Unit7西方文化导论ppt课件

U7_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResources*GetStarted_mainGetStarted1.AGeneralIntroduction2.FocusIn*GetStarted_1.1GetStarted*GetStarted_1.2GetStartedTheEnlightenment,aperiodinEuropeanhistory,occurredduringthe18thcentury.ThisperiodisalsoknownastheAgeofReason.TheEnlightenmentwasatimeofawakeningofpolitical,social,andeconomicthought.TheideasoftheEnlightenmentoriginatedinFranceandeventuallyspreadthroughoutmuchofEuropeandintotheNorthAmericancoloniesofBritain.TheseideashelpedlaythephilosophicalfoundationsfortheAmericanandFrenchrevolutions.TheEnlightenmentdevelopedoutoftheworksof17th-centurythinkerssuchasIsaacNewton,RenéDescartes,andJohnLocke.Abeliefinthesupremacyofreasonwasthechief*GetStarted_1.3GetStartedcharacteristicoftheEnlightenment.ThinkersoftheEnlightenmentbelievedthatthroughtheuseofreason,peoplecouldlearnhumanity’struenatureandusethisknowledgetoestablishaperfectsociety.AnotherhallmarkoftheEnlightenmentwasanenduringbeliefinthescientificmethod,rationalism,andtheexistenceofunchangeablenaturallaws.ManyofthewritingsoftheEnlightenmentchallengedtheacceptedpoliticalideasandreligiousbeliefsofthetime,includingtheconceptthatmonarchsreceivetheirrighttoruledirectlyfromGod.*GetStarted_1.4GetStartedTheforemostfiguresintheEnlightenmentwereagroupofFrenchthinkersknownasphilosophers.Thepreeminentmemberofthisgroupwasthewriter,historian,andpoetVoltaire.HeemergedastheEnlightenment’schiefcriticofcontemporarycultureandreligion.AnotherimportantmemberofthisgroupwasJeanJacquesRousseau,whosewritingsgreatlyinfluencedthepoliticalthinkingofthetime.AlsoinfluentialwerethewritingsofCharles,BarondeMontesquieu,whochallengedtheideaofrulebyamonarchandchampionedindividualfreedom.ThephilosopherDenisDiderot,incollaborationwithJeanD’Alembert,plannedandeditedamultivolumeencyclopediadesignedtoincludeallrealmsofknowledge.Manyoftheentrieswerewrittenbyotherphilosophies.*GetStarted_1.5GetStartedItwasundersuchpolitical,economicandintellectualcircumstancesthattheEnlightenmentbegantobeseeninFranceasanunprecedentedlyintellectualandculturalmovement.ItsinfluencewastobeperceivedlaterintheFrenchRevolution,theAmericanWarofIndependence,andeveninChina’sMay4thMovementofNewCultureintheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.*GetStarted_2.1GetStarted TogetabriefviewofthesocialandtheologicalbackgroundoftheEnlightenment TogettoknowmajorrepresentativefiguresoftheEnlightenmentandtheirideas TounderstandthefeaturesoftheEnlightenmentanditssignificance*TextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.BackgroundII.EmpiricistInfluencesfromBritainIII.RepresentativeFiguresoftheEnlightenmentandTheirIdeasIV.LiteratureduringtheEnlightenmentV.AReflectionontheEnlightenmentandItsSignificance*TheEnlightenmentisgenerallyagreedtohaveoriginatedinFrance.ItwasduetothefactthatFrancemetwithaperiodofdeclineafteritsnationalprosperityduringthereignofLouisXIV,whichwasdemonstratedbythesharpeningclassclashesandsocialcrisesresultingfromthedeterioratingpoliticalandeconomicconditions.Internationally,FrancealsosufferedaseriesofsetbacksinitscompetitionwithotherEuropeanpowers,suchasBritainwhenthelatterwasmarchingsteadilyonitswaytowardsadominatingpositionfollowingtheGloriousRevolutionin1688.ThesituationwasworsenedbyFrance’sfiscaldeficitsandeconomicdifficulties,causedbyheavyTextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas*TextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasheavytaxationandfrequentfamines,whichmadepeasantsandpoorcitizensriseupinrevoltagainsttheroyalgovernment.DuringLouisXV’sreign,FrancewitnessedviolentresistancebythepoortocruelexploitationandoppressionandsuccessivedefeatsinthewarswithAustria,RussiaandPrussiainthemiddleofthe18thcentury.ThesewarscostFrancethelossofmostofhercoloniesinAsiaandNorthAmerica.InadditiontherewasherfailureatsearesultingtotheBritishdominationandlossofhertraditionalnavaladvantage.*TextStudy_I_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasInthiscriticalsituation,therewasnootherchoicebutapoliticalreform.Asthewholesituationworsened,themajorityoftheFrenchpopulation,peasantsandtheimpoverishedcitydwellersinparticular,sufferedbitterlyfromtheeconomicdeterioration,politicalinstability,socialchaosandculturalretrogressionandhencerespondedunhesitatinglytothebourgeoisiewhostronglydemandedthatthedeclinebecurbedandreformsbecarriedout.Undersuchcircumstances,someprogressiveintellectualsbegantothinkseriouslyandtriedtofindawayoutthroughsocialandpoliticalreformation.