力，不像阅读、写作等其他考试项目那样有规律可循。 而完形填空的规律就是——结合上下文，根据具体语境来答题。所以通常认为完形填空 没有明显的规律。 4. 能力 所谓能力，是指考生对语言知识和语言技能的掌握。所有的技巧必定会有他的局限性， 所以技巧不是万能药。而一个语言功底扎实的人，对文章把控的能力比较好，成绩也就 相对高。 5. 技巧 所谓技巧，就是揭露题目的陷阱，还原真相的过程。完型填空的出题是遵循一定的原则， 我们所做的就是要准确把握出题原则，这样我们就可以创造很多技巧，或者说没有技巧， 做完型填空的最高境界是没有技巧，以不变应万变，因为万变不离其宗。 第二部分 完型填空的出题构思 题型介绍 和普通的单项选择题，或者说语法题目不一样，我们不能仅仅根据语法的正误来判断题目的对错，如果是这样的话，完形填空完全可以出成一道道的单选题，不用给一片文章了。也就是说这样的话就没有其他没有挖空的句子存在的必要了。 完型填空的最大特点就是:语段内各个句子词语之间在形式上、内容上、逻辑上有千丝万缕的联系。 信息的多少有时候并不影响交流的效果。信息多，只是满足了感情的需要。比如说„„ 出题过程 选文章 文章的长度在150-250之间，题材广泛，奇闻异事比较常见。 挖空格 53 小明喜欢吃____(A 番茄B 西瓜C 石榴D 香蕉) 除____外，人们爱吃的水果都是球形的。而常被人们认为是水果的____实际上是一种蔬菜。夏天可以吃____消暑降温，但不吃它的籽。而在吃____的时候，我们吃的却是它的籽。 选项A 番茄B 西瓜C 石榴D 香蕉 拟选项特点 正确的选项具有唯一性 三个选项之间的干扰程度各不相同 Fire can help people in many ways. Fire can heat water, your house, give light and cook food. A. brighten B. warm C. beautify D. lighten Yet, all living things still show the effect of aging, which will eventually _____ death. A. affect B. produce C. result in D. result from Frank’s unconscious body was far too for the little girl to move alone A. big B. small C. light D. heavy 同义必同错 翻译出答案 第三部分 完形填空具体解题步骤 快速浏览 重视首句 带空浏览，可以知道文章的梗概 重视首句，抓住英语思维的关键 寻找重复 逻辑分析 虚词决定语言的形式 连词 写文章的时候不用连词，可以表达意思，但是内容上比较散，用了连词之后呢，读者就很容易把握文章中信息的流动方向。 But和however And和or 介词 全靠积累 实词决定语言内容 实词表达了具体的实在的信息，包括名词代词、形容词副词、动词 名词描述概念 代词对概念进行指代 形容词对事物进行修饰和限制 副词对动作进行修饰和限制 动词表示动作 54 词性一致 名词和代词 形容词和副词 成分相关 第四部分 实战讲解 Ways of shopping for goods have changed a lot in the last 50 years. People used to go to several shops to buy their daily 21 . For example, they went to a butcher's shop for meat, a fish market for fish and a farmer's market for vegetables, which were often grown locally. Theses day, 22 , people usually do all their shopping at a supermarket where they can buy everything they need 23 the same roof. In the name of convenience nearly everything in a supermarket is prepackaged. But as the environmental 24 of this type of convenience have become clear, consumers have begun to question its true value. The packaging used by supermarkets causes many environmental 25 . The demand for paper for wrapping encourages the cutting down of forests around the world. Making plastic shopping bags needs huge amounts of oil. The natural resources used to 26 packaging are generally wasted because we consumers only 27 the packaging away. We are then faced with the big problem to deal with all the packaging we throw away. The problems of supermarket packaging may seem impossible to solve, but there are things consumers can do. First we can try to buy products 28 as little packaging as possible. Second, we can 29 the extra bags and packaging supermarkets offer consumers. Finally, we can bring our own bags to the supermarket and reuse any plastic bags 30 containers we bring home. If consumers join together in reducing waste we can make real progress in the effort to have both convenient lifestyles and a clean environment. 21 A necessary B necessities C necessity D need B 22 A therefore B hence C moreover D however D 23 A under B below C in D on A 24 A prices B costs C values D worth B 25 A problems B questions C puzzles D inconvenience A 26 A wrap B mark C cover D offer D 27 A throw B bring C take D find B 28 A of B for C with D without C 29 A refuse B take C receive D accept A 30 A and B or C nor D with B 55 阅读理解 (一) 第一部分 考试阅读的准备知识 1. 