2016高考英语任务型阅读答题技巧

2016高考英语任务型阅读答 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 技巧     任务型阅读是高考英语试题中第二卷中的一种题型，分值为10分。本题型在测试考生阅读理解能力的基础上，侧重考查考生的单词拼写、词性转换、句式转换、段落归纳等综合能力。高考任务型阅读近三年文章体裁以议论文和 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 文为主，词数在400~550之间。高考成绩的统计数据表明在这一项上，考生普遍失分较多。高考英语任务型阅读是英语阅读理解和完形填空的结合体，在掌握篇章表层含义的基础之上，还要求对文章结构框架的把握。考生不但要具备基本的英语词汇知识，而且要能够依据上下文的内容，运用逻辑判断，正确填出任务型阅读中的空白处。因而，任务型阅读对考生的英语阅读和对英语学科的感悟能力要求较高。也就是说，任务型阅读不仅检查考生的词、句、篇的掌握，而且涉及考生综合运用英语语法的能力。所以说，这种题型是比较全面的考查。学生在平时的学习过程中，要关注词汇的使用，领悟篇章的内部结构，同时还要注意词的搭配和语用知识。 一、任务型阅读题型的考查角度 1、单词的大小写（信息筛选题） 考生往往从文中便可直接找到答案，无需进行词性和词形的转化。但是如果没有根据英文首字母要大写的要求，或在特殊的上下文中。忽略字母的大小写，便无法得到本应该拿到的分数。 2、词性的变化（整合转换题） 要依据特定的语境结合文中涉及的词语，灵活地转变词性。比如：动词转变为形容词，形容词转变为名词，等等。 3、词形的转化（整合转换题） 主要依据任务型阅读提供的特殊框架，来敲定词语的各种形式。例如：文中过去式需要在题目中使用现在时，同时还要注意人称和数的变化。 4、近义词与反义词的转化（整合转换题） 根据任务型阅读题型中提供的已有信息，尽管文中也能发现相关的词语，却没能依据特定的语境进行必要的词语的转换，比如将肯定的语气转化为否定的形式等。 5、实现词句的转换（整合转换题） 尽管文章无法一下子找到任务型阅读题型中出现的答案，但是依据文章的上下文以及文中句子的解释，则可以联系掌握的英语基础知识，得出相应的答案。 6、综合概括文章框架的词语使用（综合概括题） 注意文章的整体布局，理清句与句之间，段与段之间的内在逻辑关系，反复阅读文章，认真思考，然后找出能代表篇章结构的词汇。这类题目要求考生对全文或段落进行总体语篇把握，通过观察表格的设置特点，从而归纳和概括出所考查的单词。此类设题一般位于表格的第一行或第一列。为了更快捷地掌握概括能力，总结和熟记一些概括性词汇及其固定搭配也是很有必要的。 7、书写工整无误 最后，卷面是否清洁也会影响到考生最终的得分。答案书写要工整清晰，避免由于字迹潦草或拼写错误导致失分。完成题目后，一定要仔细的将答案带入题中，结合文中提供的信息，认真核对，反复思考，确保绝不因为自己的粗心大意而失分。 二、任务型阅读题型的解题思路 1、先认真读题，通过题目来了解文章的大致框架。做到在阅读文章前，心中有数，不会因为文章的长度或文中出现的生词影响到自己对文章结构的整体把握。 2、利用快速阅读策略做出判断。自己理解的文章主旨是否与题目中的要求一致。在这一过程中，可以尽可能填出与文章大意相关的词汇。 3、结合题目的基本模式，可以判断出文章的行文特点。例如：说明文解决的是介绍某种物品或事物，其特征无外乎描述特征，阐述用途；议论性的文章主要提出一种观点或一个问题，再利用一些论据来证明这个观点正确与否或者来说明解决问题的途径和方式。按照此种方法，可以仔细地从篇章的字里行间找到相互对应的单词或词组，尤其要注意尽量使用文中现有的词汇，不可脱离文章。 4、在发现答案有多种选择时，应该从词组的搭配和词与词的差别着手，深思熟虑，调动平时积累的英语知识，认真比对，做出最精确的选择。 5、任务型阅读不仅是对英语单词拼写的简单检查，而且是要求考生要结合上下文的特殊语境，综合运用语言知识，甚至是学生自身具备的逻辑推理能力。因而，在具体的题型中，一定要慎重做题，切不可将文中现成的词组拿来就用，必须有思维加工的过程。实在无替换词时，优先考虑文中的原词的转换词。 6、在解题过程中，不一定每次都按照它的序号来做题，因为有时出题的顺序与行文的先后不符，这就需要根据具体文章的特定框架来解题，先做第三或第五空，然后再完成第一或第二空，不要被它的题号所束缚。 7、在日常英语学习中，可以有意识、有目的的积累一些与文章框架相关的词汇。例如：(dis)advantage，way，title，approach，summary，conclusion等。 三、任务型阅读题型的解题注意事项 任务型阅读不同于普通阅读材料，在解题时考生要掌握一定的技巧才能是既快又好地完成这项集阅读、完形、词汇于一体的任务。 1、在通读全文前有必要浏览题目及所给图表。             好处一：文章的标题能够帮助考生把握文章的主旨大意，进而便于理解文章的篇章结构。            好处二：文章后的表格是命题人在仔细 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 并理解文章后对文章框架的整理。考生根据表格所设空格去思考，则在阅读时更有针对性，从而确保准确性。     2、分析图表类型。任务型阅读图表设置主要分两种：树状型（先总后分）；表格型（对比推进）。根据所给表格判断文章类型及文章结构，从而保证在信息提示下在段落里查找、推断所需答案。     3、浏览题中所设空格，判断设空填词的类型，做到心中数。 4、做题时一般按照自上而下，从左到右的顺序完成。原则上对文章结构概括的词汇可以优先考虑，方便细节题的正确把握。如果遇到障碍，则先易后难，重点突破。     5、三审解题法   （1）一审表格结构。注意文章内容脉络，标题和所需的表达类型。   （2）二审短文意义。注意文章的段落和表格的匹性。   （3）三审语法运用。注意涉及到的构词法和语法项目。     为提高准确率，完成题目后考生还需注意以下几点：         1、根据图表所给提示格式保持所填词性一致性（以名词、动词、非谓语或完整句子等不同形式归纳）； 2、同时兼顾到意思和搭配的双重准确性； 3、所填单词是否特殊变形； 4、大小写是否 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 等。 【基本功训练】 一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空 1. A ban on the importation of drugs has been issued           (recent). 2. The economic sanctions could not prevent the           (develop) of that country. 3. An anonymous businesswoman          (donation) one million dollars to the charity. 4. Alan is someone who always needs the          (approve) of other people. 5. These old people are unaccustomed to the          (press) of modern life. 6. The government’s actions had no          (affect) on the trade imbalance. 7. The new policy was announced          (official) this morning. 8. A lot of  children at the school do not live in the town, but come from the          (surround) countryside. 9. She's been feeling very          (stress) since she started her new job. 10.          (unfortunate) the restaurant he recommended fell far short of our expectations. 11. You would expect that there would be strong           (disagree) about this. 12. What do you think were some of the more          (persuade) arguments on the other side? 13. The main          (functional) of the merchant banks is to raise capital for industry. 14. She sat up late that night to write a detailed account of the          (forget) moment. 15. A manager has to learn some economics if he wants to improve his          (manage). 16. The first walk on the moon was quite an          (accomplish). 17. Regular          (apply) of the cream should reduce swelling(疙瘩) within 24 hours. 18.          (person) speaking, I think the show is going to be a great success. 19. After 25 years the town centre had changed beyond all          (recognize). 