------------------------------------------作者xxxx------------------------------------------日期xxxx《孟子》英译【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】【精品文档】1A.KingHuiofLiang(partone) 孟子見梁惠王。王曰,「叟,不遠千里而來,亦將有以利吾國乎?」孟子對曰,「王何必曰利?亦有仁義而已矣。」「王曰:『何以利吾國?』大夫曰:『何以利吾家?』士庶人曰:『何以利吾身?』上下交征利,而國危矣!萬乘之國弑其君者,必千乘之家;千乘之國,弑其君者,必百乘之家。萬取千焉,千取百焉,不爲不多矣;苟爲後義而先利,不奪不饜。」「未有仁而遺其親者也,未有義而後其君者也。」「王亦曰仁義而已矣,何必曰利?」 [1A:1]MenciuswenttoseeKingHuiofLiang.TheKingsaid:"Mygoodman,sinceyouhaven'tthoughtonethousandlitoofartocomeandseeme,mayIpresumethatyouhavesomethingwithwhichIcanprofitmykingdom?" Menciussaid:"Whymustyouspeakofprofit?WhatIhaveforyouisHumanenessandRightness,andthat'sall.Ifyoualwayssay'howcanIprofitmykingdom?'yourtopofficerswillask,'howcanweprofitourclans?'Theelites(shi)1andthecommonpeoplewillask:'Howcanweprofitourselves?'Superiorsandinferiorswillstruggleagainsteachotherforprofit,andthecountrywillbeinchaos." "Inakingdomoftenthousandchariots,themurdererofthesovereignisusuallyfromaclanofonethousandchariots.Inathousand-chariotkingdom,themurdererofthesovereignisusuallyfromaclanofonehundredchariots.Now,tohaveathousandintenthousand,oronehundredinathousandisnotreallyallthatmuch.Butifyouputdue-givinglastandprofitfirst,noonewillbesatisfiedunlesstheycangrabsomething." "Therehasneverbeenahumanemanwhoneglectedhisparents,andtherehasneverbeenajustmanwhoputhisprincelastinhispriorities.King,can'twelimitourconversationtohumanenessanddue-giving?Whymustwediscussprofit?" 梁惠王曰:「寡人之於國也,盡心焉耳矣!河內凶,則移其民於河東,移其粟於河內;河東凶亦然。察鄰國之政,無如寡人之用心者;鄰國之民不加少,寡人之民不加多:何也?」 孟子對曰:「王好戰,請以戰喩。填然鼓之,兵刃旣接,棄甲曳兵而走,或百歩而後止,或五十歩而後止;以五十歩笑百歩,則何如?」 曰:「不可。直不百歩耳,是亦走也!」曰:「王如知此,則無望民之多於鄰國也。」「不違農時,穀不可勝食也;數罟不入洿池,魚鼈不可勝食也;斧斤以時入山林,材木不可勝用也;穀與魚鼈不可勝食,材木不可勝用,是使民養生喪死無憾也;養生喪死無憾,王道之始也。」 「五畝之宅,樹之以桑,五十者可以衣帛矣;雞豚狗彘之畜,無失其時,七十者可以食肉矣;百畝之田,勿奪於時,數口之家可以無饑矣;謹庠序之教,申之以孝悌之義,頒白者不負戴於道路矣;七十者衣帛食肉,黎民不饑不寒;然而不王者,未之有也!」 「狗彘食人食而不知檢,塗有餓莩而不知發;人死,則曰:『非我也,歳也。』是何異於刺人而殺之,曰:『非我也,兵也!』王無罪歳,斯天下之民至焉。」 [1A:3]KingHuiofLiangsaid:"Iexertmywholeconsciousnesstowardsmypeople.WhenthereisdisasterinHe-nei,ImovethepeopletoHe-dongandbringgraintoHe-nei.WhenthereisdisasterinHe-dong,Idolikewise.2Now,ifyoulookatthegovernmentinneighboringkingdoms,thereisnoonewhoisasdedicatedtohispeopleasI.Yetwhyisitthatthepeopledon'tmovefromotherstatesandcometomine?" Menciusreplied:"Yourmajesty,youlikewar,don'tyou?Letmemakeanexamplewithwar:Thedrummershavepsychedthesoldiersintothebattlefieldandthebattleisengaged.Somesoldiersthrowofftheirheavyarmorandflee,draggingtheirweapons.Onefellowrunsahundredpacesandstops.Anotherrunsfiftypacesandstops.Whatwouldyouthinkiftheonewhoranfiftypaceslaughsattheonewhoranahundred?" TheKingsaid:"Noway.Eventhoughhedidn'trunahundredpaces,hestillran." Menciussaid:"Ifyourealizethis,thenyoushouldn'texpectpeopletomovetoyourkingdom.Ifyoudon'tinterferewiththetimingofthefarmers,therewillbemoregrainthancanbeeaten.Iffine-meshnetsarekeptoutofthepondsandlakes,therewillbemorefishandturtlesthanyoucaneat.Ifloggersareregulatedintheirwoodcutting,therewillbemorewoodthancanbeused.Whenthereismoregrain,morefishandturtlesthancanbeeaten,andmorewoodthancanbeused,thepeoplewillnourishthelivingandmournthedeadwithoutresentment.Nourishingthelivingandmourningthedeadwithoutresentmentisthebeginningoftheroadtotruekingship." "Ifmulberrytreesareplantedaroundhomesteadsofanacre,thenpeoplefiftyyearsoldcanbeclothedinsilk.If,intheraisingoffowl,pigs,dogsandswine,theirbreedingtimesarenotmissed,thenpeopleseventyyearsoldcaneatmeat.Ifyoudonotupsetthefarmingscheduleinafarmoftwentyacres,thenalargeclanwillneverbehungry.Paycarefulattentiontoeducation,basingitontheRightnessoffilialpietyandrespectforelders,andthegray-hairedpeoplewillnotbeinthestreetscarryingheavyburdensontheirbacks.Therehasneverbeenacasewherethepeopleofseventywereeatingmeatandtheblack-hairedpeoplewerefreefromcoldandhunger,wherethekingwasnotwellregarded." "But[inyourkingdom],dogsandswineeatmen'sfood,andyoudon'tcontrolit.Peoplearedyingofstarvationinthestreetsanditdoesn'toccurtoyoutodistributegrainfromthestorehouses.Peopledie,andyousay:'It'snotmyfault;itwasabadharvest.'Howisthisdifferentfromstabbingamantodeathandsaying,'Itwasn'tme,itwastheknife.'Ifyouwouldstopplacingtheblameonbadharvests,allofthepeopleinthecountrywouldcometoyou." 梁惠王曰:「寡人願安承教。」 孟子對曰:「殺人以梃與刃,有以異乎?」 曰:「無以異也。」 「以刃與政有以異乎?」 曰:「無以異也。」 曰:庖有肥肉,廏有肥馬,民有飢色,野有餓莩,此率獸而食人也。獸相食,且人惡之;爲民父母行政,不免於率獸而食人,惡在其爲民父母也!仲尼曰:『始作俑者,其無後乎!』爲其象人而用之也,如之何其使斯民饑而死也。」 [1A:4]KingHuiofLiangsaid:"Iwouldliketoquietlyreceiveyourinstruction." Menciussaid:"Isthereanydifferencebetweenkillingamanwithastickorasword?" TheKingreplied:"Nodifference." Menciussaid:"Isthereanydifferencebetweendoingitwithaswordanddoingitwithgovernment?" "Nodifference"wasthereply. Menciussaid:"Thereareloadsoffatmeatinyourkitchenwhilethepeopleinthecountrysidearedyingofstarvation.Animalsareeveneatingpeople.Now,mendespiseanimalswhofeedoneachother.Andyousayyouwanttobe'theparentofthepeople.'Butintheactualhandlingofyourgovernment,youcannotevenpreventanimalsfromfeedingonmen.Howcanyouberegardedasa'parentofthepeople?'" "Confuciussaid:'Wasn'tthefirstfellowwhomadewoodenimagesforburialwiththedeadrememberedforever?'Thisisbecausehemadeimagesofmenandusedthemforsuchapurpose.Whatmemoryshalltherebeofthemanwhomadehispeopledieofstarvation?" 梁惠王曰:「普國,天下莫強焉,叟之所知也。及寡人之身,東敗於齊,長子死焉;西喪地於秦七百里;南辱於楚:寡人恥之,願比死者一洒之,如之何則可?」 [1A:5]KingHuiofLiangsaid:"Asyouknow,venerablesir,thereisnotastrongerstateinthecountrythanChin.Sincetheyattackedme,wehavealsolostontheeasttoCh'i,wheremyeldestsondied.Onthewest,wehavelostonehundredliofterritorytoCh'inandonthesouthwehavebeenembarrassedbyCh'u.Ihavebeenshamedbythisandwouldliketocleartheslateformyancestorsonceandforall.HowcanIdoit?" 孟子對曰:「地方百里而可以王。王如施仁政於民,省刑罰,薄税歛,深耕易耨;壯者以暇日修其孝悌忠信,入以事其父兄,出以事其長上,可使制梃以撻秦楚之堅甲利兵矣!」 