了解《统考英语B》考试阅读 1) 内容量 两篇文章，阅读总量在1000词以内 2) 题材 多样化，包括科普、社会、文化等 科普类 The moon looks near, but it is very far away. It is 380,000 kilometers away from our earth. Man now can go to the moon in a spaceship. It takes more than three days to get to the moon. A spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers a second. In 1969 two Americans got to the moon in a spaceship. They got out of the spaceship and walked around for a few minutes. It is too hot in the day and too cold at night. And there is no air or water on the moon. We all know living things need water and air. Everything on the moon is much lighter than on the earth. Walking on the moon is just like jumping and flying. A person can jump much higher on the moon than on the earth. 文化类 In England, people like to talk about the weather because the weather does not always stay the same in one day. In the morning it is warm just like in spring and autumn. An hour later black clouds come, and then it rains hard. The weather gets a little cold. In the late afternoon the sky will be clear; the sun will begin to shine; it will be summer at this time of day. In England, you can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer. So in winter you can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes you should take warm clothes. In England, you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella with them when they go out in the morning though it is sunny, and you should not laugh at them. it you don’t take an umbrella, you will regret later in the day. 3) 体裁 记叙文、说明文、应用文，没有议论文 记叙文 Yesterday I was downtown and decided to stop at the bank to see Alice. I thought she might have time to go out to lunch with me. When I got to the bank, they told me she had just gone. I asked them if she would be back by 11:30, and they said yes. I had some time, so I decided to wait for her. I said, “I’m going to wait for Alice, if you don’t mind.” And then I walked over to chairs by the window and sat down. I decided to watch the front door because I knew she would be coming in this way. I waited and waited, but she did not come through the door. Finally, I decided not to wait any longer. It was 12:30, and I was sure that she would not be back until after 56 lunch. I got up and as I started to walk towards the door, somebody called my name. I turned around, and was surprise to find out that it was Alice. 说明文 If you like looking at more places or people, travel by bus. Buses don’t go very fast in the centre of London. In general, London buses are red and double-deckers(双层汽车). They have a driver and a conductor. When you have got on the bus, the conductor says, “Tickets, please!” You say where you want to go; he tells you how much to pay; you pay him and he gives you a ticket. A lot of London bus drivers and conductors come from the West Indies. There are other sorts of buses in London, too. The red single-decker buses have a driver but no conductor. You pay the same price for a short journey as for a long journey. The green buses are called the Green Line. These busses cross London, but they don’t stop very often. They are mainly for people who live a little way out of London and who travel in and out. 