20. Your information is inaccurate and your          (conclude) is therefore wrong.  参考答案 1. recently  2. development  3. donated  4. approval 5. pressure  6. effect  7. officially  8. surrounding 9. stressed  10. Unfortunately  11. disagreement 12. persuasive  13. function  14. unforgettable 15. management  16. accomplishment  17. application 18. Personally  19. recognition  20. conclusion 二、 用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空 1. No one has come up with a          (convince) explanation of why the dinosaur died out. 2.          (disappoint) to learn that she had failed the course, she couldn t help crying. 3. He tried to earn more money          (provide) for a large family. 4. The movie “After shock”,          (base) on the real event, moved viewers to tears. 5.          (compare) the copy with the original, I found there was not much difference. 6.          (relate) what happened in your childhood to your present state of mind, and you may find the cause of your illness. 7. He is a fugitive（亡命之徒) from justice trying to avoid          (catch) by the police. 8. Though several problems remained          (solve), he decided to have a drink that night. 9.          (intend) as an introduction to the course for starters, the notes were written in simple English. 10. We strongly recommend          (report) the incident to the police, but our boss disagreed. 11. I really appreciate          (give) such a good chance to join in a significant trip. 12. If the day turns out          (be) wet we may have to change our plans. 13. Our challenge is to motivate those voters and inspire them          (join) our cause. 14.           (belong) to a younger generation, they are more active and fashionable. 15. America demanded that the Somalia pirates           (set) kidnapped sailors free in no time. 16. After the race he sat on the ground, sweating and           (wear) out. 17.          (take) everything into consideration, the project was kind of successful. 18. For further information, please contact us on the           (attach) form. 19. The weather man reported the temperatures           (range) between 33℃ and 37℃ for the next week. 20. Having worked in several companies, his work experience          (equip) him to deal with all kinds of people. 参考答案 1. convincing  2. Disappointed  3. to provide  4. based  5. Comparing  6. Relate  7. being caught 8. to be solved  9. Intended  10. reporting  11. being given  12. to be1  3. to join 14. Belonging  15. (should) set  16. worn  17. Taking  18. attached  19. ranging  20. equipped  三、 句型转换 A. 词汇间转换 1. You should prepare early for your job interview. We don’t want to find, when the time comes, that you've forgotten this, that and others. You should                     early for your job interview. We don't want to find, when the time comes, that you've forgotten this, that and others. 2. So many fancy cars are being displayed that I don't know which to buy. There are so many fancy cars                     that I don't know which to buy. 3. Considering her age and inexperience, her painting is not bad.           her age and inexperience                             , her painting is not bad. 4. Because the storm suddenly struck, she was absent from work. She was absent from work                                                   . 5. It sounds reasonable for students to read more books during the summer vacation. It                     for students to read more books during the summer vacation. 6. Unhealthy diets help cause various diseases. Unhealthy diets                                                              diseases. 7. We've replaced the old adding machine with a computer. We've used a computer to                                         the old adding machine. 8. Van Gogh greatly influenced the development of modern painting. Van Gogh                                         the development of modern painting. 9. Only after you lose your health,will you realize the importance of health. Only after you lose your health will you                                the importance of health. 10. An interesting suggestion for measuring the atmosphere around Mars has been put forward. An interesting suggestion for measuring the atmosphere around Mars                              . 