Menciusreplied:"Aterritoryonehundredlisquareisenoughtoconstituteaviablekingship.Yourmajestyshouldgiveahumanegovernmenttothepeople,becarefulinpunishingcrime;makethetaxeslight;plowthefieldsdeeplyandhoethemwell.Thenallthestrongandhealthypeoplecanintheirleisuretimecultivatefilialpiety,siblingaffection,loyaltyandsincerity.Iftheydothis,thenwhentheyareathometheycanservetheirfathersandelderbrothers,andwhentheyareoutintheworldtheycanservetheireldersandsuperiors.Thesepeoplewillbeable,with[only]sharpenedsticks,togiveabeatingtoCh'inandCh'uwiththeirhardarmorandsharpweapons." 彼奪其民時,使不得耕耨以養其父母,父母凍餓,兄弟妻子離散。彼陷溺其民,王往而征之,夫誰與王敵!故曰:『仁者無敵。』王請勿疑。」 "Thoserulerssnatchthepeople'stimesothattheyareunabletodotheplowingandhoeingwhichisnecessarytosupporttheirparents.Olderandyoungerbrothers,wivesandchildrenareseparatedandscattered.Inthiswaytheserulerstrapandburytheirownpeople.Ifyou,King,wouldgoandchastisethem,whowillopposeyou?Don'tdoubttheancientproverb:'TheHumanemanhasnoonetoopposehim.'" 孟子見梁襄王。出語人曰:「望之不似人君,就之而不見所畏焉。卒然問曰:『天下惡乎定?』 [1A:6]MenciushadanaudiencewithKingHsiangofLiang.Whenhecameout,hesaidtosomepeople:"WhenIsawhimatadistance,hedidnotlooklikeaking,andwhenIapproachedhim,therewasnothingtobeinaweof.Abruptlyheaskedme:'HowcanthesituationoftheCentralKingdombesettleddown?'" 吾對曰:『定於一。』」「孰能一之?」「對曰:『不嗜殺人者能一之。』」「孰能與之?」 "Ianswered:'Itcanbesettleddownbyunification.'" Hesaid:'Whocanunifyit?' "Ireplied:'Hewhodoesnotlikekillingmencanunifyit.'" "Heasked:'Whohasthepowertograntsomeonethisability?'" 「對曰:『天下莫不與也。王知夫苗乎?七八月之間旱,則苗槁矣。天油然作雲,沛然下雨,則苗浡然興之矣。其如是,孰能禦之!今夫天下之人牧,未有不嗜殺人者也。如有不嗜殺人者,則天下之民皆引領而望之矣。試如是也,民歸之,由水之就下,沛然誰能禦之!』 "Iansweredagain,saying:'Thereisnooneinthelandwhowouldnotgrantit.Doyouknowanythingaboutfarming?Duringtheseventhandeighthmonthsitgetsdryandtheplantswither.Whenthereisasuddendownpourofrain,theplantscomevibrantlytolife.Yoursituationbeinglikethis,whowillopposeyou?Now,amongthosewhoareleadersinthiscountry,therearenonewhodislikekillingmen.Iftherewereonewhodislikedkillingmen,allthepeopleinthecountrywouldsticktheirnecksoutmerelytogetaglimpseofhim.Ifyouwerereallylikethis,thepeoplewouldcometoyoulikewaterrunningdownhill.Whocouldopposeyou?'" 齊宣王問曰:「齊桓普文之事,可得聞乎?」 [1A:7]KingHsüanofCh'iasked:"CangivemeyouranalysisofwhathappenedbetweenDukeHuanofCh'iandDukeWenofCh'in?3" 孟子對曰:「仲尼之徒,無道桓文之事者,是以後世無傳焉,臣未之聞也。無以,則王乎?」 Menciusanswered:"NoneofConfucius'disciplestalkedaboutHuanandWen,soIhavenosignificantinformationonthem.SosinceIcan'ttalkaboutthem,howaboutdiscussingkingship?" 曰:「德何如則可以王矣?」曰:「保民,而王莫之能禦也。」 Thekingsaid:"Whatkindofqualitiesarenecessaryforrealkingship?" Menciussaid:"Takecareofthepeople,andnoonecanopposeyou." 曰:「若寡人者,可以保民乎哉?」曰:「可。」曰:「何由知吾可也?」 Thekingsaid:"Issomeonelikemecapableoftakingcareofthepeople?" Menciussaid:"Sure." Thekingsaid:"Howdoyouknow?" 曰:「臣聞之胡齕曰:『王坐於堂上,有牽牛而過堂下者;王見之,曰:「牛可之?」對曰:「將以釁鐘。」王曰:「舍之;吾不忍其觳觫,若無罪而就死地。」對曰:「然則廢釁鐘與?」曰:「何可廢也?以羊易之。」』不識有諸?」 "IheardthisstoryfromHu-ho:Hesaidyouweresittingupinthemainhallandamanwalkedpastthelowerpartleadinganox.Yousawthisandasked:'Whatareyoudoingwiththeox?'Hereplied:'Wearegoingtoconsecrateabellwithitsblood.'Yousaid:'Letitgo—Ican'tstandtoseetheagonyonitsface,likethatofaninnocentpersongoingtoexecution!'Themanthenanswered:'Shallweforgettheconsecrationofthebell?'Yousaid:'Howcanitbeforgotten?Substituteitwithasheep!'" Menciusthenadded:"Idon'tknowifthisisatruestory." 曰:「有之。」曰:「是心足以王矣。百姓皆以王爲愛也,臣固知王之不忍也。」 Thekingsaid:"Itis." Menciussaid:"Ifyoupossessthiskindofmind,youarecapableoftruekingship.Thepeopleallaccusedyouofbeingcheap,butIamconvincedthatyoureallycouldnotstandthesightoftheox." 王曰:「然,誠有百姓者,齊國雖褊小,吾何愛一牛?即不忍其觳觫,若無罪而就死地,故以羊易之也。」 Thekingsaid:"Youareright.YetthepeoplereallydidthinkIwasbeingcheap.Butthetruthis,eventhoughCh'iisafairlysmallkingdom,howcouldIbegrudgealousyox?Ireallycouldn'tstandtoseethefearinitsface,likethatofaninnocentmangoingtohisexecution.That'swhyIchangeditforasheep." 曰:「王無異於百姓之以王爲愛也;以小易大,彼惡知之?王若隱其無罪而就死地,則牛羊何擇焉!」王笑曰:「是誠何心哉!我非愛其財而易之以羊也,宜乎百姓之謂我愛也。」 Menciussaid:"Youshouldnotthinkitstrangethatthepeoplethoughtyouwerestingy.Youchangedalargeanimalforasmallone,sohowcouldtheyknowyourrealmotivation?Ifyouwerereallypainedatitsinnocentlygoingtoexecution,what'sthedifferencebetweenanoxandasheep?" Thekinglaughedandsaid:"WhatwasIreallythinking?ButIdidn'tchangeitbecauseoftheexpense—nowonderthepeoplehavecalledmecheap!" 曰:「無傷也,是乃仁術也,見牛未見羊也,君子之於禽獸也,見其生,不忍見其死;聞其聲,不忍食其肉:是以君子遠庖廚也。」 Menciussaid:"Youhavenotdonewrong.Whatyoudidwasanactofhumaneness.Yousawtheox,buthadnotseenthesheep.Whenitcomestoanimals,iftheSuperiorManhasseenthemwhilealive,hecannotstandtowatchthemdie.Ifhehearstheirscreams,hecannotstandtoeattheirmeat.Thereforehestaysawayfromthekitchen." Thekingwaspleasedandsaid:"ItissaidintheBookofOdes:'Peoplehavetheirminds,Ifathomthem.'Whatyouhavejustsaidisexactlywhathappenedwithme.ButwhenIsoughtwithinmyself,Icouldn'treallyseemyownmotivations.Asyouhaveshownme,thereiscompassioninmyheart,buthowcanthisbesufficientforkingship?" Menciussaid:"Supposesomeonesaidthistoyou:'Iamstrongenoughtoliftsixhundredkilos,butnotstrongenoughtoliftafeather;myeyesightissharpenoughtoanalyzethetipofautumndown,butIcannotseeawagonloadoffirewood.Canyougoalongwiththis?'" "Ofcoursenot." "Thenisn'titquiteoddthatyourcompassionreachestoanimals,butnotdowntothepeople?Ifthesinglefeatherisnotlifted,itisbecauseyourstrengthisnotused,andwhenthewagon-loadoffirewoodisnotseenitisbecauseyourvisionisnotused.Thepeople'snotexperiencingyourcareisbecauseyourcompassionisnotused.Thereforeyourmajesty'slackoftruekingshipisbecauseofalackofeffort,notalackofability." Thekingasked:"Canyouclarifythedifferencebetweennon-effortandinability?" Menciusreplied:"IfitisthecaseoftakingMt.T'aiunderyourarmandleapingovertheNorthSeawithit,andsaying:'Iamunable',thenthisistrueinability.Ifitisthecaseofsnappingabranchoffatreeforanelderandyousay'Iamunable,'thisisnon-effort,itisnotinability.Thus,yourmajesty'snothavingakinglyholdoverthepeopleisnotinthecategoryoftakingMt.T'aiunderyourarmandleapingovertheNorthSea."Itisthetypeofnotbreakingabranch.Ifyoutakecareofyouownelders,thecommonpeoplewilldothesamefortheirelders.Ifyouarekindtoyouryoung,thecommonpeoplewillbekindtotheiryoung—youwillholdthekingdominthepalmofyourhand.TheBookofOdessays: Hisexampleaffectedhiswife. Itreachedtohisbrothers, Suchthathecouldmanage Hisclanandhisstate. Thismeansthatifyoujustextendyourhearttoallothers,andextendyourcompassion,itwillbeenoughtotakecareofallthoseinthecontinent.Ifyoudonotextendyourcompassion,youwillnotevenbeabletotakecareofyourownwifeandchildren.TheWayinwhichtheancientshavesurpassedallothersisnoneotherthanthis:Theirgoodnessextendedthrougheverythingtheydid,andnothingmore. "Nowyourcompassionissufficienttoreachtoanimals,yetlackstheeffectivenesstoreachthepeople.Isn'tthatsomething?Byweighingweknowwhatislightandheavy.Bymeasuringweknowlongandshort.Allthingsarelikethis,andespeciallythemind,sowhydon'tyoumeasureit,king?Nowadaysyoubuildupyourarmaments,endangeryoursoldiersandofficersandinstigatetroublewithotherheadsofstate.Doesthisgiveyoupleasure?" "No,howcouldIenjoythis?IdoittogetwhatIreallywant." Menciussaid:"Whatisitthatyoureallywant?" Thekingjustsmiledandkepthismouthshut. Menciuscontinued:"Areallyourrichandsweetfoodsnotenoughforyourtaste?Isyourwardrobeofwinterandsummerclothesnotenoughforyourbody?Ordoyounothaveenoughfancytoystosatisfyyoureyes?Ordoyounothaveenoughservantsandconcubinestocomebeforeyouandsatisfyyou?Allyournumerousministerscancertainlygetallthesethingsforyou,sohowcanyoustillwantmoreofthese?" Thekingsaid:"No,Idon'twantthese." "Thenitisobviouswhatitisyoureallywant,"saidMencius,"youwanttoexpandyourterritory,makevassalsofCh'inandCh'u,ruletheMiddleKingdom,getcontrolovertheoutlyingtribes.Doingthekindsofthingsyouhavebeendoingtogetwhatyouwantislikeclimbingatreetocatchfish." "Isitthatbad?" "Evenworse.Ifyouclimbatreetocatchfish,eventhoughyouwon'tcatchanything,therewillbenogreatcalamity.Butifyoucompletelydevoteallofyouenergiestogettingwhatyouwantinthisway,youaresuretomeetwithdisaster." Thekingsaid:"Canyouexplainhow?" Menciussaid:"IfthereisawarbetweenTsouandCh'u,whodoyouthinkwillwin?" "Ch'uwillwin." "Youareright,andthatmeansthatyouknowthatasmallstatecannotgoupagainstalargestate,thatafewcannotopposemany,thattheweakcannotcontendwiththestrong.ThecontinentalterritoriesofonethousandsquareliarenineinnumberandCh'i(yourkingdom)onlymakesforone.Ifwithonepartyoutrytosubduetheothereight,howisthisdifferentfromTsou'sfightingCh'u?Pleasereflectonthisessentialpoint." "Nowifyouinitiateagovernmentbasedongoodness,alltheofficialsinChinawillwanttocometoyourcourt;allthefarmerswillwanttoplowyourfields;themerchantswillwanttostoretheirgoodsinyourmarketplaces;allthetravelerswillwanttogobyyourroads,andallthepeopleinthelandwhoarehassledbytheirrulerswillwanttocometoyouforhelp.Iftheyfeelthisway,whowillbeabletostopthem?" Thekingsaid:"Iamdull-witted,andunabletocarrythisout.Pleasehelpmeclarifymywillbyinstructingme.EventhoughIamnotsosharp,Iwilltrytodoit." Menciussaid:"Onlyashihisabletokeepasteadymindwithoutasteadylivelihood.Ifthecommonpeoplelackasteadylivelihood,theycannotbesecure.Iftheyarenotsecure,thereisnothingtheywillnotdointermsofcriminal,depravedandselfishacts.Foryoutofollowthemupandpunishthemoncetheyhavecommittedcrimesinthissituationisentrapment.Howcouldabenevolentmanruleandatthesametimeentraphispeople?" "Thereforetheintelligentrulerwillregulatethelivelihoodofhispeoplesothattheyhaveenoughtosupporttheirparentsandtheirownchildren.Ingoodyearstheywilleattheirfull,andinbadyearstheywillneverstarve.Afterthisyoucangoadthemtowardthegood,becausetheywillfolloweasily.Asitstandsnow,youregulatethelivelihoodofthepeopleinsuchawaythattheydonothaveenoughtotakecareoftheirparentsortheirchildren.Theysuffereveninthegoodyears,andinthebadyearstheycannotescapedeath.Alltheycandoistrytoavoidstarvingtodeath,allthetimefearingthattheywillnotmakeit.WhatkindoffreetimewilltherebetocultivateproprietyandRightness?" "Ifyoureallywanttobringthisabout,you'dbettergetbacktothebasics.Ifmulberrytreesareplantedonplotsofoneacre,peopleintheirfiftiescanwearsilk.Ifyoudonotpullthemenawayforbattleduringthebreedingtimesofyourlivestock,peopleintheirseventiescaneatmeat.Iftheproperplanting,cultivationandharvestingtimesarenotmissed,thefamilyofeightthatlivesoffatwenty-acrefarmwillnotgohungry.Paycarefulattentiontoeducation,teachingtheRightnessoffilialpietyandfraternity,andthegray-hairedwillnotbeseeninthestreetscarryingheavyburdensontheirbacks." "Therehasneverbeenacasewheretheelderlyworesilkandatemeat,andtheblack-hairedpeoplesufferedfromneitherhungernorcold,wherethekingshipwasnotgenuinelyrespected."1B.KingHuiofLiang(parttwo) [1B:10] Preliminarynote:Ch'iattackedthestateofYeninthenorthwestintheautumnof315BC.Yen'sprince,aweakling,hadresignedhisthronetohisprimeminister,andgreatconfusionensued,sothatthepeoplewelcomedtheappearanceofthetroopsofCh'iandmadenoresistancetothem.K'uangChang,thefriendofMenciusmentionedin4B:30and3B:10ledtheCh'iarmies.ThekingandHeirApparentofYenwerebothkilled. [Text] Ch'iattackedYenandconqueredit.KingHsüanofCh'isaidtoMencius,"SomesayIshouldoccupyYenandsomesayIshouldn't.Foramajorkingdomtoovercomeanothermajorkingdomofapproximatelyequalstrengthanddoitwithinfiftydaysisbeyondjustthemanpoweroftheconqueringarmy.IfIdonotoccupyYen,Imayexperiencesomebadfate;butwhatwillhappen,ontheotherhand,ifIoccupyit?" Menciusreplied,"IfyouoccupyitYenanditspeoplearereallyhappy,thendoso.InancienttimesKingWuhadthisexperience.Ifyoutrytooccupyitanditspeopleareagainstyou,thenyoushouldn'toccupyit.InancienttimesKingWenhadthisexperience