语言学名词解释

....1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.3.Arbitrarinessrefersthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor(meaningandsounds).4.Dualitymeansthepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization.5.Creativity(productivity)meanslanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityandrecursiveness.6.Displacementmeanslanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.7.Culturaltransmission:languageisnotbiologicallytransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration.Thedetailsofthelinguisticsystemmustbelearnedbyeachspeaker.8.Interchangeability:meansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproducerandareceiverofmessages.9.Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage10.Descriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptivemeansthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguagetotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandnotsay.11.Synchronic共时inwhichlanguagesaretreatedasself-containedsystemsofcommunicationatanyparticulartime在那一刻、时、块的情况（当代、古代）Diachronic历时inwhichthechangestowhichlanguagesaresubjectinthecourseoftimeandtreatedhistorically.(在过程中都有什么变化、区别、有大时间变化)2个共时即为历时12.Langueandparole找笔记重点。Competenceandperformance找笔记重点。13.Phoneticsstudieshowspeechsoundsareproduced,transmitted,andperceived;itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages.14.Consonants：aresoundsproducedbyobstructingtheflowofairintheoralcavity。Vowels：areproducedwhentheairstreammeetswithnoobstruction。15.diacritics：areadditionalsymbolsormarksusedtogetherwiththeconsonantandvowelsymbolstoindicatenuancesofchangeintheirpronunciation.16.Phonologyisthestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguages.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernsthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.17.Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学studiesoftheproductionofspeechsounds.Acousticphonetics声学语音学studiesofthephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsPerceptualphonetics感知听觉isconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds18.Coarticulation协同发音meanswhenaspeechsoundchangesandbecomesmorelikeanothersoundwhichfollowsitonprecedesitAnticipatorycoarticulation:asoundbecomesmorelikethefollowingsound.Eg:lambPerseverativecoarticulation:thesoundshowstheinfluenceoftheprecedingsound.Eg:map19.Broadtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolsonly.Narrowtranscription:thetranscriptionwithletters,symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.20.Phoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Butaphonedoesnotdistinguishmeaning.21.Phonemeisaphonologicalunitwhichisthesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwowords.22.Allophonemeansthedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Thechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandom,itisrule-governedindifferentcontexts23.Minimalpair:Aminimalpaircontainstwowordsinalanguagewhichdifferfromeachotherbyonlyonedistinctivesoundandwhichalsodifferinmeaning.24.Allophonesofaphonemealwaysoccurindifferentphoneticenvironment,sotheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.25.Ifthephoneticallysimilarsoundsare2distinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.26.Freevariation:Whentwoormorelinguisticitemsoccurinthesamepositionwithoutanyapparentchangeofmeaningtheyareinfreevariation.27.Assimilation同化现象isaprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound。Regressiveassimilation:afollowingsoundinfluencingaprecedingsoundProgressiveassimilation:aprecedingsoundinfluencesafollowingsound.音位变化规则：threeaspects：asetofsoundstoundergotheprocess;asetofsoundsproducedbytheprocess;asetofsituationsinwhichtheprocessapplies.28.Wordisaminimumfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaningandsyntacticfunction.29.Morpheme语素isthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexical词汇的orgrammatical.30．Morphology形态学studiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.31.Endocentriccompound:isoneinwhichoneconstituentisthecenterandtheotheristhemodifier.Exocentriccompound:isoneinwhichthereisonfocalelementandthewholereferstosthelseratherthanwhateitheroftheconstituentsdenotes32.Allomorph:anyofthedifferentshapesorphoneticformsofamorpheme33.suppletion:atypeofirregularityinwhichthereisacompletechangeintheshapeofawordinitsvariousforms34.Syntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.35.Grammaticalconstructioncanbeusedtomeananysyntacticconstructwhichisassignedoneormoreconventionalfunctionsinalanguage,togetherwithwhateverislinguisticallyconventionalizedaboutitscontributiontothemeaningorusetheconstructcontains.36.Immediateconstituentsareconstituentsimmediately,ordirectly,belowthelevelofaconstruction,evenawordwhichcanbefurtheranalyzedintomorphemes(Bloomfield)37.ICanalysis:theanalysisoftheasentenceintermsofitsimmediateconstituent-wordgroupswhichareinturnanalyzedintotheimmediateconstituentoftheirown,andtheprocessgoesonuntiltheultimateconstituentarereached.38.TheimportanceofICanalysis:isthatitstressedthefunctionoftheintermediatelevel-thewordgroup-intheanalysisofasentence,seeingahierarchicalstructureofthesentence.39.TheadvantagesofICanalysis：theinternalstructureofasentenceisdemonstratedandambiguitycanberevealed.40.Endocentric向心性constructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionally功能相同equivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,awordoragroupofwords,whichservesasadefinablecenterorhead一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心41.Exocentric离心性referstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinablecentreorheadinsidethegroup.42.Recursion:therepeateduseofthesameruletocreateinfinitesentences.43.Deepstructure:theabstractrepresentationofthesyntacticpropertiesofaconstruction.Surfacestructure:thefinalstageinthesyntacticderivationofaconstruction,whichcloselycorrespondtothestructuralorganizationofaconstructionpeopleactuallyproduceandreceive.44.Textlinguistics:abranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesspokenorwrittentexts.45.Anaphora:theuseofawordorphrasewhichrefersbacktoanotherwordorphrasewhichwasusedearlierinatextorconversation.46.Semanticsisthestudyoflinguisticmeaning,themeaningofwords,phrases,andsentences.47.Reference指代meansthetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor.48.Semantictriangle(OgdenandRichards)meanstherelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect.(concept)49.Contextualism:onecanderivemeaningfromobservablecontextswhichincludesituationalcontextandthelinguisticcontext.50.Behaviorism:meaningisthesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsfortheinthehearer.51.Componentialanalysis成分 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 法istheapproachthatanalyzewordmeaningbydecomposingisintoitsatomic原子的features.Itshowsthesemanticfeatures语义特征ofaword.52.Entailment蕴涵XJohnkilledBillYBilldiedIfXentailsY,themeaningofXisincludedinY.(ifxistrue,yistrue;yisfalse,xisfalse)41.Presupposition预设XJohn’sbikeneedsrepairingYJohnhasabikeYisaprerequisiteofx.(ifxistrue,yistrue;ifxisfalse,yistrue)53.Pragmatics语用学isthestudyofthoserelationsbetweenlanguageandcontextthataregrammaticalizedorencodedinthestructureofalanguage.54.Speechacttheory言语行为理论由Austin提出55.Locutionaryact发话行为（以言指事字面意思）whenwespeakwemoveourvocalorgansandproduceanumberofsounds,organizedinacertainwayandwithacertainmeaning.Theactperformedinthesenseiscalled~56.Illocutionaryact行事行为（以言行事言外之意）whenwespeak,wenotonlyproducesomeunitsoflanguagewithcertainmeaning(locution),butalsomakeourpurposeinproducingthem,thewayweintendthemtobeunderstood,thisisthe~,whichindicatesthespeaker’sintention.Theutteranceshavesomeillocutionaryforces行事语力57.Perlocutionaryact取效行为（以言成事）Itreferstotheconsequentialeffectsofalocution语句uponthehearer.58.Cooperativeprinciplemeansthatmakeyourcontributionsuchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.四个准侧：maximOfquantity数量准则；maximofquality质量准则（修辞）；relation；mannerz...