英语动词时态表

英语动词时态表 一、一般现在时: 概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 时间状语: always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month„), once a week, etc. 基本结构:?be动词;?行为动词 否定形式:?am/is/are+not;?此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:?把be动词放于句首;?用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。 二、一般过去时: 概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 时间状语:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month„), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc. 基本结构:?be动词;?行为动词 否定形式:?was/were+not;?在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:?was或were放于句首;?用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 三、现在进行时: 概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc. 基本结构:am/is/are+doing 否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing. 一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。 四、过去进行时: 概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 时间状语:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 基本结构:was/were+doing 否定形式:was/were + not + doing. 一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。 1 五、现在完成时: 概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 时间状语:recently, lately, since„for„,in the past few years, etc. 基本结构:have/has + done 否定形式:have/has + not +done. 一般疑问句:have或has。 六、过去完成时: 概念:以过去某个时间为 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 ，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。 时间状语:before, by the end of last year(term, month„),etc. 基本结构:had + done. 否定形式:had + not + done. 一般疑问句:had放于句首。 七、一般将来时: 概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year„),soon, in a few minutes, by„,the day after tomorrow, etc. 基本结构:?am/is/are/going to + do;?will/shall + do. 否定形式:?was/were + not; ?在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。 一般疑问句:?be放于句首;?will/shall提到句首。 八、过去将来时: 概念:立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 时间状语:the next day(morning, year„),the following month(week„),etc. 基本结构:?was/were/going to + do;?would/should + do. 否定形式:?was/were/not + going to + do;?would/should + not + do. 一般疑问句:?was或were放于句首;?would/shou 2 动词的时态 一、一般现在时的用法 1(经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频率的时间状语连用。 时间状语: every„, sometimes, at„, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2(客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。 The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3(表示格言或警句中。 Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 4(现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。 I don’t want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较:Now I put the ball in the glass. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如:Now watch me, I turn on the machine and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后一句用现在进行时。 二、一般过去时的用法 1(在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。 时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。 Where did you go just now? 2(表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。 When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3(句型: 注意区分: It is time for sb. to do sth. 到某人做某事的时间了 It is time (that)sb. did sth. 时间已迟了;早该„„了 e.g.It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。 would rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事(注意此处would rather 后接的是从句)I’d rather you came tomorrow. 4(wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等。 I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。 比较: 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。 3 Christine was a good English learner. (含义:她以前是个好的英语学习者) Christine has been a good English learner. (含义:她现在是个好的英语学习者) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州，有可能指刚离去) 注意:用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。 (1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。 Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. (2)情态动词 could, would. Could you lend me your bike? 三、一般将来时 1(shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。 will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。 Which paragraph shall I read first? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2(be going to +v.，表示将来。 (1)主语的意图，即将做某事。 What are you going to do tomorrow? (2)计划、安排要发生的事。 The play is going to be produced next month. (3)有迹象要发生的事。 Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 3(be +to+v.表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。 We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4(be about to +v.，意为马上做某事。 He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意: (1)be about to 不能与tomorrow, next week，几点钟等表示明确的时间状 语连用。 例:Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law tomorrow. 该句就是错误的。 但我们可以这么讲:Tim is about to visit his mother-in-law when his wife comes back. (2)be going to / will的区别:用于条件句时，be going to表将来，will表意愿。 If you are going to make a journey, you’d better get ready for it as soon as possible. Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror. (3)be to和be going to的区别: be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。 4 be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客观安排) I’m going to play football tomorrow afternoon. (主观安排) (4)一般现在时表将来 ?下列动词:come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。 The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. When does the bus stars? It stars in ten minutes. ?倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. ?在时间或条件句中。 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. ?在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。 I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. (5)用现在进行时表示将来 常用词为 come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。 I’m leaving tomorrow. Are you staying here till next week? 四、现在完成时 现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。简单地讲现在完成时就是表示:“结果、影响和持续”。其构成: have (has) +过去分词。 一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 1(过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2(过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时常用的时间状语: yesterday, last week, „ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 现在完成时的时间状语或副词: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years 共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 3(现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 例:I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了。) 5 I have seen this film.(强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。) Why did you get up so early?(强调起床的动作已发生过了。) Who hasn’t handed in his paper? (强调有卷子，但没有交卷的结果。) She has returned from Paris.她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday.她是昨天回来了。 He has been in the League for three years.(在团内的状态可延续) He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now. —Will somebody go and get Dr. White? —He’s already been sent for. 句子中如有过去时间的名词或副词(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (错) Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. (对) 用于现在完成时的句型 1(It is the first / second time„. that„结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。 It is the first time that I have visited the city. It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2(This is the„ that„结构，that 从句要用现在完成时. This is the best film that I’ve (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。 典型例题 1(—Do you know our town at all? —No, this is the first time I __________ here. A(was B(have been C(came D(am coming 答案:B。This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。 2(—Have you ____ been to our town before? —No, it’s the first time I ___ here. A(even, come B(even, have come C(ever, come D(ever, have come 答案:D。ever意为“曾经或无论何时”，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。 This is the largest fish I have ever seen. It is / was the first time +that-clause 的句型中，从句要用完成时。 注意: 1(非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。 (错)I have received his letter for a month. (对)I haven’t received his letter for almost a month. 2(比较since和for since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。 6 I have lived here for more than twenty years. I have lived here since I was born. 注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。) I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。) 小窍门:当现在完成时+一段时间，这一结构中，我们用下面的公式转化，很容 易就能排除非延续动词在完成时中的误使。 (1)Tom has studied Russian for three years. (对) =Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. (2)Harry has got married for six years.(错) =Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. 3(since的四种用法 (1)since，过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。 I have been here since 1989. (2)since，一段时间，ago I have been here since five months ago. (3)since，从句 Great changes have taken place since you left. (4)It is ，一段时间，since从句 It is two years since I became a college student. 五、过去完成时 1(概念:表示过去的过去，其构成是“had +过去分词”。我们用时间轴表示如 下: 2(用法 (1)在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。 She said (that) she had never been to Paris. (2)状语从句 在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时;发生在后，用 一般过去时。 When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. (3)表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本„„，未能„„”。 