11. We want to encourage students to participate in the running of the college. We want to encourage students to                                the running of the college. 12. People used to feel confident about the function of modern medicine, but things are different now. People used to                                the function of modern medicine, but things are different now. 13. Please remember all these useful words and phrases on the blackboard. Please                               all these useful words and phrases on the blackboard. 14. Seeing the football star entering the hall, his fans suddenly crowded around him.                                         the football star entering the hall, his fans suddenly crowded around him. 15. Although your heart is breaking, you must face the truth that a relationship has ended. Although your heart is breaking, you must                               the truth that a relationship has ended. 16. Our literature and art ought to meet popular taste. Our literature and art ought to                              popular taste. 17. The House of Commons is made up of 658 members. The House of Commons                     658 members. 18. He's a good writer but he is not nearly as good as Shakespeare. He's a good writer but he doesn't                     with Shakespeare. 19. As for money, he is rich, but not in knowledge.                               money, he is rich, but not in knowledge. 20. If you meet with a new word, you can refer to your dictionary. If you meet with a new word, you can                               in your dictionary.  参考答案 1. make preparations            2. on display 3. Taking, into consideration        4. because of / due to / owing to / thanks to the sudden storm 5. makes sense                    6. contribute to causing a variety of 7. take the place of8. had great influence/effect/impact on 9. be aware of                    10. has come up 11. get involved in                12. have faith in13. keep/bear in mind 14. At the sight of                15. be faced with 16. cater to                    17. consists of 18. bear/stand comparison        19. In terms of    20. look it up B. 非谓语与从句间转换 1. I still regret that I didn't seize the opportunity to go abroad for further education. I still regret                     the opportunity to go abroad for further education. 2. The factory requires that its employees should work with helmets in case of accidents. The factory requires its employees                     with helmets in case of accidents. 3. The police didn't inform her of why she was arrested. The police didn't inform her                              for her arrest. 4. They got everything prepared so that they could set off early the next morning. They got everything prepared                               set off early the next morning. 5. More than half of the students insist that we should be given more free time so that we can go over what we have learnt. More than half of the students                                         more free time so that we can go over what we have learnt. 6. As she was exposed to the radiation for years, Madame Curie suffered the loss of her eyesight in her later years.   the radiation for years,                   Madame Curie suffered the loss of her eyesight in her later years. 7. It made her embarrassed that she forgot all about the name of her former deskmate at the class get-together.                              , she forgot all about the name of her former deskmate at the class get-together. 8. As he completely buried himself in his studies, he knew little about the changes around him. Completely                     his studies, he knew little about the changes around him. 9. Rising flood waters washed away the bridge, which caused the villagers to be cut off. Rising flood waters washed away the bridge,           the villagers to be cut off. 10. Though he did something bad, the design he drafted is recognized.           what he did, the design he drafted is recognized. 11. As he had not been invited to the party, Tony was very unhappy. Tony was very unhappy for                                         to the party. 