Unit9DigitalSignalProcessingPassageABasicConceptsofDSPPassageBDigitalSignalProcessorsPassageCComparisonofDSPandASPPassageABasicConceptsofDSP Wedon’tspeakinadigitalsignal.Adigitalsignalisalanguageof1sand0sthatcanbeprocessedbymathematics.Wespeakinreal-world,analogsignals.Analogsignalsarerealworldsignalsthatweexperienceeveryday-sound,light,temperature,andpressure.Adigitalsignalisanumericalrepresentationoftheanalogsignal.Itmaybeeasierandmorecosteffectivetoprocessthesesignalsinthedigitalworld.Intherealworld,wecanconvertthesesignalsintodigitalsignalsthroughtheanalog-to-digitalconverter,processthesignals,andifneeded,bringthesignalsbackouttotheanalogworldthroughthedigital-to-analogconverter. 1.Theessentialsofanalog-to-digitalanddigital-to-analog conversion Thefirstessentialstepinanalog-to-digital(A/D)conversion(asshowninFigure9.1)istosampleananalogsignal.Thisstepisperformedbyasampleandholdcircuit,whichsamplesatregularintervalscalledsamplingintervals.Thelengthofthesamplingintervalisthesameasthesamplingperiod,andthereciprocalofthesamplingperiodisthesamplingfrequencyfs.AccordingtotheNyquisttheorem,asignalwithamaximumfrequencyofWHz(calledaband-limitedsignal)mustbesampledatleast2Wsamplespersecondtoensureaccuraterecording.Whenthisminimumisnotrespected,distortioncalledaliasingoccurs.Aliasingcauseshighfrequencysignalstoappearaslowerfrequencysignals.Tobesurealiasingwillnotoccur,samplingisalwaysprecededbylowpassfiltering.Thelowpassfilter,calledtheanti-aliasingfilter,removesallfrequenciesabovehalftheselectedsamplingrate.Figure9.1Analog-to-DigitalConversions Afterabriefacquisitiontime,duringwhichasampleisacquired,thesampleandholdcircuitholdsthesamplesteadyfortheremainderofthesamplinginterval.ThisholdtimeisneededtoallowtimeforanA/Dconvertertogenerateadigitalcodethatbestcorrespondstotheanalogsample. TheA/Dconverterchoosesaquantizationlevelforeachanalogsample.AnN-bitconverterchoosesamong2Npossiblequantizationlevels.Thelargerthenumberoflevels,thesmallerthequantizationerrors,calculatedasthedifferencebetweenthequantizedlevelandthetruesamplelevel.MostquantizationerrorsarelimitedinsizetohalfaquantizationstepQ.ThequantizationstepsizeiscalculatedasQ=R/2N,whereRisthefullscalerangeoftheanalogsignalandNisthenumberofbitsusedbytheconverter.Thestrengthofthesignalcomparedtothatofthequantizationerrorsismeasuredbydynamicrangeandsignal-to-noiseratio. Adigitalsignalisrepresentedbyasetofverticallineswithcirclesatthetoptomarkthequantizationlevelsselectedforeachsample.ThebitrateforanA/DconverteristheNfs,wherefsisthesamplingrate. Finally,eachdigitalsampleisassignedadigitalcode,whichcompletestheA/Dprocess.Theresultisadigitalbitstream.Itisthiscollectionofdigitalcodesthatisprocessedindigitalsignalprocessing. Tosummarize,A/Dcomprisesanti-aliasing,sampling,quantizationanddigitization. Oncedigitalsignalprocessingiscomplete,digital-to-analog(D/A)conversion(asshowninFigure9.2)mustoccur.Thisprocessbeginsbyconvertingeachdigitalcodeintoananalogvoltagethatisproportionalinsizetothenumberrepresentedbythecode.Thisvoltageisheldsteadythroughzeroorderholduntilthenextcodeisavailable,onesamplingintervallater.Thiscreatesastaircase-likesignalthatcontainsfrequenciesaboveWHz.Thesesignalsareremovedwithasmoothinglowpassfilter,thelaststepinD/Aconversion.Figure9.2Digital-to-AnalogConversions