*Meanwhile,thedisseminationofscientificknowledgewasunderwaywiththedevelopmentofcapitalistproduction,whoseinfluencebegantomotivateandevokeabreathofenlightenmentandtheoreticalguidanceacrosstheEuropeancontinent,includingtheBritishempiricism,whichwaspickedupbyVoltaireandhiscontemporariesandhelpedtoeasetheFrenchintellectualtension.SincetheRenaissancetheintellectualclimateinFrancehadgreatlyimproved.Manyofthepeoplewerebettereducatedandmoreknowledgeableaboutscience.TheyhadhadTextStudy_I_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas*TextStudy_I_1.5TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasbecomemoreawareofthepracticalsignificanceofscienceandtechnology,andthisalteredtheirtraditionalviewsofdailylifeaswellastheirculturalandsocialaffairs.TheresultsofthescientificresearchofCopernicus,GalileoandNewtonwerepassedonquicklythroughaccesstobooks,newspapersandjournalsresultingfromtheinventionofprinting.Thisgreatlyinformedandaffectedthepublicwhoseculturaltasteandpoliticalviewpointswerethusmodifiedtothenewintellectualclimate.Graduallytheygaveuptheirreligiousandmetaphysicalmodesofreasoningandadoptedanewoutlookwithamoreprogressiveandscientificbasis.*TextStudy_I_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsPrussia普鲁士：AGermankingdomandhistoricstateoriginatingoutoftheDuchyofPrussiaandtheMargraviateofBrandenburg.PrussiashapedthehistoryofGermany,withitscapitalinBerlinafter1451.After1871,PrussiawasincreasinglymergedintoGermany,losingitsdistinctiveidentity.Itwaseffectivelyabolishedin1932,andofficiallyabolishedin1947.Prussiaachieveditsgreatestimportanceinthe18thand19thcenturies.Duringthe18thcentury,itbecameagreatEuropeanpowerunderthereignofFredericktheGreat(1740–1786).Duringthe19thcentury,ChancellorOttovonBismarckunitedtheGermanprincipalitiesintoa“LesserGermany”whichwouldexcludetheAustrianEmpire.*TextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_I_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsTheBritishGloriousRevolution光荣革命:AlsocalledtheRevolutionof1688ortheBloodlessRevolution,itwastheoverthrowofKingJamesIIofEnglandin1688byaunionofParliamentarianswithaninvadingarmyledbyWilliamofOrangefromHollandwhosubsequentlyascendedtheEnglishthronetogetherwithhiswifeMaryII,asthejointrulerofEngland.ItcanbearguedthatJames’soverthrowinitiatedmodernEnglishparliamentarydemocracy:neveragainwouldthemonarchholdabsolutepower,andtheBillofRightsbecameoneofthemostimportantdocumentsinthepoliticalhistoryofBritain.*TextStudy_I_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsBritain.ThedepositionoftheRomanCatholicJamesIIendedanychanceofCatholicismbecomingre-establishedinEngland,andalsoledtolimitedtolerationfornonconformistProtestants,thusensuringtheProtestantsuccession.*TextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsEmpiricism经验主义:Theuseofexperienceorexperimentsasthebasisforyourideasorthebeliefinthesemethods.Inphilosophy,empiricismisatheoryofknowledgewhichassertsthatknowledgearisesfromexperience.Empiricismemphasizestheroleofexperienceandevidence,especiallysensoryperception,intheformationofideas,whilediscountingthenotionofinnateideas.Inthephilosophyofscience,empiricismemphasizesthoseaspectsofscientificknowledgethatarecloselyrelatedtoevidence,especiallyasdiscoveredinexperiments.*TextStudy_I_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsexperiments.Itisafundamentalpartofthescientificmethodthatallhypothesesandtheoriesmustbetestedagainstobservationsofthenaturalworld,ratherthanrestingsolelyonapriorireasoning,intuition,orrevelation.Hence,scienceisconsideredtobemethodologicallyempiricalinnature.*TheEnlightenmentfirststartedin.Inthe17thcentury,Francebecamemorepowerfulineconomicandmilitaryachievementsduetothemeasuresandreformstakenby.Incentury,FrancelostitsinitialdominationattheseatoEngland.TheEnlightenmentwasinfluencedbyBritishanddisseminationof.WiththeworseningsituationofFrancein18thcentury,moreandmorepeople,ledbynewlyemergingstronglydemandedforpoliticalreforms.TextStudy_I_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesFillintheblanks.(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)ComprehensionExercisesFrance______LouisXIV_________18th____empiricism__________scientificknowledge_________________Bourgeoisie__________,*TextStudy_I_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussPleasegiveanaccountofthesettingoftheEnlightenment.ThefactthattheEnlightenmentfirstoccurredinFrancewasascribedtothedeteriorationineconomic,political,socialandculturalconditionsinthe18th-centuryFrance.TheFrenchpeoplestronglydemandedthatthedecliningsituationbearrestedandreformsbecarriedout.Undersuchcircumstances,progressiveintellectualsbegantothinkmoreseriouslyaboutthesolutionstothecrisesandtriedtoresorttointellectualandThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_I_4.2TextStudyThinkandDiscussThinkandDiscussandsocialmeans.Thismovementalsoaskedformorepoliticalpowertothepeopleasthebourgeoisiejoinedinwithitseconomicsupportandthustheculturalmovementtinnedwithpoliticalcolourasabourgeoismark.Ontheotherhand,thedisseminationofscientificknowledgeandtheinfluencesofBritishempiricismalsoimmenselyheightenedintellectualandpoliticalawarenessofthepeopleingeneral.Thispreparedthepoliticalbasisofthebourgeoisrevolutiontofollow.