12. The activity program is so designed that once it is begun nothing needs to be done to change it. The activity program is so designed that                     nothing needs to be done to change it. 13. If it is compared with the ancient city Xi'an, Shenzhen is rather a young and vital one.                     the ancient city Xi'an, Shenzhen is rather a young and vital one. 14. The professor paused as if he was expecting his students to ask questions on the point he had just made. The professor paused                             his students to ask questions on the point he had just made. 15. Tina, who had struggled for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. Tina,                     for months to find a job as a waitress, finally took a position at a local advertising agency. 16. As we have much work to do this week, we'll have to delay the trip to Shanghai till next week.                                                   this week, we'll have to delay the trip to Shanghai till next week. 17. The students listened with full attention，and tried not to miss any key point． The students listened with full attention,                               miss any key point． 18. The great mother made up her living by picking up garbage from dawn till dark, which enabled the two of her sons to go to college. The great mother made up her living by picking up garbage from dawn till dark,                               for the two of her sons to go to college. 19. The novel which is to be published next month is based on a true story. The novel                               next month is based on a true story. 20. As it is painted red, the building stands out among the rest and looks very attractive.           red, the building stands out among the rest and looks very attractive.  参考答案 1. not seizing                    2. to work 3. of the reason(s)                4. in order to / so as to 5. insist on being given            6. Exposed to 7. To her embarrassment            8. buried in 9. causing                    10. Despite 11. not having been invited        12. once begun 13. Compared with                14. as if expecting 15. having struggling            16. With much work to do 17. trying not to                18. making it possible 19. to be published                20. Painted C. 复合句及特殊句式间转换 1. I watched the exciting match between Brazil and Netherlands last night.                     last night           I watched the exciting match between Brazil and Netherlands. 2. It seems that he is the one who is in charge of the factory. He                               the one who is in charge of the factory. 3. It happened that she was out when we called. She happened                               when we called. 4. People suggest more medical teams should be sent to the flood hit areas.                                that more medical teams should be sent to the flood hit areas. 5. That is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. That is                                English is a language with so many confusing rules. 6. It is known to all that the 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London.           is known to all is          the 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London.           is known to all, the 2012 Olympic Games will take place in London. 7. It is likely that the government will approve our proposal. The government                               approve our proposal. 8. Whether the young man can manage the team successfully remains unknown.                               whether the young man can manage the team successfully. 9. The possibility is that pleasant smells might reduce pain.                               that pleasant smells might reduce pain. 10. We didn't know the trick of the advertisement until the TV host uncovered it.                     the TV host uncovered it                               the trick of the advertisement.                                         the TV host uncovered it                               the trick of the advertisement. 11. If she had told him about the danger, he would not have got hurt.     told him about the danger, he would not have got hurt. 12. She not only speaks English correctly, but also she speaks English fluently.                        English correctly, but also she speaks English fluently. 13. It has nothing to do with me. I don't mind whatever you say. It has nothing to do with me. I don't mind                     you say. 14. We have to carry out our plan whatever weather it is tomorrow. We have to carry out our plan                               tomorrow. 