Theimagesofeachfrequencyfpresentinasampledsignalappear,throughsampling,attheinfinitenumberoffrequencieskfs±fHz.WhenthesamplingrateislowerthantherequiredNyquistrate,thatisfs<2W,imagesofhighfrequencysignalserroneouslyappearinthebaseband(orNyquistrange)duetoaliasing.Whilethisundersamplingisnormallyavoided,itcanbeexploited.Forexample,signalswhosefrequenciesarerestrictedtoanarrowbandofhighfrequenciescanbesampledataratesimilartotwicethewidthofthebandinsteadoftwicethemaximumfrequency.Alloftheimportantsignalcharacteristicscanbededucedfromthecopyofthespectrumthatappearsinthebasebandthroughsampling.Dependingontherelationshipbetweenthesignalfrequenciesandthesamplingrate,spectralinversionmaycausetheshapeofthespectruminthebasebandtobeinvertedfromthetruespectrumofthesignal.[1] 2.Technologiesfordigitalsignalprocessing Ifauniversalmicroprocessorsolutionexistedwithwhicheverydesigncouldberealized,theelectronicsindustrywouldn’tbeaverycompetitiveplace.[2]However,typicallyinmostelectronicdesigns,morethanoneprocessortechnologycanbeusedtoimplementtherequiredfunctions.Thetrickis,ofcourse,tochoosetheonethatbestdeliverstheperformance,size,powerconsumption,features,softwareandtoolstogetthejobdonefast-withoutbreakingthebudget.Afteralmosttwodecadesofdevelopment,digitalsignalprocessorscontinuetotaketheplaceofcompetitiveprocessors.Digitalsignalprocessorsare,afterall,atthecenterofsignalprocessing. Adigitalsignalprocessor(DSP)isatypeofmicroprocessor-onethatisincrediblyfastandpowerful.ADSPisuniquebecauseitprocessesdatainrealtime.Thisreal-timecapabilitymakesaDSPperfectforapplicationsthatcannottolerateanydelays.Forexample,didyouevertalkonacellphonewheretwopeoplecouldn’ttalkatonce?Youhadtowaituntiltheotherpersonfinishedtalking.Ifyoubothspokesimultaneously,thesignalwascut-youdidn’theartheotherperson.Withtoday’sdigitalcellphones,whichuseDSP,youcantalknormally.TheDSPinsidecellphonesprocesssoundssorapidlyyouhearthemasquicklyasyoucanspeak-inrealtime.HerearejustsomeoftheadvantagesofdesigningwithDSPsoverothermicroprocessors: ·Single-cyclemultiply-accumulateoperations; ·Real-timeperformancesimulationandemulation; ·Flexibility; ·Reliability; ·Increasedsystemperformance; ·Reducedsystemcost. However,therearesomeoftheotheralternativesavailablefordigitalsignalprocessing.HowtheycomparetoDSPs? ◆TheFPGAAlternative Field-ProgrammableGateArrays(FPGA)havethecapabilityofbeingreconfigurablewithinasystem,whichcanbeabigadvantageinapplicationsthatneedmultipletrialversionswithindevelopment,offeringreasonablyfasttimetomarket.Theyalsooffergreaterrawperformanceperspecificoperationbecauseoftheresultingdedicatedlogiccircuit.However,FPGAsaresignificantlymoreexpensiveandtypicallyhavemuchhigherpowerdissipationthanDSPswithsimilarfunctionality.Assuch,evenwhenFPGAsarethechosenperformancetechnologyindesignssuchaswirelessinfrastructure,DSPsaretypicallyusedinconjunctionwithFPGAstoprovidegreaterflexibility,betterprice/performanceratios,andlowersystempower. ◆TheASICAlternative Application-specificICs(ASIC)canbetailoredtoperformspecificfunctionsextremelywell,andcanbemadequitepowerefficient.However,sinceASICSarenotfield-programmable,theirfunctionalitycannotbeiterativelychangedorupdatedwhileinproductdevelopment.Assuch,everynewversionoftheproductrequiresaredesignandtripsthroughthefoundry,anexpensiveproposition,andanimpedimenttorapidtime-to-market.