*TextStudy_I_1.1_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas*TextStudy_I_1.2_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas*TextStudy_II_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas* NameofEmpiricists Ideas Works JohnLocke(1632–1704) a.Herejectstheideaofinnateknowledge.Insteadheinsiststhatknowledgewasderivedfromtheexperienceofthesensesandmentalreflection.b.Politically,hewasthefirsttotalkaboutthedivisionofpower,andherealizedtheimportanceinsettingupasystemofmutuallylimitingandbalancingpowersandauthorities. AnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding(1690);ALetterConcerningToleration(1689);TwoTreatisesofGovernment(1689);SomeThoughtsConcerningEducation(1693)TextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas* GeorgeBerkeley(1685–1753) a.Allrealityreducesitselftohumanthought,andtheexistenceofhumanmindsupposestheexistenceofauniversalmind,aGod.b.Natureiswhatmenperceivebytheirsenses,andthesense-datacanbeconsideredasobjectsforthemindratherthanassubstancequalities.c.HewasthefatherofalaterphilosophicalschoolcalledPhenomenalism. ATreatiseConcerningthePrinciplesofHumanKnowledge(1710);AnEssaytowardsaNewTheoryofVision(1709);ThreeDialoguesbetweenHylasandPhilonous(1713)TextStudy_II_1.3TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas* DavidHume(1711–1776) a.Allideascomefromimpression.b.Hisphilosophicalintentionwastoapplythemethodofnaturalsciencetohumannature,andtocreateabasicscienceofman.c.Heviewsknowledgefromapsychologicalperspective. AKindofHistoryofMyLife(1734);AnEnquiryconcerningHumanUnderstanding(1748);AnEnquiryConcerningthePrinciplesofMorals(1751)TextStudy_II_1.4TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas* d.Heregardedphilosophyastheinductivescienceofhumannature,andconcludedthatmanismoreacreatureofsensitiveandpracticalsentimentthanofreason.e.Firstphilosopherofthepost-medievalworldtoreformulatethedoubtsofthepastrelatingtocauseandeffect.TextStudy_II_2.1TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsThomasHobbes托马斯·霍布斯(1588–1679):BritishphilosopherwhosefamousbookLeviathan(《利维坦》)in1651establishedthefoundationformostoftheWesternpoliticalphilosophyfromtheperspectiveofsocialcontracttheory.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_II_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsGottfriedWilhelmVonLeibniz莱布尼兹(1646–1716):Germanmathematicianandphilosopher.Inphilosophy,heismostlyrememberedforoptimism,i.e.hisconclusionthatouruniverseis,inarestrictedsense,thebestpossibleoneGodcouldhavemade.Hewas,alongwithRenéDescartesandBaruchSpinoza,oneofthethreegreatest17th-centuryrationalists,buthisphilosophyalsolooksbacktothescholastictraditionandanticipatesmodernlogicandanalysis.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_II_2.3TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsRenéDescartes笛卡尔(1596–1650):AhighlyinfluentialFrenchphilosopher,mathematician,scientist,andwriter.Descarteswasamajorfigurein17th-centurycontinentalrationalism,lateradvocatedbyBaruchSpinozaandGottfriedLeibniz,andopposedbytheempiricistschoolofthoughtconsistingofHobbes,Locke,Berkeley,andHume.Leibniz,SpinozaandDescarteswereallwellversedinmathematicsaswellasphilosophy,andDescartesandLeibnizcontributedgreatlytoscienceaswell.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_II_2.4TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsImmanuelKant康德(1724–1804):An18th-centuryGermanphilosopher.HeisregardedasoneofthemostinfluentialthinkersofmodernEuropeandofthelateEnlightenment.*TextStudy_II_2.5TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsPhenomenalism现象学:Theviewthatphysicalobjectsdonotexistasthingsinthemselvesbutonlyasperceptualphenomenaorsensorystimuli(e.g.redness,hardness,softness,sweetness,etc.)situatedintimeandinspace.Inparticular,phenomenalismreducestalkaboutphysicalobjectsintheexternalworldtotalkaboutbundlesofsense-data.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_II_2.6TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsAugusteComte孔德(1798–1857):AFrenchthinker,widelyregardedasthefirstsociologist.Hedevelopeda(secularreligion)socialtheoryknownaspositivism,whichemphasizesreasonandlogic.Comtealsofoundedthesocialsciences.HeandotherearlysocialscientistsassumethathumanbehaviormustobeylawsjustasstrictlyasmaterialobjectsobeyNewton’sLawsofMotion,andthatifwecoulddiscoverthelawsofhumanbehaviours,wecouldeliminatemoralevils.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_II_2.7TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsPositivism实证主义:Thephilosophythattheonlyauthenticknowledgeisonebasedonactualsenseexperience.Suchknowledgecanonlycomefromtheaffirmationoftheoriesthroughstrictscientificmethodtosuggestthatmetaphysicalspeculationshouldbeavoided.ItwasdevelopedbyAugusteComteinthemiddleofthe19thcentury.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_II_2.8TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsJeremyBentham杰里米·边沁(1748–1832):AnEnglishjurist,philosopher,andlegalandsocialreformer.HeheldsomeradicalpoliticalideasasaleadingtheoristinAnglo-Americanphilosophyoflaw.Hewasbestknownforhisadvocacyofutilitarianism,hisconceptofanimalrights,andhisoppositiontotheideaofnaturalrights.