15. Whatever happens, the first thing is to keep cool.                               happens, the first thing is to keep cool. 16. I have never been to New York, neither has my sister.           I           my sister has been to New York. 17. How important education is to children! We should make parents aware of it. We should make parents                                                   to children. 18. The book can be of help to any one who wants to do the job. The book can be of help to           wants to do the job. 19. Two students of our school won the first prize in the national physics contest, which excited all of us.                               two students of our school won the first prize in the national physics contest excited all of us. 20. National leaders and experts from all around the world were present at the World Climate Conference in Copenhagen.                     the World Climate Conference in Copenhagen           national leaders and experts from all around the world. 参考答案 1.  It was, that                    2. seems to be 3. to be out                    4. It is suggested    5. the reason why                6. What, that; As 7. is likely to                    8. It remains unknown 9. It is possible                10. Not until, did we know; It was not until, that we knew 11. Had she                    12. Not only does she speak 13. anything that                14. whatever the weather 15. No matter what                16. Neither, nor 17. realize how important education is        18. whoever 19. The news that                        20. Present at, were 试题案例      For years, the automobile industry has been testing vehicles that use hydrogen as fuel. Now, people across the United States have had a chance to see and even drive cars that get power from hydrogen fuel cells.      Today's fuel cells represent huge steps forward in technology. But the hydrogen fuel cell is not a new idea. The fuel cell was invented by Sir William Grove of Britain in eighteen thirty nine. Since then, many different designs have been invented.       There is one place where fuel cells are a proven technology: in space. The American space agency used fuel cells in its Apollo spaceships in the twentieth century. And fuel cells provide all the electrical power for space shuttles.       The most useful fuel cell for transportation purposes is the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane, or P.E.M., fuel cell. It is simple and can operate at temperatures of sixty to eighty degrees Celsius. That is much lower than other fuel cell designs.       A P.E.M. fuel cell has two sides separated by a thin substance or membrane. Hydrogen gas is forced through one side where it comes in contact with a reactive material containing the metal platinum.       The membrane separates the electrons（电子) from the protons（质子) in the hydrogen atoms（原子). The protons pass through it to the other side of the fuel cell. But the electrons are captured to do work: like powering a motor.      Oxygen from the air is forced into the other side of the fuel cell. There, the gas meets the protons that have passed through the membrane. They combine to form water and heat.      A single fuel cell does not produce a lot of electricity. But when many fuel cells are combined, they can produce enough electricity to power a vehicle. The product of the chemical reaction that powers fuel cells is water. This makes fuel cells a very clean technology.      But fuel cell cars have been slow to develop because of many technical problems that have to be solved. For example, it is unclear how long the membranes in P.E.M. fuel cells will last.       Also, fuel cells need water for their chemical reactions. They must be designed to start easily in low temperatures and in dry climates. And smaller, less costly fuel cells must be designed before they can truly take the place of gasoline engines.     There are more models of fuel cell vehicles being tested than ever before. The threat of climate change and the high cost of oil has increased interest in these vehicles that do not cause pollution. But car buyers should not expect to see fuel cell cars at their local dealer any time soon. Automakers say they will not build many fuel cell cars until hydrogen fueling and service stations are widely available. And that will cost billions of dollars and years of effort. 