[3]ProgrammableDSPs,ontheotherhand,canbeupdatedwithoutchangingthesilicon,merelychangethesoftwareprogram,greatlyreducingdevelopmentcosts,andavailingaftermarketfeatureenhancementswithmerecodedownloads.Consequently,moreoftenthannot,whenyouseeASICsinrealtimesignalprocessingapplications,theyaretypicallyemployedasbusinterfaces,gluelogic,and/orfunctionalacceleratorsforaprogrammableDSP-basedsystem. ◆TheGPPAlternative IncontrasttoASICsthatareoptimizedforspecificfunctions,general-purposemicroprocessors(GPPs)arebestsuitedforperformingabroadarrayoftasks.However,forapplicationsinwhichtheendproductmustprocessanswersinrealtime,ormustdosowhilepoweredbyconsumerbatteries,GPPscomparativelypoorrealtimeperformanceandhighpowerconsumptionallbutrulesthemout.[4]Moreandmore,theseprocessorsarebeingseenasthedinosaursoftheindustry,tooencumberedwithPCcompatibilityanddesktopfeaturestoadapttothechangingrealtimemarketplace.Astheworldembracestinyhand-heldwireless-enabledproductsthatrequirepowerdissipationmeasuredinmilliwatts-notthewattsthattheseprocessorsconsume-DSPsaretheprogrammabletechnologyofchoice.ThattrendisboundtocontinueasdigitalInternetappliancesgetsmaller,fasterandmoreportable.Notes [1]Dependingontherelationshipbetweenthesignalfrequenciesandthesamplingrate,spectralinversionmaycausetheshapeofthespectruminthebasebandtobeinvertedfromthetruespectrumofthesignal. 根据信号频率和采样频率之间的关系的不同,可能出现“频谱反转”现象——基带频谱的形状和信号真实频谱的形状正好相反。 ·beinvertedfrom...和……相反。 ·所谓基带是指不加任何调制过程的数字信号传输。基带带宽全部用来传送数字脉冲信号,并可以通过时分复用的方式进行多路数字信号的传输。 [2]Ifauniversalmicroprocessorsolutionexistedwithwhicheverydesigncouldrealized,theelectronicsindustrywouldn’tbeaverycompetitiveplace. 假如存在可用以实现任何
设计
领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计
的通用微处理器的话,电子行业就不会竞争得如此激烈了。 ·本句为虚拟语气。 [3]Assuch,everynewversionoftheproductrequiresaredesignandtripsthroughthefoundry,anexpensiveproposition,andanimpedimenttorapidtime-to-market. 而且,每次推出一个新产品都需要重新设计并经历所有制造
流程
快递问题件怎么处理流程河南自建厂房流程下载关于规范招聘需求审批流程制作流程表下载邮件下载流程设计
。这样做不但造价昂贵,而且不利于迅速上市。 ·time-to-market的意思为“上市时间”。 ·foundry是指为第三方制造芯片的半导体制造商,可以指那些出售其富余生产能力的大型芯片制造企业,也可以是指专为其他公司制造芯片的企业。 [4]However,forapplicationsinwhichtheendproductmustprocessanswersinrealtime,ormustdosowhilepoweredbyconsumerbatteries,GPPscomparativelypoorrealtimeperformanceandhighpowerconsumptionallbutrulesthemout. 然而,在最终产品必须实时响应的应用中,或者必须在电池供电下实现实时响应的应用中,由于GPP实时性能较差、功耗大,因此就被排除在外了。 ·allbut此处作rulethemout的状语,涵义为“几乎,差一点”。 ·ruleout的意思是“将……排除在外”。Exercises 1.Fillintheblanks. (1)Thefirstessentialstepinconversionistosampleananalogsignal. (2)Thelengthoftheisthesameasthe,andthereciprocalofthesamplingperiodisthesamplingfrequencyfs. (3)Tosummarize,A/Dcomprises,, and. (4)Aisatypeofmicroprocessor-onethatisincrediblyfastandpowerful. (5)IncontrasttoASICsthatareoptimizedforspecificfunctions,arebestsuitedforperformingabroadarrayoftasks. (6)havethecapabilityofbeingreconfigurablewithinasystem,whichcanbeabigadvantageinapplicationsthatneedmultipletrialversionswithindevelopment,offeringreasonablyfasttimetomarket. 2.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoChinese. Thefirststepinconvertingananalogsignalissampling.Thisstepisaccomplishedusingasampleandholdcircuit,whichgrabsasamplefromthesignalandholdsitsteadyuntilthenextsamplingtime.Samplesarenormallycollectedatregulartimeintervals,calledsamplingperiods.Iftherateofthesamplingisnotadequate,distortioncalledaliasingcanoccur.TheoutputfromthesampleandholdcircuitispassedtoanA/Dconverter,whichchoosesaquantizationlevelthatisclosesttotheactualamplitudeofthesignal.ThisisthesecondstepinA/Dconversion.Thenumberoflevelstochoosefromdependsonthenumberofbitsusedbytheconverter:forNbits,2Nlevelsarepossible.Sinceanalogamplitudescannotingeneralberepresentedperfectlyinadigitalsystem,quantizationerrorsoccur. 3.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish. (1)数字信号处理是无数家用和商用系统中的关键部分,其应用领域与日俱增。因此,DSP正在成为技术专家和工程师专业知识的一个重要组成部分。 (2)数字信号处理可分为定点和浮点两大类。定点和浮点指的是器件内用于存储和操作数据的格式。定点数字信号处理通常用最少16位来