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_II_2.9TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsJohnStuartMill约翰·穆勒(1806–1875):Britishphilosopher,politicaleconomist,civilservantandMemberofParliament,aninfluentialliberalthinkerofthe19thcentury.Hewasanexponentofutilitarianism,anethicaltheoryinitiatedbyJeremyBentham,althoughhisconceptionofthetheorywasverydifferentfromthelatter.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_II_2.10TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsUtilitarianism功利主义:Theideathatthemoralworthofanactionissolelydeterminedbyitscontributiontooverallutility,thatis,itscontributiontohappinessorpleasureasissummedupamongallpersons.Itisthusaformofconsequentialism,meaningthatthemoralworthofanactionisdeterminedbyitsoutcome—theendsjustifythemeans.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_II_3.1TextStudyComprehensionExercisesTrueorfalsequestions.ComprehensionExercises(1)Lockerejectstheideaofinnateknowledgeandarguesfortheacquisitionofknowledgefromthesenses.(2)ThelateRenaissancefocusedonthemetaphysicalandrationalistphilosophy,whiletheEnlightenmentwasbasedonepistemologyandempiricism.(3)Lockerejectedthedivisionoflegislativepowerandadministrativepower.(4)Berkeleywasthefatherofaphilosophicalschoolcalledphenomenalism.(5)Hume’sempiricistphilosophygreatlyinfluencedImmanuelKant’scriticalphilosophy.T__T__T__F__T__*TextStudy_II_4.1TextStudyThinkandDiscussGiveabriefintroductiontoLocke’slife,ideasandgreatworks.JohnLocke(1632–1704)wasaBritishphilosopher,Oxfordacademicandmedicalresearcher,whoseassociationwithAnthonyAshleyCooper(latertheFirstEarlofShaftesbury)ledhimtobecomesuccessivelyagovernmentofficialcollectinginformationabouttradeandcolonies.Hewasalsoaneconomicwriter,oppositionalpoliticalactivist,andfinallyarevolutionarywhosecauseultimatelytriumphedintheGloriousRevolutionof1688.MuchofLocke’sworkischaracterizedbyoppositiontoauthoritarianism.ThisoppositionisonthelevelofboththeindividualThinkandDiscuss*individualandtheinstitutionssuchasgovernmentandchurch.Fortheindividual,Lockewantseachofustoseektruthbyreasoningratherthansimplyaccepttheopinionofauthorities.Onthelevelofinstitutionsitbecomesimportanttodistinguishthelegitimatefromtheillegitimatefunctionsofinstitutionsandtomakethecorrespondingdistinctionfortheusesofforcebytheseinstitutions.ThepositivesideofLocke’santi-authoritarianismisthatusingreasontograspthetruthanddeterminingthelegitimatefunctionsofinstitutionswilloptimizetheindividualandsocietyinrespecttoitsmaterialandspiritualwelfare.This,inturn,amountstofollowingnaturallawandthefulfillmentofthedivinepurposeforhumanity.Locke’ssignificantAnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstandingTextStudy_II_4.2TextStudyThinkandDiscussThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_II_4.3TextStudyThinkandDiscussUnderstandingdealswiththelimitsofhumanunderstandingofGod,theself,naturalbeingsandartifacts,aswellasdifferentkindsofideas.Ittellsusindetailwhatonecanlegitimatelyclaimtoknowandwhatonecannot.Lockealsowroteavarietyofimportantpolitical,religiousandeducationalworksincludingTwoTreatisesofGovernment,LettersConcerningToleration,TheReasonablenessofChristianityandSomeThoughtsConcerningEducation.ThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_II_1.1_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas*TextStudy_II_1.2_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas*TextStudy_II_1.3_popTextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas*TextStudy_III_1.1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas* NameofPhilosophers Ideas Works Voltaire(1694–1778) opposedChristianityandbelievedinagodofnaturethetheoryofhumannaturetheviewofsocialfreedomandequalitythetheoryoftheenlightenedautocracy PhilosophicalLetters;EssaysonCustomsandSpiritofNations;TheCenturyofLouisXIVTextStudy_III_1.1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas* Montesquieu(1689–1755) thetheoryofnaturaloriginsofsocietygeographicalandenvironmentaltheoryclassificationofgovernmentanddivisionofpower TheSpiritoftheLaws(1748);DefenceoftheSpiritofLaws(1750)TextStudy_III_1.1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas* Rousseau(1712-1778) humansocietyandtheoriginofthestateMenwouldreceivelibertyandtruepoliticsifacivilsocietycouldbebasedonagenuinesocialcontract.thetheoryofpeople’ssovereigntythetheoryofsocialequalitythetheoryofsocialeducation DiscourseontheArtsandScience;TheSocialContract;DiscourseontheoriginofInequalityTextStudy_III_1.1.4MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas* Diderot(1713–1784) TheEncyclopaediadirectedbyDiderotplayedanimportantroleinpopularizingscientificandculturalknowledge,repudiatingidealisticideasandattackingroyalabsolutism,churchauthoritiesandChristiantheology. TheFrenchEncyclopaedia(1751–1772);TheNun(1796);JacquestheFatalist(1796);Rameau’sNephew(1805);SupplementtoBougainville’sVoyage(1796);TextStudy_III_1.1.5MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas* Diderotspeculatedonfreewillandheldacompletelymaterialisticviewoftheuniverse.Hefoundedhisphilosophyonexperimentandthestudyofprobabilities. DiscussionontheIllegitimateSonDiscourseonDramaticPoetryTextStudy_III_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudytheIndexLibrorumProhibitorum禁 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 目录：“ListofProhibitedBooks”－alistofpublicationsprohibitedbytheRomanCatholicChurch.Theavowedaimofthelistwastoprotectthefaithandmoralsofthefaithfulbypreventingthereadingofimmoralbooksorworkscontainingtheologicalfallacies.