We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t. (4)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon 7 as。 He said that he had learned some English before. 典型例题 The students ________ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ______ in the office. A(had written, left B(were writing, has left C(had written, had left D(were writing, had left 答案:D。“把书忘在办公室”发生在“去取书”这一过去的动作之前，因此忘了书这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于„„”这一背景下，when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。 注意:在下面结构中:had hardly „ when/ scarcely„when (还没等„„就„„), had no sooner„ than(刚„„就„„) 我们在主句中(hardly/scarcely/no sooner 这部分)使用过去完成时，从句中使用一般过去时: He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 用一般过去时代替完成时的情况: 1(两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。 When she saw the mouse, she screamed. My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 2(两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。 When I heard the news, I was very excited. 3(叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。 Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 六、现在进行时 现在进行时的基本用法: 1(表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。 We are waiting for you. 2(习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。 Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. 3(表示渐变的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。 The leaves are turning red. It’s getting warmer and warmer. 4(与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩，并不表示正在进行，要注意。 You are always changing your mind. 典型例题 My dictionary _________, I have looked for it everywhere but still ________ it. A(has lost, don’t find B(is missing, don’t find 8 C(has lost, haven’t found D(is missing, haven’t found 答案:D。前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍 然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 不用进行时的动词: 1(事实状态的动词:have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue。 I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 2(心理状态的动词:know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate。 I need your help. He loves her very much. 3(瞬间动词:accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. 4(系动词:seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired. 七、过去进行时 1(概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。 2(过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景或一个长动作发生的时候， 另一个短动作发生。 3(常用的时间状语:this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while。 My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 典型例题 1(Mary __________ a dress when she cut her finger. A(made B(is making C(was making D(makes 答案:C。割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时。同时，when表时间的同时性， “玛丽在做衣服时”提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。 2(As she _________ the newspaper, Granny ________ asleep. A(read; was falling B(was reading; fell C(was reading; was falling D(read; fell 答案:B。句中的as=when, while，意为“当„„之时”。描述一件事发生的背 景时，用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为“在 她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。”句中的fell (fall的过去时)，是系动词，后跟形 容词，如:fall sick。 9 八、将来进行时 1(概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。 She’ll be coming soon. I’ll be meeting him sometime in the future. 注意:将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 I’ll be having a talk with her. 2(常用的时间状语:soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening By this time tomorrow, I’ll be lying on the beach. 一般现在时代替将来时的情况: 时间状语从句、条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时 when, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。 典型例题 1(He said he________ me a present unless I _______ in doing the experiment. A(had not given; had not succeeded B(would not give; succeed C(will not give; succeed D(would not give; will succeed. 答案:B。在时间，条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said， 故为过去式。主句用将来时，故选B(此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。 2(表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动。 The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。) 现在进行时代替一般将来时的情况: 1(表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。 Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们一起度周末吗? We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。 2(渐变动词，如:get, run, grow, become, begin及die。 He is dying. 时态与常用的时间状语归纳如下: 时态 时间状语 一般现在时 every „, sometimes,at „, on Sunday, 一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将来时 next„, tomorrow, in，时间 现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, already, recently, 过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening„ when, while 将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, 10 tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening 动词的语态 语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。 