表
关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
示每个数据,典型的浮点数字信号处理器用最少32位来存储每个数据。 (3)和其他科学和工程应用一样,数字信号处理器通常使用汇编语言或者C语言进行编程。然而,DSP程序和传统软件任务不同。首先,程序通常短得多,如100行而不是1万行。其次,执行速度往往是其应用的关键部分。PassageBDigitalSignalProcessors Digitalsignalprocessingtaskscanbeperformedbyallprocessors.Specializeddigitalsignalprocessors(DSPs),however,performthesetasksmostefficientlyandmostquickly.WhiletraditionalprocessorsfollowtheVonNeumannarchitecturemodel(asshowninFigure9.3),whichassumesasharedsinglememorytobeusedforbothprograminstructionsanddata,DSPsusetheHarvardormodifiedHarvardarchitecture(asshowninFigure9.4),whichincludesmultipleprogramanddatamemories,alongwithmultiplebusestoaccessthem.[1]Thisarrangementmeansthatmuchlesswaitingisrequiredwheninstructionsornumbersarefetchedfrommemory.Infactatleastoneofeachcanbefetchedsimultaneously.Suchoverlappingoftasksiscalledpipelining.Inadditiontomultiplememoriesandbuses,allDSPshavefastmultipliers,accumulators,andshifters,andmanyhavehardwaresupportforcircularbuffers.Addressgeneratorscanspeedupaccessestomemorylocationsreferencedbyregisters.Figure9.3VonNeumannArchitectureFigure9.4HarvardArchitecture DSPsareavailableintwomajorclasses:fixedpointandfloatingpoint.Thefixedpointclassrepresentsrealnumbersinafixednumberofbits.Thepositionofthebinarypoint(similartothedecimalpoint)canbecontrolledbytheprogrammer,anddeterminestherangeofnumbersthatcanberepresented.Astherangeincreases,though,theavailableprecisiongoesdown,sincefewerbitslietotherightofthebinarypoint.In16bits,theformats16.0,15.1,14.2,13.3,12.4,11.5,10.6,9.7,8.8,7.9,6.10,5.11,4.12,3.13,2.14,and1.15arepossible.Thedynamicrange,calculatedas20log(FullScaleRange/SmallestResolvableDifference),remainsthesameforall16-bitformats,20log216=96.3dB. FloatingpointDSPsrepresentrealnumbersusingamantissaandanexponent,similartoscientificnotation:Manycombinemantissaandexponentintoa32-bitnumber.Thedynamicrangeforfloatingpointdevicesiscalculatedfromthelargestandsmallestmultipliers2E,whereEistheexponent.Thus,forarepresentationthatuses24bitsforthemantissaand8bitsforthesignedexponent,thedynamicrangeis20lg(2127/2-128)=1535.3dB.Alargedynamicrangemeansthesystemhasgreatpowertorepresentawiderangeofinputsignals,fromverysmalltoverylarge. AssemblylanguageisthecommandlanguageforDSPs.DSPsoftenhavespecializedinstructionsthatmakeprogrammingforcommonDSPtasksmoreconvenientandmoreefficient.Forexample,mostDSPsoffermulti-functioninstructionsthatexploittheirparallelarchitecture.Otherconstructsthatarefrequentlyofferedareefficientloopingschemes,sincesomanyDSPoperationsinvolveagreatdealofrepetition. ChoosingaDSPforaparticularapplicationisnotalwayseasy.Thefirstdecisionisonwhethertochooseafixedpointorafloatingpointdevice.