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_III_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyJeanleRondd’Alembert达兰贝尔(1717–1783):AFrenchmathematician,mechanician,physicistandphilosopher.Hewasalsotheco-editorwithDenisDiderotoftheEncyclopaedia.D’Alembert’smethodforsolvingthewaveequationisnamedafterhim.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_III_2.3InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyPaul-HenriHolbach霍尔巴哈(1723–1789):AFrenchauthor,philosopherandencyclopedist.HewasbornPaulHeinrichDietrichinGermanybutlivedandworkedmainlyinParis.Heismostfamousforbeingoneofthefirstself-describedatheistsinEurope.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_III_2.4InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsClaudeAdrienHelvetius爱尔维修(1715–1771):AFrenchphilosopherwhopublishedhisphilosophicalmagnumopusDel’esprit(OnMind)in1758.Itsatheistic,utilitarianandegalitariandoctrinesraisedapublicoutcryandHelvétiuswasforcedtoissueseveralretractions.*TextStudy_III_3.1ComprehensionExercisesTextStudyComprehensionExercises Whichofthefollowingphilosophersfirstputforwardtheideaofthedivisionofpower? DavidHume.B.JohnLocke.C.GeorgeBerkeley.D.Voltaire.Multiplechoice.*TextStudy_III_3.2ComprehensionExerciseTextStudyComprehensionExercises(2)TheFrenchDeclarationofHumanRightsandtheAmericanDeclarationofIndependenceowedmuchoftheirsourcesandinspirationto_________SpiritofLaws(1748).A.Montesquieu’sB.Voltaire’sC.Rousseau’sD.Diderot’sMultiplechoice.*TextStudy_III_3.3ComprehensionExerciseTextStudyComprehensionExercises(3)Montesquieu’stheoryofthedivisionofpowerdividesthepoliticalauthorityinto_________. legislative,administrativeandjudicialpowersB.legislative,executiveandjudicialpowersC.legislative,executiveandelectoralpowersD.legislative,executiveandlawenforcementpowersMultiplechoice.*TextStudy_III_3.4ComprehensionExerciseTextStudyComprehensionExercises(4)Rousseauisfamousforhisideaof_________. thedivinerightofthekingB.thesocialcontractC.thedivinerightofthehumanbeingsD.empiricismMultiplechoice.*TextStudy_III_3.5ComprehensionExerciseTextStudyComprehensionExercises(5)TheEnlightenmentisnotopposedto____________.A.superstitionB.feudalismC.rationalismD.absolutismMultiplechoice.*TextStudy_III_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudy(1)BrieflyintroduceoneortworepresentativefiguresoftheEnlightenmentandtheircentralideas.VoltaireandMontesquieuaretwooftherepresentativefiguresoftheEnlightenment.VoltaireexposedthedarksideofFrancesuchasthecorruptionandinjusticeofChristianitybylaunchinghistheoryonhumannature.Also,hearguedforthefreedomandequalityofordinarypeople.What’smore,hestronglycondemnedfeudalautocracyandputforwardthetheoryoftheenlightenedmonarchy.ThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_III_4.2ThinkandDiscussTextStudyMontesquieu’spoliticaltheorydevelopedtheprincipleofdividingpoliticalpoweralthoughtheprincipleitselfwasnothisinvention.MontesquieucontributedsignificantlytotheestablishmentofthemodernWesternstatebyexposingthenatureofstateandhumanbeingsinhisgreatworkSpiritofLawwhichhaswide-ranginginfluenceonthelatergenerationsofmodernWesternpoliticalthinkingandpractice.ThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_III_4.3ThinkandDiscussTextStudyForMontesquieu,itwasclimatethatcontributedmosttotheformationofasocietyandhebelieveditwasshowninnationalcharacter,politicalsystem,marriagecodes,religion,andtheuseofslavery.Hisgeographicalandenvironmentaltheoryisofsomeprogressivesignificance,butitexaggeratesthegeographicalfactorinsocialdevelopment.ThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_III_1.1.1_popMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_III_1.1.2_popMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_III_1.1.2_videoMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_III_1.1.3_popMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_III_1.1.3_videoMainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_III_1.1.4_pop1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_III_1.1.4_pop2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_IV_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasWiththecapitalisteconomicdevelopment,thebourgeoiswritersdidnotregardclassicismasthecoreofliterature.FewEuropeancountriesproducedimportantwritersorimpressiveliteraryworksduringtheEnlightenmentexceptEngland,whereaprettylargenumberofaccomplishedwritersemerged.TheycontributedagreatdealtotheliteraryandculturaldevelopmentsofWesterncivilizationduringtheEnlightenment.