【整体把握】 1. 文章属于什么体裁? 2. 作者照什么线索组织全文的？ Title More Model of Hydrogen Cars Being Tested The (1) _______ of hydrogen fuel cell ● (2) ________ by Sir William Grove in 1839. ● Used in Apollo spaceships in the twentieth century. ● Used for transportation purposes. Operating principle of P.E.M ● It has two sides divided by a thin membrane. ● Hydrogen gas from one side (3) _________ the active metal platinum. ● The electrons are (4) _________ from the protons in the hydrogen atoms. ● The protons pass through the fuel cell to the other side. ● Oxygen from the air is (5) __________ into the other side of the fuel cell. ● The gas meets the protons, and then water and heat are (6) __________. Reasons for slow (7) ________ of hydrogen fuel cell cars ● There are many technical problems (8) ___________. ● The durability of the membranes in P.E.M. fuel cells is not clear. ● They have to start easily at (9) __________ temperatures and in dry climates. ● They must smaller and less costly before (10) __________ gasoline engines.   【尝试解答】请同学们先做练习，后看详解，效果会更好哦！试试看！ 【例题详解】本文介绍了新型汽车燃料电池的发展和应用及研发的前景，是一篇简洁明了的说明文。 1. progress/development/application信息归纳题。文章第二、、四段介绍了新型汽车燃料电池的发明、进展及具体不同时期的应用。所以progress，development或application都可以满足本空。 2. Invented信息查找题。根据第二段第句The fuel cell was invented by Sir William Grove of Britain in eighteen thirty nine.可直接查找。 3. meets信息转换题。根据第五段第二句中的 it comes in contact with 可得出答案meets。 4. separated信息转换题。根据第六段第一句The membrane separates the electrons（电子) from the protons（质子) in the hydrogen atoms（原子).可知。注意把separates 改为被动形式。 5. forced信息查找题。根据第七段第一句Oxygen from the air is forced into the other side of the fuel cell. 可直接查找。 6. formed信息转换题。根据第七段最后一句They combine to form water and heat.可知。注意应改为被动结构。 7. development信息归纳题。文章第九至十一段分析了氢燃料电池汽车发展缓慢的原因。 8. unsolved信息转换题。根据第九段第一句中的many technical problems that have to be solved可得出反义词unsolved。 9. low信息查找题。根据第十段第二句They must be designed to start easily in low temperatures and in dry climates. 可直接查找。 10. replacing信息转换题。第十段最后一句中take the place of 相当于replace。 【基本的概括性词汇】 总结、概括：conclusion, summary 建议：suggestion, tip, advice, proposal, recommendation  影响：effect, influence, impact  印象：impression 因果：reason, cause; result, consequence 导致：cause, lead to, contribute to, result in, bring about 表演：act, play, perform, give/ put a performance, play a part/ role in, show 成败：success, achievement, victory, triumph: failure, defeat 利弊：advantage; disadvantage 异同：difference, distinction; the same, similarity, equality 优点：advantage, strong point, strength, virtue 缺点：disadvantage, shortcoming, weakness, drawback 利益、好处：good, benefit, interest, profit, gain 错误：mistake, error, fault 质量、品质：quantity, amount, number 数量：quantity, amount, number 目的：purpose, aim, goal, objective 方法：way, means, method, approach, solution, manner 措施：measure, action 行为、活动：action, behavior, conduct, activity 步骤：step, stage, process, procedure 频率、频度：frequency, rate 程度：degree, level, extent 观点、 意见 文理分科指导河道管理范围浙江建筑工程概算定额教材专家评审意见党员教师互相批评意见 ：opinion, view, point of view, viewpoint, standpoint 想法：idea, thought, thinking （无）意识：(un)awareness, (un)consciousness 原理、原则、规律：theory, principle, law 意义：significance, meaning, sense 价值：value 态度：attitude, manner 感觉：feeling, emotion, motivation 同意、正面：agreement, pros, approval, positive, favor, support 反 对、反面：disagreement, cons, negative, opposite, contrary, opposition, objection  要求、需要：demand, need, requirement, request, desire, claim 问题：question, problem, issue 答案：answer, key, solution, result 反应：response, reaction 变化：change 比较：comparison, contrast 评价：feature, character, characteristic 特点：feature, character, characteristic 种类：kind, sort, type, style, form, category, variety, class 等级：grade, rank, degree, class 风俗、习惯：custom, manner, practice, habit 主题、话题：theme, subject, topic 标题：title, headline, heading 作用、功能：use, usage, function 关系、联系：relation, relationship, connection, touch, link, contact 来源、历史：origin, history, source 事实、现实：fact, reality, actuality 规则、规定：rule, regulation 情况、状况：things, status, situation, condition, case, circumstance, state 说明：explanation, statement, instruction, direction 介绍：introduction, presentation 定义：definition 描述性词汇：length, height, width, distance,weight,size,color,look, appearance,shape, rate, speed, age, sex, price 发现：finding(s), discovery