[2]Generally,fixedpointdevicesarecheaperandquicker,butfloatingpointdevicesaremoreconvenienttoprogramandmoresuitedtocalculation-intensivealgorithms.Second,thedatawidthoftheDSPdetermineshowaccuratelyitcanrepresentnumbers.Speedisanotherissue,notonlyhowmanycyclesoccurineachsecond,butalsohowmanyinstructionsexecuteineachcycleandhowmuchworkeachoftheseinstructionsaccomplishes.OnewaytoassesstheminimumrequirementsfortheDSPistoestimatehowmanyinstructionsmustbeexecutedforeachreceivedsample.Whenthisnumberismultipliedbythesamplingfrequency,theminimumrequirednumberofinstructionspersecondisobtained. ThespecifichardwareandsoftwarefeaturesofferedbyaparticularDSPcanmakeonechoicebetterthananother,ascantheamountofon-chipmemoryavailable.SometimesDSPsarechosenbecausewell-matchedsupportinghardware,particularlyA/DandD/Aconverters,isobtainable.Frequently,thequalityandconvenienceofthesoftwaretools,forbothlowlevelandhighlevelprogramminglanguages,arealsomajorfactors,asistheavailabilityofthirdpartysoftware.Asalways,costisafactor.Infact,quiteoften,theDSPthatisfastestandoffersthemostfeatures,butalsofitsthebudget,istheoneselected. DSPscanbepurchasedinthreeforms,asacore,asaprocessor,andasaboardlevelproduct.InDSP,theterm“core”referstothesectionoftheprocessorwherethekeytasksarecarriedout,includingthedataregisters,multiplier,ALU,addressgenerator,andprogramsequencer.Acompleteprocessorrequirescombiningthecorewithmemoryandinterfacestotheoutsideworld.Whilethecoreandtheseperipheralsectionsaredesignedseparately,theywillbefabricatedonthesamepieceofsilicon,makingtheprocessorasingleintegratedcircuit. SupposeyoubuildcellulartelephonesandwanttoincludeaDSPinthedesign.YouwillprobablywanttopurchasetheDSPasaprocessor,thatis,anintegratedcircuitthatcontainsthecore,memoryandotherinternalfeatures.ToincorporatethisICinyourproduct,youhavetodesignaprintedcircuitboardwhereitwillbesolderedinnexttoyourotherelectronics.ThisisthemostcommonwaythatDSPsareused. Now,supposethecompanyyouworkformanufacturesitsownintegratedcircuits.Inthiscase,youmightnotwanttheentireprocessor,justthedesignofthecore.Aftercompletingtheappropriatelicensingagreement,youcanstartmakingchipsthatarehighlycustomizedtoyourparticularapplication.Thisgivesyoutheflexibilityofselectinghowmuchmemoryisincluded,howthechipreceivesandtransmitsdata,howitispackaged,andsoon.CustomdevicesofthistypeareanincreasinglyimportantsegmentoftheDSPmarketplace. ThereareseveraldozencompaniesthatwillsellyouDSPsalreadymountedonaprintedcircuitboard.ThesehavesuchfeaturesasyourDSPsalreadymountedonaextramemory,A/DandD/Aconverters,EPROMsockets,multipleprocessorsonthesameboard,andsoon.Whilesomeoftheseboardsareintendedtobeusedasstandalonecomputers,mostareconfiguredtobepluggedintoahost,suchasapersonalcomputer.CompaniesthatmakethesetypesofboardsarecalledThirdPartyDevelopers.ThebestwaytofindthemistoaskthemanufactureroftheDSPyouwanttouse.LookattheDSPmanufacturer’swebsite;ifyoudon’tfindalistthere,sendthemane-mail.Theywillbemorethanhappytotellyouwhoareusingtheirproductsandhowtocontactthem. KeepinmindthatthedistinctionbetweenDSPsandothermicroprocessorsisnotalwaysaclearline.Forinstance,lookathowInteldescribestheMMXtechnologyadditiontoitsPentiumprocessor:“Intelengineershaveadded57powerfulnewinstructionsspecificallydesignedtomanipulateandprocessvideo,audioandgraphicaldataefficiently.Theseinstructionsareorientedtothehighlyparallel,repetitivesequencesoftenfoundinmultimediaoperations.” Inthefuture,wewillundoubtedlyseemoreDSP-likefunctionsmergedintotraditionalmicroprocessorsandmicrocontrollers.TheInternetandothermultimediaapplicationsareastrongdrivingforceforthesechanges.Theseapplicationsareexpandingsorapidly,intwentyyearsitisverypossiblethatthedigitalsignalprocessormaybethe“traditional”microprocessor.Notes [1]WhiletraditionalprocessorsfollowtheVonNeumannarchitecturemodel,whichassumesasharedsinglememorytobeusedforbothprograminstructionsanddata,DSPsusetheHarvardormodifiedHarvardarchitecture,whichincludesmultipleprogramanddatamemories,alongwithmultiplebusestoaccessthem. 