." "Whenamajorpowerattacksanotheranditsarmiesaregreetedbythepeoplewithgiftsoffood,etc.,howcouldtherebeanyotherreasonexceptthattheyaretryingtogetoutofawfulcircumstancesundertheirownruler?Butif,ontheotherhand,thepeopleseeyouasagreaterevilthantheirowndictator,theywillneverstoptheirresistance." [1B:11]Ch'i,havingattackedYen,occupiedit.ThesurroundingstatesbegantoplantocometotheaidofYen.KingHsüanofCh'isaid,"Thesurroundingpowersareplanningtoattackme.HowshouldIdealwiththem?" Menciusreplied,"Ihaveheardofakingwithonlyseventysquarelirulingthewholeland—thatwasT'ang.ButIhaveneverheardofaKingwithathousandsquareli(likeyou)havingtobeinfear.TheBookofHistorysays:" WhenT'angfirstbeganhiswarofpunishment,hestartedwith(thekingdomof)Ko.Thewholeworldbelievedinhim,andsoashiscampaignwenteast,thetribesofthewestbecameimpatient,andashewentsouth,thetribesofthenorthbecameimpatient.Theyallsaid:'Whydoesheliberateuslast?' Thepeoplewaitedforhimthewaywewaitforrainafteralongdrought.Themerchantscontinuedtheirbuyingandsellingandthefarmerscarriedontheirfarming.(Whenhecametoconquer,)T'angpunishedtheirrulers,buttookcareofthecommonpeople.Hewaslikethemuch-neededrainfallandthepeoplewerehappy.Again,theBookofHistorysays:"WeawaitourKing.Whenhecomes,allwillberestored." NowtheprinceofYenwasatyrant,andyouwentandpunishedhim.Yen'speoplethoughtyouweresavingthemfromoppressionandtheygreetedyourarmywithgiftsoffood.ButnowyoumurderYen'sfamily,chainuphisyoungerrelatives,destroytheancestraltemplesandrobpeople'streasures.Howcanyouexpectthemtotakethis?Theworldmayfearyourpower,butifyoukeeptryingtoexpandyourinfluenceanddonotpracticeHumanegovernment,thearmiesoftherestofthelandwillriseuptoopposeyou.Youmustissueordersatoncetoreleasethecaptivesandstopthelooting.ConferwiththepeopleofYen.Appointarulerforthemandthengetoutofthere.Thenthosewhoarecapableofhurtingyouwillnotattack.2A.KungSunCh'ou(partone)公孫丑上 公孫丑問曰:「夫子加齊之卿相,得行道焉,雖由此霸王不異矣。如此,則動心否乎?」 [2A:2]KungSunCh'ouaskedMencius:"Let'ssayyouweretobecometheprimeministerofCh'iandhavetheopportunitytosetupagoodgovernment.Eventhoughyourpowerwouldreallynotbedifferentfromthatofaking,inhandlingthis,wouldn'tyouloseyourmentalstability?" 孟子曰:「否。我四十不動心。」 Menciussaid,"No.Ihaven'tlostmymentalstabilitysinceIwasforty." 曰:「若是,則夫子過孟賁遠矣?」 Ch'ousaid,"ThenyouhavefarsurpassedMengPan." 曰:「是不難,吿子先我不動心。」 Menciussaid,"Itisnotsodifficult.Kao-tzuattainedmentalstabilityatayoungeragethanI." 曰:「不動心有道乎?」 "Isthereamethodforattainingmentalstability?"askedCh'ou. 曰:「有。」「北宮黝之養勇也:不膚撓,不目逃思以一毫挫於人,若撻之於市朝不受於;;褐寬博,亦不受於萬乘之君視刺萬乘之君,若刺褐夫:無嚴諸侯惡聲至,必反之。」 "Thereis.Forexample,PiKungYuhadamethodofdevelopinghiscourage.Whenattacked,hewouldneitherflinchnorturnawayhiseyes.Ifsomeonetouchedasinglehaironhisbody,hewouldregarditasifhehadbeenpubliclybeateninthemarketplace.Whathewouldnottakefromabum,hewouldnottakefromagreatprince.Hereg
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