主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。 1(若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加“to”。 此类动词为感官动词:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch, etc. The teacher made me go out of the classroom. ?I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). We saw him play football on the playground. ?He was seen to play football on the playground. 2(情态动词+ be +过去分词，构成被动语态。 Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 3(let的用法 (1)当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。 They let the strange go.?The strange was let go. (2)若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit代 替。 The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. ?I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital. 4(短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。 This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown. My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such a thing has never been heard of before. 5(表示“据说”或“相信”的词组 believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand It is said that„据说„„ It is reported that„ 据报道„„ It is believed that„ 大家相信„„ It is hoped that„ 大家希望„„ It is well known that„ 众所周知„„ It is thought that„ 大家认为„„ It is suggested that„ 据建议„„ It is taken granted that„ 被视为当然„„ It has been decided that„ 大家决定„„ It must be remember that„ 务必记住的是„„ 11 6(不用被动语态的情况 (1)不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态: appear, die disappear, end (结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, vi. sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house. 比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。 (错)The price has been risen. (对)The price has risen. (错)The accident was happened last week. (对)The accident happened last week. (错)The price has raised. (对)The price has been raised. (错)Please seat. (对)Please be seated. 要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特 别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意 积累。 (2)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语: fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. (3)系动词无被动语态: appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good. (4)带同源宾语的及物动词、反身代词、相互代词，不能用于被动语态: die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night. (5)当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。 (对)She likes to swim. (错)To swim is liked by her. 7(主动形式表示被动意义 (1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive„ The book sells well. 这本书销路好。 This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用。 (2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build I was to blame for the accident. 12 Much work remains. (3)在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。 The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。 典型例题 The library needs ________, but it’ll have to wait until Sunday. A(cleaning B(be cleaned C(clean D(being cleaned 答案:A。need(实意) +n/to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，need + doing.是主动形式表被动含义，选A。如有to be cleaned则也为正确答案。 (4)特殊结构:make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done(要某人做某事)。 8(被动形式表示主动意义 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。 注意:表示同某人结婚，用marry sb.或get married to sb.都可。 He married a rich girl. He got married to a rich girl. (2010-04-23 07:01:01)转载原文 动词的种类 动词是指表示动作和状态的词。动词可分五种类型:及物动词、不及物动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。 1(及物动词及物动词是指可以跟宾语的动词。如: He is writing a letter. 他正在写信。 I smell flowers. 我闻到了花儿。 2(不及物动词不及物动词是指不可以跟宾语的动词。如: We lived in London. 我们住在伦敦。 The window has opened. 窗已经开了。 13 3(系动词系动词本身没有词汇意义，也不能单独构成动词词组，必须加上表语， 构成一个“系表结构”。如: He is a student. 他是一个学生。 That sounds good. 那听起来很有意思。 The child seems unhappy about it. 那孩子好象对此事不太高兴。要注意的是，有些系动词既可以用作及物动词，也可用作不及物动词，如 smell, sound, look, taste等。但是它们的意思会随之发生变化。试比较: She felt well. 她感觉很好。(系动词) She felt something moving. 她感觉有东西在动。(及物动词，有“察觉”的意思) He looks fine. 他看起来很好。(系动词) He is looking at the map. 他正在看地图。(不及物动词) 4(助动词助动词本身没有意义，只是和动词结合在一起，构成动词的各种形式， 助动词通常有 be, do, have。如: Do come in, please. 请进吧。(助动词do构成强调句) I don’t feeling very well. 我感觉不好。(助动词do与否定词not构成否定句) 当be, do, have用作普通动词时，它们有一定的词汇意义。如: I have one sister. 我有一个妹妹。 You can do it as you like. 14 你可以按你愿意的方法去做。 5(情态助动词情态动词表示说话人对所说的话的态度和看法。情态动词虽然本身有一定的意义，但不能单独构成动词词组。它必须与主动词一起构成动词词组。除了本身具有表义功能外，情态动词还可用来构成疑问句。如: Can she speak Arabic? 