传统的处理器遵循冯·诺依曼模型,该模型采用一个单一的共享存储器,同时存储程序指令和数据;而数字信号处理器使用的是哈佛结构或改进的哈佛结构,该结构包含多个程序和数据存储器以及访问这些存储器的多套总线。 ·“冯·诺依曼结构”取名自美国杰出的数学家约翰·冯·诺依曼(JohnVonNeumann,1903-1957)。他引导了20世纪初许多重大数学发现。他的主要成就包括:提出了存储程序计算机(storedprogramcomputer)的概念、对量子力学的数学
公式
小学单位换算公式大全免费下载公式下载行测公式大全下载excel公式下载逻辑回归公式下载
化及在原子弹方面的工作。 ·“哈佛结构”取名自20世纪40年代HowardAiken(1900-1973)领导的在哈佛大学(HarvardUniversity)做的研究工作。 [2]Thefirstdecisionisonwhethertochooseafixedpointorafloatingpointdevice. 首先要决定的是选择定点器件还是浮点器件。 ·定点和浮点指的是器件内用于存储和操作数据的格式。通常,定点数字信号处理最少用16位来表示每个数据,典型的浮点数字信号处理器最少用32位来存储每个数据。Exercises 1.Fillintheblanks. (1)Thefirstdecisionisonwhethertochoosea pointorapointdevice. (2)ThespecifichardwareandsoftwarefeaturesofferedbyaparticularDSPcanmakeonechoicebetterthananother,ascantheamountofavailable. (3)SometimesDSPsarechosenbecausesupportinghardware,particularlyA/DandD/Aconverters,isobtainable. (4)DSPscanbepurchasedinthreeforms, , , and. (5)Companiesthatmakethesetypesofboardsare called . (6)Acompleteprocessorrequirescombiningthecorewith and totheoutsideworld. 2.TranslatethefollowingparagraphsintoChinese. (1)Theprimaryreasonforprocessingreal-worldsignalsistoextractinformationfromthem.Thisinformationnormallyexistsintheformofsignalamplitude(absoluteorrelative),frequencyorspectralcontent,phase,ortimingrelationshipswithrespecttoothersignals.Oncethedesiredinformationisextractedfromthesignal,itmaybeusedinanumberofways. (2)Anotherrequirementforsignalprocessingistocompressthefrequencycontentofthesignal(withoutlosingsignificantinformation)thenformatandtransmittheinformationatlowerdatarates,therebyachievingareductioninrequiredchannelbandwidth.Highspeedmodemsandadaptivepulsecodemodulationsystems(ADPCM)makeextensiveuseofdatareductionalgorithms,asdodigitalmobileradiosystems,MPEGrecordingandplayback,andHighDefinitionTelevision(HDTV). 3.TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish. 信号(如声音、光或者电压)是携带信息的变化。模拟信号是现实世界中的信号。它们在每个时间点都有定义,其幅度的可能取值是无限的。模拟信号不太适合计算机处理。通过取样和量化可以将其转换成数字信号。另一方面,数字信号仅在抽样点有定义,而且其幅度仅能取有限的离散值。处理之后,数字信号被转换成模拟信号。PassageCComparisonofDSPandASP Signalsmaybeprocessedusinganalogtechniques(analogsignalprocessing,orASP),digitaltechniques(digitalsignalprocessing,orDSP),oracombinationofanaloganddigitaltechniques(mixedsignalprocessing,orMSP).Insomecases,thechoiceoftechniquesisclear;inothers,thereisnoclearcutchoice,andsecond-orderconsiderationsmaybeusedtomakethefinaldecision. WithrespecttoDSP,thefactorthatdistinguishesitfromtraditionalcomputeranalysisofdataisitsspeedandefficiencyinperformingsophisticateddigitalprocessingfunctionssuchasfiltering,FFTanalysis,anddatacompressioninrealtime. Thetermmixedsignalprocessingimpliesthatbothanaloganddigitalprocessingisdoneaspartofthesystem.Thesystemmaybeimplementedintheformofaprintedcircuitboardorasingleintegratedcircuitchip.Inthecontextofthisbroaddefinition,ADCsandDACsareconsideredtobemixedsignalprocessors,sincebothanal