应用文 How to apply for a free mailbox? First you have to connect to the Internet and go to the home pages of the ICP providing free mailboxes. Then you will find an icon showing “apply for a free mailbox”. Click the icon, an agreement about the rules for using the free mailbox will appear. If you want to go on, click the icon “I agree”. Then you have to fill in a form about your basic personal date, and the name and pin of the mailbox. The pin is the key to the mailbox. After finishing these, you will get a mailbox tvguide” is the like this: your name@mail server (For example: tvguide@mail.cctv.con.cn, “ name of the mailbox, and “mail.cctv.com.cn” is the name of the mail server). The mailbox is separated into two parts by a separator “@”, which is read as “at”. The former part is the name of the mailbox. The latter is the domain name(域名) of the mail server. All mail to you will be received by the server and put into your mailbox. You can read this mail on any computer in the world, as long as you have the name and pin of the mailbox. 2. 对考生阅读能力的要求 1) 词汇量 词汇量要拥有1200基本词汇 2) 句意理解 拥有基本的语法知识才能够理解文章当中简单的句子 3) 深层次理解 结合上下文分析理解的能力 3. 阅读理解的题目类型 1) 细节题——细节的理解 2) 词汇题——词义和指代 3) 主旨题——主题的概括 57 4) 推断题——推断与猜测 4. 阅读与学习英语的关系 对于我们生长在非英语国家的人来说，尤其是在中国这种与西方文化相去甚远的国家来说，学习英语是一个艰巨的过程。没有语言环境，没有文化环境，在英语入门之后，阅读大量英 语文 八上语文短文两篇二年级语文一匹出色的马课件部编版八上语文文学常识部编八上语文文学常识二年级语文一匹出色的马课件 章，在懂与不懂之间徘徊前进。可以说阅读是提高英语水平的重要手段。所以，在我们国家的英语教学中，阅读是被放在了一个至关重要的位置。凡是标准化的考试必定要有阅读理解。 5. 做阅读题与英语水平的关系 阅读理解的考查都是以选择题的方式，也就是说阅读理解题目是将一片文章中的几个 知识点 高中化学知识点免费下载体育概论知识点下载名人传知识点免费下载线性代数知识点汇总下载高中化学知识点免费下载 抽取出来，以出题人的智慧和力量创造出令人瞠目结舌的题目。而既然是人出的题目，就会留有好多破绽，我们做阅读题目就是从这些破绽出发。 英语水平高的人一般会比英语水平低的人做阅读题的正确率要高。这是无可争辩的，但是相同或者相似英语水平的人做阅读，其正确率要看谁的技巧更强。技巧要是强到一定程度，甚至不用懂文章就可以确保自己做全对。就扫雷游戏一样，一开始你也不知道哪里有雷，一边充分利用规则，偶尔靠运气，这样就可以把雷全部找到。做阅读又不像扫雷，因为扫雷，一旦判断事物或者是某个细节想错了就全盘皆输，我们做阅读如果某个细节有误也不一定导致我们最终把题目做错。这点我们在后面会大量提到。 6. 考试做阅读 考试的时候做阅读，是一种检验。是检验大家意志品质的时候。如果你放弃，那么任何技巧都是废话。如果意志足够坚强，即使是文章完全不懂的情况下，只要我们沉下心尽力争取，一定会收到非常好的效果。事实证明通过我们的培训，考生甚至做到了只读懂文章30%的情况下作对全部的题目。这就好比让一人正常人和一个盲人去某个大型购物中心买一个东西，然后在到某个地方交个某个人。正常人可以完成这个任务，盲人同样可以完成这个任务，方式不同而已。比如说在找这个商品的时候，正常人因为眼睛看的见，主要是靠看商场里的指示来最终找到商品所在的地方，盲人的解决方式可能是问的方式。我们解题，同样也是这样，对文章意思完全明白的人直接找到了答案，我们对于文章意思不太理解的人就通过观察题目的特点，找出题目的破绽，寻找题枝矛盾之处，再结合文章中自己看懂的部分也能解决。方式不同而已。 7. 语言的最大特点——啰嗦 这个世界上可以写出简练语言的大师真是微乎其微，即使是著名的作家写出的东西也是反复啰嗦，只是他们这种啰嗦让你感到很舒服罢了，但是啰嗦终归是啰嗦，说过的话还要说，换一种方式再说。普通的写手更加是无法避免这点，所以我们阅读文章出题的时候是基于一点出的，但是我们答题却可以从多点得到答案。知道了指点之后呢，我们对于自己不能够明白全文但可以很好的完成题目就可以深信不疑了。 (二) 第二部分 如何准备考试阅读 1. 词汇的准备——背单词 掌握记忆规律 58 艾宾浩斯(HermannEbbinghaus，1850-1909)，德国著名的心理学家.他在1885年发表了他的实验报告后，记忆研究就成了心理学中被研究最多的领域之一，而艾宾浩斯正是发现记忆遗忘规律的第一人。 艾宾浩斯记忆规律曲线解释: 人的大脑是一个记忆的宝库，人脑经历过的事物，思考过的问题，体验过的情感和情绪，练习过的动作，都可以成为人们记忆的内容。从"记"到"忆"是有个过程的，这其中包括了识记、保持、再认和回忆。有很多 人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知，要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的，单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的。 记忆的保持在时间上是不同的，有短时的记忆和长时的记忆两种。我们平时的记忆的过程是这样的:输入的信息在经过人的注意过程的学习后，便成为了人的短时的记忆，但是如果不经过及时的复习，这些记住过的东西就会遗忘，而经过了及时的复习，这些短时的记忆就会成为了人的一种长时的记忆，从而在大脑中保持着很长的时间。那么，对于我们来讲，怎样才叫做遗忘呢，所谓遗忘就是我们对于曾经记忆过的东西不能再认起来，也不能回忆起来，或者是错误的再认和错误的回忆，这些都是遗忘。艾宾浩斯非常有名的揭示遗忘规律的曲线:艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，图中竖轴表示学习中记住的知识数量，横轴表示时间(天数)，曲线表示记忆量变化的规律。这条曲线告诉人们在学习中的遗忘是有规律的，遗忘的进程不是均时候后，几乎就不再遗忘了，这就是遗忘的发展规律，即"先快后慢"的原则。观察这条遗忘曲线，你会发现,学得的知识在一天后，如不抓紧复习,就只剩下原来的25%)。随着时间的推移,遗忘的速度减慢，遗忘的数量也就减少。 2. 考试前的突击也是记忆规律的体现 3. 运用技巧猜测 1) 因果关系 2) 同义与反义 3) 定义和解释 4) 描述和例证 5) 词性搭配 6) 平行结构 (三) 第三部分 如何解答题目 1. 题目特点——选择题 拥有四个选项的ABCD的选择题，即使一点办法都没有仍然有25%的选对几率，再辅以我们的技巧和方法，正确率应该会在75%以上 2. 从题干入手——找到答案后再筛选 1) 细节题 细节题常见类型: a) 针对文章某一细节对内容具体提问 Johnson goes to work ______every day. A. by bus B. by bikeC. 59 by subway D. by train Where was Alice? A. She was in the office. B. She was sitting on the chair by a window. C. She was out. D. She was out for lunch. 考查的细节有:时间、地点、原因、结果、关系、定义等。 