*TextStudy_IV_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas* Nameofwriters Works JohnMilton(1608–1674) epicpoems,suchasParadiseLostandParadiseRegained JohnBunyan(1628–1687) Pilgrim’sProgress AlexanderPope(1688–1744) satiricalpoemsTextStudy_IV_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas* DanielDefoe(1660–1731) RobinsonCrusoe JonathanSwift(1667–1745) Gulliver’sTravels SamuelRichardson(1689–1761) ClarissaHarlowe HenryFielding(1707–1754) TomJones SamuelJohnson(1709–1784) DictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageTextStudy_IV_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyRestoration复辟:Thereestablishmentofthemonarchyontheaccession(1660)ofCharlesIIafterthecollapseoftheCommonwealthandtheProtectorate.TheRestorationperiodwasmarkedbyanadvanceincolonizationandoverseastrade,theDutchWars,thegreatplague(1665),thegreatfireofLondon(1666),thebirthoftheWhigandToryparties,thePopishPlotandothermanifestationsofanti-Catholicism.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_IV_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyOliverCromwell奥利弗•克伦威尔(1599–1658):HewasanEnglishmilitaryandpoliticalleaderwhooverthrewtheEnglishmonarchyandtemporarilyturnedEnglandintoarepublicancommonwealth,andservedasLordProtectorofEngland,ScotlandandIreland.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_IV_3.1ComprehensionExercisesTextStudyComprehensionExercisesMatchthefollowingEnglishwriterswiththeirworks.(1)HenryFielding(2)JonathanSwift(3)DanielDefoe(4)JohnBunyan(5)JohnMiltona.ParadiseLostb.RobinsonCrusoec.Gulliver’sTravelsd.Pilgrim’sProgresse.TomJones*TextStudy_IV_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudy(1)PleasegiveabriefintroductiontoEnglishwriterJohnMiltonandhisachievementinEuropeanhistory.JohnMilton(9December1608–8November1674)wasanEnglishpoet,polemicist,andcivilservantfortheCommonwealthofEngland.HeisbestknownforhisepicpoemParadiseLost.Hewasascholarlymanofletters,apolemicalwriter,andanofficialservingunderOliverCromwell.HewroteatatimeofreligiousfluxandpoliticalupheavalinEngland,andhispoetryandprosereflectdeepconvictionsanddealwithcontemporaryissues,suchashistreatisecondemninglicensing,ThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_IV_4.2ThinkandDiscussTextStudylicensing,Areopagitica.HewroteinLatinandItalianaswellasinEnglish,andhadaninternationalreputationduringhislifetime.Afterhisdeath,Milton’scriticalreceptionoscillatedastateofaffairsthatcontinuedthroughthecenturies.Atanearlystagehebecamethesubjectofpartisanbiographies,suchasthatofJohnTolandfromthenonconformistperspective,andahostileaccountbyAnthonyàWood.SamuelJohnsonwroteunfavorablyofhispoliticsasthoseof“anacrimoniousandsurlyrepublican”;butpraisedParadiseLost“apoemwhich,consideredwithrespecttodesignmayclaimthefirstplace,andwithrespecttoperformance,thesecond,amongtheproductionsThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_IV_4.3ThinkandDiscussTextStudyofthehumanmind”.WilliamHayley’s1796biographycalledhimthe“greatestEnglishauthor”.Heremainsgenerallyregarded“asoneofthepreeminentwritersintheEnglishlanguageandasathinkerofworldimportance.”ThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_V_1.1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasThesignificanceoftheEnlightenment:TheEnlightenment,aperiodthatThomasPainecalledtheAgeofReason,wasagreatmovementgivingmuchimpetustothegrowthofsocialandculturalforcesofthehumancivilization.WithrationalismasthecoreoftheEnlightenment,itcastdoubtuponandstronglycriticizingChristiantheologyandreligiousobscurantism,whilepromotingthedisseminationofthenewideasoffreedom,equalityanddemocracyamongthemassesofpeople.ThisbroughtunderseriousattackthefeudalautocracyandChristianChurchhegemony,therebysecuringafairlyhighlevelofintellectualdevelopmentforthebroad*TextStudy_V_1.2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeasbroadmassesingeneralandlayingasolidpoliticalandintellectualfoundationfortheapproachingbourgeoisrevolution.Theideasofliberty,equalityanddemocracystartedfromtheEnlightenmenthaveaffectedthehumanbehaviorsinthehistoricalprocesstowardsthemodernworld.*TextStudy_V_1.3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_V_1.4MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_V_2.1InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyChristianWolff克里斯汀•沃尔夫(1679–1754):HewasthemosteminentGermanphilosopherbetweenLeibnizandKant.Hismainachievementwasacompleteoeuvreonalmosteveryscholarlysubjectofhistime,displayedandunfoldedaccordingtohisdemonstrative-deductive,mathematicalmethod,whichperhapsrepresentsthepeakofEnlightenmentrationalityinGermany.WolffwasalsothecreatorofGermanasthelanguageofscholarlyinstructionandresearch,althoughhealsowroteinLatin,sothataninternationalaudiencecould,anddid,readhim.AfoundingfatherInterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_V_2.2InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyfatherof,amongotherfields,economicsandpublicadminis-trationasacademicdisciplines,heconcentratedespeciallyinthesefields,givingadviceonpracticalmatterstopeopleingovernment,andstressingtheprofessionalnatureofuniversityeducation.