她会说阿拉伯语吗, It may well rain. 天很可能下雨。 People shouldn’t ill-treat animals. 人们不应该虐待动物。 Will you help me, please? 请帮帮我的忙好吗, 动词的一般时 1(一般现在时 (1)一般现在时的构成动词的一般现在时主要表示当前时间里发生的动作或存在的状态。除了第三人称单数以外，一般现在时采用的是动词原形。动词第三人称单数的形式变化如下:一般动词加 -s。当动词以辅音字母加y结尾时，先将y变成i，再加-es。动词be根据人称不同，用am, is, are三种形式。动词have的第三人称单数用has。 (2)一般现在时的用法 ?表示习惯性或反复发生的动作。 He goes to school by bike everyday. 他每天骑车上学。 My father doesn’t smoke. 我爸爸不抽烟。 She is always late for class. 她上课总迟到。 ?表示客观事实、普遍真理，特别是用于表示科学事实、客观存在和格言等。 15 The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。 Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 Duck has two legs. 鸭子有两条腿。 ?表示现阶段存在的状态，特别适用于那些不能用进行时的动词。 I don’t agree with you. 我不同意你的观点。 The book is mine. 这书是我的。 I think you are right. 我认为你是对的。 ?表示言行同时进行的瞬间动作，主要用于实况解说、操作演示及指导说明等。 Jack passes the football to Bob, who heads it straight into the goal. 杰克把球传给鲍勃，鲍勃用头顶着直射球门。 ?用一般现在时可以表示将来意义上的时间，表示按 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 或时间预计将要发生的动作或事情。 The term starts at the beginning of September. 学期从九月份开始。 ?用于表示一般将来时的主从复合句的从句中可以表示将来时;也就是说，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。 When he arrives, he’ll tell us all about the match. 当他到的时候，他会告诉我们这场比赛的经过。 I can’t come unless my brother agrees. 我不能来，除非我哥哥同意。用于一般现在时的时间状语有:usually, sometimes, always, often, ever, never, once a week, now and then, from time to time等。 2(一般过去时 16 (1)一般过去时的构成动词的一般过去时表示一个发生在过去某个特定时间的动作，一种过去的习惯，或是一个在过去某一段时间内已经结束了的动作。动词的过去形式分规则和不规则两种。规则动词在变过去时的时候，一般在动词后面加-ed，但不规则动词则各不相同。本软件的附录里附有“不规则动词表”，供大家查阅。规则动词变化有以下五种情况。 ?一般动词直接加-ed。如: walk — walked cancel — canceled ?如果动词的最后一个音节是重读闭音节，最后一个辅音字母要双写。如: dip — dipped nonplus — nonplussed ?以不发音的元音字母e结尾的动词，直接加d。如: like — liked smoke — smoked ?以辅音加y结尾的动词，先将y变成i，再加-ed。如: study — studied try — tried 如果是以元音字母加y结尾的动词，则直接加-ed。如: play — played stay — stayed ?以-c结尾的动词，先加k，再加-ed。如: traffic — trafficked 2)一般过去时的用法 ?表示过去某一时刻或一段时间内发生过的动作或存在的状态。 I wasn’t in last night. 昨晚我不在家。 ?表示过去的习惯性动作。 When he was a child, he often swam in the river. 当他还是小孩的时候，经常在这条河里游泳。 ?在条件从句中表示与现在或将来事实相反的假设。 If I were you, I wouldn’t accept the offer. 如果我是你，我不会接受这个提议。 ?用于I wish, I’d rather, I’d sooner, I’d just as soon, It’s (high) time后that从句中，表示与现在或将来的事实相反的主观设想。 17 It’s time you went to bed. 你该睡觉了。 ?用于表示委婉的语气。 Did you wish to see me tomorrow? 你愿意明天来看我吗, 3(一般将来时一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或状况，由助动词shall或will 加动词原形构成。Shall 用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。一般和表示时常、将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, next month, next week等。如: I’ll go to see my grandmother next weekend. 下个周末，我要去看我的外祖母。 They will be moving to a new flat soon. 他们不久要搬入新房。 动词的完成时 动词的完成时有现在完成时、过去完成时和将来完成时三种。动词的完成时由“助 动词 have+动词的过去分词”构成。借助于have的不同时态的形式，又可以构成相应的三种完成时。这三种完成时都表示在某一时间或某个动作发生之前将要结束的动作。 1(现在完成时 (1)现在完成时由“have (has) + 动词的-ed分词”构成，表示到现在为止的一段时间内发生的情况或动作，强调的是对现在的影响，可能是已完成的动作，也可表示多次动作的总和，或习惯性的行为和持续性的动作。如: I have cut my finger. 18 我割破了手。(结果:还在流血。) I’ve always walked to school. 我一直步行去学校。(习惯性动作) (2)动词的现在完成时也可以表示一个动作发生在过去，但一直延续到现在，并可能继续进行下去，这时常常与表示一段时间的状语连用。这类时间状语有now, today, this week, just , lately, up to now, for和since引导的短语等等。如: I have studied English for four years. 我学英语已经有四年了。 He has lived in Shanghai since 1992. 自从1992年以来他一直住在上海。 (3)在有yet, as yet, already, just, ever, never这类副词作状语的情况下，常可用现在完成时。如: She’s just gone. 她刚走。 (4)现在完成时用于将来的情况，即主语为一般将来时，时间和条件从句中的谓语用现在完成时(而不能用将来完成时)表示将来某时完成的动作。如: We are going after we’ve had lunch. 吃过午饭后我们走。 2(过去完成时 (1)动词的过去完成时只须把has / have改为had，同时把时间状语向前推移到过去的某一时刻或某段时间即可。在意义上，过去完成时表示在过去某一动作发生之前，另一个动作早已结束，它强调“过去的过去”的动作。也可以用来表示在过去的时间内，两个动作的一先一后，先完成的动作用“过去完成时”，后一个动作用“一般过去时”。 By the end of the month Jack had collected more than a hundred foreign stamps. 到这个月底，杰克已收集了一百多张外国邮票。 19 (2)在由if, if only, as if ,as though, I’d rather, I wish等引出的从 句中，表示与过去事态相反的主观愿望或想法。 If the driver had been careful enough, all the passengers would have been safe now. (3)intend, mean, hope, assume, want, think, plan等动词的过去完成时可 表示一种未实现的愿望或想法。 I had assumed that you would not come here in this bad weather. 3(将来完成时动词的将来完成时只须把has / have改为will have，同时把时 间状语向前推移到将来的某一时刻或某段时间即可，也可以由句中的一个将来 时动词衬托出来。在意义上，将来完成时表示在将来某个日期或某一动作发生 之前，另一个动作将要结束。它强调“将来的将来” 的动作。它也可以用来表示在将来的时间内，两个动作的一先一后。先完成的 动作用“将来完成时”，后一个动作用“一般现在时”。 They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October. By next month I will have studied German for just two years. 3(动词的进行时 动词的进行时有现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时三种。动词的进行时由 “助动词be+现在分词”构成。 1(现在进行时动词的现在进行时由be的现在时形式“am/is/are+现在分词” 构成，主要用于以下几方面。 (1)现在进行时主要表示现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。