b) 针对文章某一个细节进行简单的计算 In 1896, Einstein went to Zurich(苏黎世) to study physics. There he met a girl from Hungary. They studied in the same class and the same interest in physics brought them together and they became good friends. Before long they fell in love. In 1903 when Einstein was 24, he married Marits, who was 4 years older than he. 46.From this passage we can see that Marits was______ when married. D A. 24 B. 26 C. 27 D. 28 c) 针对文章某一细节进行正误判断 Which of the following is NOT true? Which of the following statements is true about Mrs. Huggett according to the passage? 2) 词汇题 不是考查学生词汇量，而是考查学生的阅读理解的能力 涉及到的词语有四类:熟词僻义，生词，词组，代词 The next service payment was due at the end of the month. However, they agreed not to pay it until they were happy with the plans to improve the property. They decided to tell the agent that he must start the work within one month. They all went away very pleased with themselves. What does the word "due" mean in the first sentence of Para. 2, A. to be paid B. proper C. owed D. large The two-way radio is very important to people who live on these great Australian farms. It works much like a telephone. A person can listen to someone else talk and then give an answer. For example, people on the large farms could talk to a doctor far away. They could tell the doctor about someone who was ill, and the doctor could let them know how to look after the sick 60 person. 68.The “the sick person” in the second paragraph means the person who is .A A. ill B. poor C. kind D. healthy “The two-way radio” in the 2nd paragraph is . A. important to Americans B. useful for children only C. used as a telephone D. only used by doctors 3) 主旨题 a) 某段的中心思想 In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin and settled down there. At that time his theory proved to be correct and he had become famous all over the world. But it was not long before the First World War broke out. Marits as well as her two sons, who was on holiday in Switzerland couldn’t come back to Berlin any more. The war not only stopped Einstein’s work but also broke up the warm, happy family. In 1919 Einstein and Marits had to get divorced(离婚). The last paragraph mainly tells us ______. A A. why Einstein and Marits got divorced B. why Einstein moved to Berlin C. how Einstein became famous all over the world D. when the First World War broke out b) 整篇文章的中心思想 c) 作者的意图 d) 给文章定题目 All big cities are quite similar. Living in a modern Asian city is not very different from living in an American city. However, the same cannot be said about living on farms. In many parts of the world, farmers and their families live in villages or towns. In the United States, each family lives on its own fields. Instead of traveling to the fields every morning, American farmers stay on their land throughout the week. They travel to the nearest town on Saturday for shopping or on Sunday for church. The children ride on buses to large schools for all the farm families living in the area. In some areas, there are small schools for a few families and the children. Of course, life keeps changing for everyone including farmers. Today there are cars, goods and televisions. And of course there are modern machines for farming. All of these have changed farm life. For many years, farming in America was often a lonely living. Farmers had to deal with their own problems, instead of getting help from others. They now have learned to try new methods, 61 and trust their own ideas instead of following old ways. .What would be the best title for this passage? D A. Farm Life in the World. B. Farmers and the United States. C. Farmers All Over the World . D. Farm Life in the United States. 