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_V_2.3InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyBernarddeMandeville伯纳德•曼德维尔(1670–1733):Aphilosopher,politicaleconomistandsatirist.BornintheNetherlands,helivedmostofhislifeinEnglandandusedEnglishformostofhispublishedworks.Hebecamefamous(orinfamous)forTheFableoftheBees.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_V_2.4InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyFrederickII腓特烈二世(1712–1786):AKinginPrussia(1740–1772)andaKingofPrussia(1772–1786)fromtheHohenzollerndynasty.Inhisroleasaprince-electoroftheHolyRomanEmpire,hewasFrederickIV(FriedrichIV)ofBrandenburg.HewasinpersonalunionthesovereignprinceofthePrincipalityofNeuchâtel.HebecameknownasFredericktheGreatandwasnicknamedDerAlteFritz(“OldFritz”).InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_V_2.5InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyJosephII约瑟夫二世（1741–1790):HolyRomanEmperorfrom1765to1790andruleroftheHabsburglandsfrom1780to1790.HewastheeldestsonofEmpressMariaTheresaandherhusband,FrancisI.HewasthusthefirstrulerintheAustriandominionsoftheHouseofLorraine.Josephwasaproponentofenlightenedabsolutism;however,hiscommitmenttomodernizingreformssubsequentlyengenderedsignificantopposition,whicheventuallyculminatedinanultimatefailuretofullyimplementhisprogrammes.HehasbeenInterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_V_2.6InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudybeenranked,withCatherineIIofRussiaandFrederickIIofPrussia,asoneofthethreegreatEnlightenmentmonarchs.HispoliciesarenowknownasJosephinism.Hediedsonlessandwassucceededbyhisyoungerbrother,Leopold.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_V_2.7InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyPeterLeopold(LeopoldII)利奥波德二世(1747–1792):HolyRomanEmperorandKingofHungaryandBohemiafrom1790to1792,ArchdukeofAustriaandGrandDukeofTuscanyfrom1765to1790.HewasasonofEmperorFrancisIandhiswife,EmpressMariaTheresa.Leopoldwasamoderateproponentofenlightenedabsolutism.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_V_2.8InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyCatherinetheGreat叶卡捷琳娜二世(CatherineII):BorninStettin,Pomerania,Prussiain1729.ShereignedasEmpressofRussiafrom9July,1762aftertheassassinationofherhusband,PeterIII,justaftertheendoftheSevenYears’War,untilherdeathon17November,1796.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_V_2.9InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyMaryWollstonecraft玛丽•沃斯通克拉夫特(1759–1797):Aneighteenth-centuryBritishwriter,philosopher,andadvocateofwomen’srights.Duringherbriefcareer,shewrotenovels,treatises,atravelnarrative,ahistoryoftheFrenchRevolution,aconductbook,andachildren’sbook.WollstonecraftisbestknownforAVindicationoftheRightsofWoman(1792),inwhichshearguesthatwomenarenotnaturallyinferiortomen,butappeartobeonlybecausetheylackeducation.Shesuggeststhatbothmenandwomenshouldbetreatedasrationalbeingsandimaginesasocialorderfoundedonreason.InterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_V_2.10InterpretationofCulturalTermsTextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTerms*TextStudy_V_3.1ComprehensionExercisesTextStudyComprehensionExercisesTrueorfalsequestions.(1)TheEnlightenmentischaracterizedbyreason,whichisacriticaltoolallowingmantogetridofprejudiceandchangetheworld,dominatingnaturethroughscience.(2)TheEnlightenmentovercametheprejudiceagainstfemale,andregardedbothgendersasequalinthesociety.(3)Themajoragentsofchangeinthearts,governmentsandeconomywereenlightenedkingsandpriests.(4)TheEnlightenmentlaidanideologicalfoundationforthebreakoutoftheFrenchRevolution.(5)TheEnlightenmentunveiledtheinaugurationofthemoderneraandlaidasolidfoundationforthelaterprocessoftheWesternmodernization.T__F__T__F__T__*TextStudy_V_4.1ThinkandDiscussTextStudy(1)TowhatextentdoyouthinkthattheEnlightenmentislinkedtothedrasticchangesleadingtothemodernworld?Makeacomment.TheEnlightenmentinitiatedthedrasticchangesleadingtothemodernworld.ItservedasacontinuationoftheRenaissanceandprovidedtheimpetusforthesuccessivegrowthofsocialandculturalforcesofmoderncivilization.Thismovementischaracterizedbyreason,castingitsdoubtuponandstronglycriticizingChristiantheologyandreligiousobscurantismwhilepromotingthedisseminationofthenewideasoffreedom,equalityanddemocracyamongthemassesofpeople.ThisbroughtunderseriousattacktheThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_V_4.2ThinkandDiscussTextStudyfeudalautocracyandChristianChurchhegemony,therebysecuringafairlyhighlevelofintellectualdevelopmentforthebroadmassesingeneralandlayingasolidpoliticalandintellectualfoundationfortheapproachingbourgeoisrevolution.ItwaspreciselytheprogressiveideasoftheEnlightenment,suchasitscriticismoffeudalautocracyandChristiancorruption,anditsreplacementwiththesocialcontractandthedivisionofstatepower,thatofferedthebourgeoisieandthelowerclasspeoplethetheoreticalweaponstooverthrowtheoldregime,whichinfactpushedforwardsociallyandintellectuallythehumancivilizationintothemodernageatanunprecedentedpace.ThinkandDiscuss*TextStudy_IV_1.2_pop1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_IV_1.2_pop2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_IV_1.2_pop3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_IV_1.3_pop1MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_IV_1.3_pop2MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_IV_1.3_pop3MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_IV_1.3_pop4MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*TextStudy_IV_1.3_pop5MainIdeasTextStudyMainIdeas*SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_main1.FurtherReadingSupplementaryResources2.ReferenceBooks*WhenIsaythattheobjectoflawsisalwaysgeneral,Imeanthatlawconsiderssubjectsenmasse(<法>全体地，一同地)andactionsintheabstract,andneveraparticularpersonoraction.Thusthelawmayindeeddecree(决定，判决)thatthereshallbeprivileges,butcannotconferthemonanybodybyname.Itmaysetupseveralclassesofcitizens,andevenlaydownthequalificationsformembershipoftheseclasses,butitcannotnominatesuchandsuchpersonsasbelongingtothem;itmayestablishamonarchicalgovernmentandhereditarysuccession,butitcannotchooseaking,ornominatearoyalfamily.Inaword,nofunctionwhichhasaparticularobjectbelongstothelegislativepower.SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_1.1Passage1Passage1*SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_1.2Passage1Passage1Onthisview,weatonceseethatitcannolongerbeaskedwhosebusinessitistomakelaws,sincetheyareactsofthegeneralwill;norwhethertheprinceisabovethelaw,sinceheisamemberoftheState;norwhetherthelawcanbeunjust,sincenooneisunjusttohimself;norhowwecanbebothfreeandsubjecttothelaws,sincetheyarebutregistersofourwills.(excerptfromBookII-6“Law”ofTheSocialContractbyJean-JacquesRousseau)*SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_1.4Passage1Question:Whatkindofviewtowardslawdoyougetfromthepassage?Passage1*SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_1.5Passage1译文：法律的对象永远具有普遍性，我说这话的意思是指，法律考虑的是全体臣民和抽象行为，而绝不是个别人或者个别行为。因此，法律当然可以规定各种特权，但不能指名道姓地把特权赋予某个人；法律可以把公民划为若干等级，甚至可以规定成为各等级成员的资格，但不能指定某某人属于某个等级之列；法律可以确立君主政体制度和世袭继承制度，但不能选定国王或者指定皇室成员。总之，一切针对个别对象的职权都不属于立法权。Passage1*SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_1.5Passage1根据以上观点，我们立刻可以看出，无须再问制定法律属于谁的职权，因为法律是公共意志的行为；无须再问君主是否凌驾于法律之上，因为君主是国家的一员；无须再问法律是否会不公正，因为无人会对自身不公正；也无须再问人们何以既是自由的却又要服从法律，因为法律只不过是我们意志的体现而已。(选自卢梭著《社会契约论》第二章第六节论法律)Passage1*SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_2.1Passage2Laws,intheirmostgeneralsignification,arethenecessaryrelationsarisingfromthenatureofthings.Inthissenseallbeingshavetheirlaws:theDeity(神)Hislaws,thematerialworlditslaws,theintelligencessuperiortomantheirlaws,thebeaststheirlaws,manhislaws.Theywhoassertthatablindfatalityproducedthevariouseffectswebeholdinthisworldtalkveryabsurdly;forcananythingbemoreunreasonablethantopretendthatablindfatalitycouldbeproductiveofintelligentbeings?Passage2*SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_2.2Passage2Passage2Thereis,then,aprimereason;andlawsaretherelationssubsistingbetweenitanddifferentbeings,andtherelationsofthesetooneanother.Godisrelatedtotheuniverse,asCreatorandPreserver(保护者);thelawsbywhichHecreatedallthingsarethosebywhichHepreservesthem.Heactsaccordingtotheserules,becauseHeknowsthem;Heknowsthem,becauseHemadethem;andHemadethem,becausetheyareinrelationtoHiswisdomandpower.(excerptfromBookI“OfLawsinGeneral”－“1.OftheRelationofLawstoDifferentBeings”ofTheSpiritofLawsbyMontesquieu)*SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_2.3Passage2Passage2Question:IsthereanydifferencebetweenthelawmentionedbyMontesquieuandRousseau?*SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_2.4Passage2Passage2译文：最广义的法，是指源于物之属性的必然关系。从这种意义上而言，万物皆有法：神有其法，物质世界有其法，超人智能有其法，兽有其法，人有其法。有人断言，我们在这个世界上所看到的一切，都是由盲目的命运所导致的。这种说法极其荒谬，因为除盲目的命运创造智能物的妄言外，还能有什么更为不合理？可见，存在一种最高理性。法，就是这种理性与万物之间的关系以及万物彼此之间的关系。*SupplementaryResourcesSupplementaryResources_I_2.4Passage2Passage2上帝，作为造物主与护物主，与宇宙存在关系。上帝创造万物所循之法，就是上帝保护万物所循之法。上帝之所以遵循那些法则，就是因为他了解那些法则；他之所以了解那些法则，就是因为那些法则是他所制定的；他之所以制定那些法则，就是因为那些法则与其才智和权力有关。（选自孟德斯鸠著《论法的精神》第一篇“法之概论”第一节“论法与万物的关系”，译者Justice）*SupplementaryResources_IISupplementaryResources Broadie,Alexander(ed.).2001.TheScottishEnlightenment:AnAnthology.CanongateU.S. Montesquieu.1989.TheSpiritoftheLaws.CambridgeUniversityPress. JeanJacquesRousseau.1993.TheSocialContractandDiscourses.EverymanPaperbacks. JonathanI.Israel.2010.ARevolutionoftheMind.PrincetonUniversityPress. JonathanIsrael.2001.RadicalEnlightenment:PhilosophyandtheMakingofModernity,1650–1750.NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress.*