如: They are having military training these days. 这些天，他们一直在军训。 I am waiting for the bus. 我正在等公共汽车。 (2)表示按计划将要发生的动作，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如: My grandmother is coming to see me next week. 我奶奶下周要来看我。 20 Are going to the theater tonight? 你今晚去看戏剧吗, (3)arrive, go, come, start, leave等瞬间动词的现在进行时表示将来的动作。 如: She’s coming tomorrow. 她明天来。 ?注意事项有些动词不能用于进行时，一般只用于一般时。 (1)表示感觉的动词:see, hear, feel, notice, look, seem, appear, smell, taste; (2)表示感情的动词:hate, love, fear, want, wish, like, refuse, forgive, prefer; (3)表示思考和理解的动词:think, understand, know, believe, doubt, forget, remember; (4)表示存在状况的动词:be, exist, stay, remain, obtain; (5)表示从属与占有的动词:possess, own, have, contain, belong, consist of; (6)其它:owe, differ, form, resemble, apply to, 等等。 2(过去进行时动词的过去进行时由助动词be的过去时形式“was/were+动词的 现在分词”构成，其用法与现在进行时有相同之处，只是把动作发生的时间向 前推移到过去某一特定时刻或某段时间之内。 (1)表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。如: I was reading a novel when you came in. (2)表示过去某一阶段正在进行的动作。如: Tom was always calling me up. (3)指过去将来时间，常用于时间状语分句和条件分句中。如: She asked me to say hello to her daughter in Singapore when I was visiting the city. (4)表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用。如: 21 He was attending the conference then. 3(3.将来进行时动词的将来进行时由助动词“will be+动词的现在分词”构成，其用法与现在进行时有相同之处，只是把动作发生的时间向后推移到将来某一特定时刻或某段时间之内。 (1)表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作。如: I will be working in the department store next month. (2)表示原因、结果和可能。如: I won’t be free tomorrow. I’ll be seeing a friend off.(表示原因) If you don’t come, we shall be wondering what has happened to you.(表示结果) She will be telling you about it this afternoon.(表示可能性) (3)在口语中表示预计将要发生或势必要发生的动作。如: Who will be taking over his job? (4)还可以表委婉语气。如: If you will be wanting anything, just let me know. 动词的完成进行时 动词的完成进行时实际上是进行时的一种加强形式，表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作，其用法与进行时也大致相同。 1(现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由“have (has) + 现在分词”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间里一直在进行的动作，这个动作可能仍然进行，也可能停止了一会儿。如: She is ill. She’s been lying in the bed for two weeks. 她病了，已卧床两个星期。(动作会继续下去) 现在完成进行时也可以用来表示现在以前这段时期反复发生的事情。如: You’ve been saying that for five years. 这话你已经说了有五年了。 2(过去完成进行时过去完成进行时由“had + been + V - ing”构成，表示开 22 始于过去的过去某一时刻但到过去某一时刻还在进行的动作。如: He told me he had been writing the paper for one month. 他告诉我他写论文写了一个月了。过去完成时还可以表示开始于过去的过去某一时刻但到过去某一时刻刚刚结束的动作。如: It had been snowing heavily, and the ground was covered with a thick layer of snow. 雪一直下得很大，地面有了厚厚的一层雪。 3(将来完成进行时将来完成进行时表示将来某时前一直进行的动作，是否继续下去，要视上下文而定。如: I shall have been working here in this factory for eight years by the end of the year. 到今年年底，我将在这个工厂工作八年了。 动词的将来时 1(现在将来时?表示将要发生的动作或状况，由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成。Shall用于第一人称，will用于第二、三人称。在美国，一般都用will，一般和next month, tomorrow, in a few days等。如: They’ll finish the job ahead of time. 他们将提前完成任务。 ?表示预料中要发生的动作。如: They will be moving to a new flat soon. 他们不久要搬入新房。 2(过去将来时 ?过去将来时由“should / would + 动词原形”构成，第一人称用should，其他人称用 would。在美国，第一人称也多用would。主要表示从过去某时看来将要发生的动作或将来会存在的状态，其常用在间接引语中。如: She said she would come back the next day. 他说他第二天回来。 ?过去将来时也可用来表示过去习惯性的动作。在此种情况下，不管什么人称， 23 都用 would。如: Every evening they would talk with the teacher. 每天晚上他们都和老师谈天。 动词的语态 动词的语态有两种:一是主动语态，一是被动语态。动作的发出者是句子的主语，则为主动态;如果动作承受者是句子的主语，则为被动态。 1(被动语态的构成被动语态主要由“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成;而时态则由助动词的各种变化来表示，要注意助动词be的时态度必须与相应的主动句保持一致，被动语态还可以由 get构成。如: John was fired last week. My finger got badly burnt, now it becomes swollen. 可与get相搭配的过去分词有:broken, burnt, killed, hurt, washed, lost, confused, married, dressed, divorced, engaged等。 2(被动语态的时态与主动语态一样，动词的被动语态也有很多变化。现以take为例归纳并举例如下: f 现在时: is (are) taken f 现在进行时: is (are) being taken f 现在完成时: have (has) been taken f 过去时: was (were) taken f 过去进行时: was (were) being taken f 过去完成时: had been taken f 过去将来时: should (would) be taken f 将来时: shall (will) be taken f 将来完成时: shall (will) have been taken f 过去将来完成时:should (would) have been taken 24 应注意: ?被动语态通常不用将来进行时或各种完成进行时时态. ?带情态动词的被动语态由“can (may, must, need等) + be + 过去分词”构成。 ?英语中有些动词短语是及物的，后面可以跟宾语，它们也可以使用被动语态，要注意不要遗漏了动词后面的副词或介词。如: The lights have been turned off. 灯已经关了。 The children are well looked after in the kindergarten. 孩子们在幼儿园被照顾得不错。 ?英语中有些动词，在带动词不定式时必须省略不定式符号to(主动句);但是在转化为被动态时，必须添加上to。这些动词有make, let, see, watch, help等。 3(被动语态的用法 ?当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时。如: This book was published before Liberation. 本书出版于解放前。 This film will be shown again next month. 这部电影下个月要再次放映。 ?当强调的是动作而不是动作的执行者时。如: Five persons were killed in the accident. 五人在事故中丧生。 25