4) 推断题 John Parker is an English language teacher. He was always good at languages at school, so he decided to take his degrees in French and German. When he finished his university studies, he began teaching in a secondary school in England. Two years later, however, he met someone by chance who offered him a job teaching English to foreign students during summer holidays. His students were adults and he enjoyed the work enormously. He soon found he was more interested in teaching his own language to foreigners than in teaching foreign languages to English schoolchildren. Since then he has specialized in this work. He has found that one of the advantages of the job is that it enables him to find work almost everywhere in the world. First he went to Africa for two years and then he spent a year in Asia. After this he went to Italy where he has worked for the last two years. He hasn’t been to Arabia yet, but he intends to go there next. He has taught men and women of all ages and of various nationalities. He has also learned to get on with all kinds of people and to get used to different ways of life. He likes this way of life and has never regretted his decision to follow this career. 236.From the passage, we know for sure that John Parker ______. D A. worked very hard at French and German at school B. was more interested in traveling around than teaching C. was good at teaching schoolchildren English D. only worked in a secondary school for two years 题干之间的关系 3. 从题枝入手——先筛选后找答案 1) 正确选项 词汇层面重复，一般有以下五种形式:原词、指代词、同义词、近义词、上下义词。前四 个都好理解，上义词和下义词是指两个词语在语义上具有包含和被包含的关系，两者是具有 种属关系的一组词。上义词指的是那些表示意义较概括的词，它们的词义包括了下义词的词 义。例如animal是cat，dog，bird，fish等的上义词，而rose，lotus，tulip，lily则是flower 的下义词。“笔”是“钢笔”的上义词，“钢笔”是“笔”的下义词。上下义词通过词义上的 包含关系，在原文和正确答案之间起到同义改写的作用。 2) 错误选项特点 出现矛盾 a) 内部逻辑矛盾 例如“公牛产下一头小牛“这种本身逻辑就有问题的选项，又比如“参加调查的学生有 62 一半成绩上升另一半分数提高”这种一看就不像正确答案的选项。这类选项出现的不多， 偶尔出现在卷子里可起到调节气氛、放松心情的作用。 b) 选项与题干矛盾 真理都是相对的，同样，选项也是有针对性的。有些时候，单看选项本身的论述是没有 问题的，而且还能在原文中找到与之精确对应的字句，但问题在于选项本身与题干矛盾。 例如有个选项说了第二段文字中的一个事儿，而题干问的是第三段，此时的情况已经与 第二段发生了很大的变化了，词选项就属于与题干矛盾。最典型的就是一些出现NOT 字样的题干，经常容易看错做错儿痛失分数。所以，看题的时候一定要仔细再仔细，如 果连看题都没有看明白又怎么能做对呢。 c) 选项与原文矛盾 这是最常见的错误选项类型，原文说黑，选项说白、说红、黄、蓝，总之就是不说黑; 原文说往东，选项偏要向西，向南，向北，总之就是不向东。或无中生有，或移花接木， 跟原文不一致甚至背道而驰。本来只要认真对照原文就可以轻易排除，但是很多同学在 做题的时候想当然，根据自己阅读时粗略形成的主观印象做判断，殊不知这正好落入命 题人设置的陷阱，痛失本来应该拿到的分数。 4. 其他类型 1) 盲目拔高 2) 以偏概全 3) 张冠李戴 4) 无中生有 5. 例文选讲 The moon looks near, but it is very far away. It is 380,000 kilometers away from our earth. Man now can go to the moon in a spaceship. It takes more than three days to get to the moon. A spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers a second. In 1969 two Americans got to the moon in a spaceship. They got out of the spaceship and walked around for a few minutes. It is too hot in the day and too cold at night. And there is no air or water on the moon. We all know living things need water and air. Everything on the moon is much lighter than on the earth. Walking on the moon is just like jumping and flying. A person can jump much higher on the moon than on the earth. 221.It is ______ from us to the moon. B A. very fast B. very far C. so near D. very large 222.It takes ______ to reach the moon by spaceship. A A. over three days B. less than three days C. about tree years D. more than three weeks 63 223.There is ______ life on the moon. D A. some B. many C. much D. no 224.It is ______ on the moon. B A. neither cold nor hot B. very hot during the day C. warm at night D. cool and wet 225.Everything on the earth is much ______ than on the moon. C A. bigger B. smaller C. heavier D. lighter St. Valentine’s Day is a day for lovers. It is one of the oldest holidays. It is also one of the loveliest in the USA and some other countries. Americans think that day is a day of telling someone that you love him or her. St. Valentine’s Day is on February 14. Very few Americans know the story of the holiday, but no people would forget to buy nice presents for the wives, husbands, parents, children, relatives and best friends. People often send valentine letters or cards to them, too. They also draw some symbols on the letters or cards. Like hearts, Cupid with his bow and arrow, love birds and so on. Sometimes they buy the cards with the symbols. On that day they also have many kinds of cakes. 216.______ is St. Valentine's Day. B A. Jan.14 B. Feb.14 C. April 1 D. June 20 217.What food do they have on that day? B A. Vegetables B. Cakes C. Meat D. Bread 218.Who is St. Valentine's Day for? C A. Parents. B. Daughters. C. Lovers. 64 D. Sons. 219.On St. Valentine's Day people draw a lot of symbols on cards or letters, which one is not mentioned? D A. Hearts B. Cupid with his bow and arrow. C. Love birds D. Flowers. 220.They ______ on that day. D A. buy cards B. draw the symbols on the letters or cards C. have cakes D. All the above When my fifteen-year-old son dose speak, he often says one of the two things, either “Okay”or “No problem”. “No problem”has been my son’s philosophy of life. Whenever you asked him how he was doing in school, he always said“No problem”. But the fact was he had failed every course. He had even failed English. “How can you fail English?” “Yeah,”he said. Hoping to get an answer that he had something to do with question, I said again, “Please tell me: how can you fail English?” “I don’t know, Dad”he said. “Son, you didn’t really fail English, did you? Because you can understand people who speak English, can’t you? And when you talk, they can understand you, can’t they? ” I got angrier. “All you need is maybe leaving you out in the wilderness with no food or money in the middle of winter. Just a dollar to make a collect call saying that you’re ready to study.” “No problem,”he said. 171.The son ______. A A. tells his father nothing about his study B. keeps silent when his father asks him a question C. talks a lot with his father every day D. can't express himself very well 172.How is the son doing with his lessons? B A. Quite well. B. Not so well. C. Better than average students. D. Not as poorly as his father thinks. 65 173.The father and the son's native language is ______. B A. Chinese B. English C. Not mentioned in this passage D. French 174.What is the real reason for the son's failure in his lessons according to the father? B A. He has no interest in English. B. He doesn't work hard at his lessons. C. He always says "No problem". D. His is not clever. 175.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage? A A. The father is going to send his son to the wildness. B. The father was angry about his son's failure in English. C. The son does not communicate a lot with his father. D. The son does not give much thoughts to his lessons. 66