大学英语参考文献格式

英语论文引文及参考文献目录格式要求 一、论文中的引用格式(APA的引用一律用“夹注”的格式) 如果引用的材料为中文,夹注中作者姓名直接用中文。 1.1 间接引用(citations) A.如果引用只涉及一个作家的某本专著或文章,而作家的名字在自己的行文中没有出 现, 将该作家的姓氏和出版的时间用括弧括起来,放在句子结尾,注意该括弧算作 句子的一部分,标点符号应放在括弧之后。 例: It has been argued that teachers? role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976). B.如果引用所涉及到的作家的名字已经出现在行文中, 只需要在名字后面加上括弧, 填入出版时间即可。 例:Gould (1988) attributes Darwin?s success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor. C.如果引用涉及到的作家和著作的出版时间在行文中已出现,那就不再需要单独的夹 注了。 例:In a 1988 article, Gould explores some of Darwin?s most effective metaphors. D.如果引用涉及到的著作是由两位作者合著,则每次引用时都需把两位作者的姓氏注 出来,在夹注中用“&”,在行文中则用“and”连接两个作者。 例:The disadvantages of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable (Bryman & Cramer, 1990). Bryman and Cramer (ibid.) also pointed out that… E.如涉及到的作者超过两人,少于六人,第一次加夹注时,写出所有作者的姓氏,以 后每次引用,只需写出第一作者的姓氏,其后加上“et al”即可。 例:Scientists have isolated a gene connected to circadian rhythms in plants (Millar, Straum, Chory, Chua, & Kay, 1995: 1163)…. They identified the mutations that activated light-dependent pathways (Millar, et al., 1995: 1165) F.如果引用涉及到的著作由六位以上的作者合著,加注时只需写出第一作者的姓氏, 其后加上“et al.”即可。 例:Naiman et al. (1978)found a similar relationship, although I this case effort? on the part of the learners was also associated with instrumental motivation (subsequent citations) (Ellis, 1954: 512). G.如果涉及到同一作者的不同著作,在括弧中按出版时间分开;如果是同一作者在同 一年的不同著作,在出版时间后用小写英文字母区别。 例:(Halliday, 1978, 1992);(Halliday, 1967a, 1967b) 1.2 直接引用(quotations) A.如果原著作者的姓氏在自己的行文中没有提到,那你需要把作者的姓氏,出版 时间和引文出自的页码用括弧括起,放在引文的后面, 引文用双引号。如果引 文中原来就有引号,将有引号的部分改为单引号。 例:Conceptually, motivation is seen as “the combination of effort plus desire to achieve the goal of learning the language plus favorable attitude toward learning language” (Gardner, 1985: 10). Based on different findings, it is proposed that “the type of motivation and its strength are likely to be determined less by some generalized principle and more by …who learns what in what milieu?” (Laser-Freeman & Long, 1993: 174). B.如果你自己的行文中已经提到原著作者的姓氏,则只需在引文的后面用括弧加 上页码即可。 例:Gardner (1985) sees motivation as “the combination of effort plus desire to achieve the goal of learning the language plus favorable attitude toward learning language” (p. 10). C.如果直接引用所涉及到的作者有多位,除遵守以上A,B两条外,其他规则与间接引用 相同。 D.直接引文的字数如少于40英文单词或4行,引文直接放到段落中。否则引文单独成 段,段落用“齐头式”,整个段落缩行5个空格(如果引文还有第二段,整个段落还要再缩行5个空格),引文不需引号。如引文中已有引号,保留原来的引号。 例:Raymond William explains that the word career has all but lost its original meaning. Career is now so regularly used to describe a person?s progress in life, or, by derivation from this, his profession or vocation that it is difficult to remember, in the same context, its original meaning of a recourse and a gallop—though in some contexts, as in the phrase “Careering about,” these survive. Career appeared in English . . . E.引用诗歌, 如少于两行, 直接引入行文中,两行间用斜线分开, 行首的大写应保持, 引用部分加双引号; 如超过两行, 则按直接引用规则D 处理。 例:In his “Hymn to Intellectual Beauty,” Shelly personifies the immaterial, spiritual world: “The awful shadow of some unseen Power / Floats though unseen among us.” In “Song of Myself,” Walt Whitman uses the dictation and rhythm of natural speech. A child said What is the grass? fetching it to me with full hands; How could I answer the child? I do not know what it is any more than he. I guess it must be the flag of my disposition, out hopeful green stuff woven. F.引用小说 如果论文是有关小说评论,因一般都需从同一小说中反复引用,为方便起见,在第一次引用后用圆括弧注明页码,在加一个尾注,用上标标出。尾注说明格式如下例。以后每次从该小说引用后,只注明页码即可, 毋需再加尾注。 例:In six months? time, he was tramped into marriage with her, though “he had no respect for her.” (p. 40)1 尾注格式: 1. All the quotations from the novel are taken from: Thomas Hardy. Jude the Obscur e. Oxford: OUP. 1991 G.如要对直接引文进行某些省略,省略部分如在引文中间,用英语省略号表示;如 省略发生在一个完整句之后, 除非后面还有引文,否则毋需省略号,如下面第二例。例:原文: In the western farm states the Granger movement, organized in 1869 as The Patron of Husbandry, was able to force regulatory legislation through some state legislatures. 省略后的引用: According to Margaret G. Meyers, “the Granger movement … was able to force regulatory legislation through some states legislatures.” 原文: A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen, philosophers and divine. 省略后的引用: Emerson advocated the courage to change one?s mind when he said that “a little foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.”(原文中的逗号也省去) H.为了合乎语法的需要,可以改变引文句首的大小写,当然也可保持原来的大小写不变。 例:Kitto asserts, “t he Greek instinct was the opposite, to take the widest view.” (引文中的第一个冠词大写的T改为小写t) I.除上述规则G外,如要对直接引语做任何你认为是必要的改动,都必须加以说明,说明加方括弧。一般有以下几种情况: a. 如引文中本身有错误,可以在错误的后面立即加方括弧来改正错误,或是在引文结束的地方用方括弧加“sic”,(“sic”在拉丁文中是“原文如此”的意思) 例:Doe added, “the affects [effects] of radiation exceeded our estimates.” John Doe explained, “T he results of the 1988 experiment were quite amassing [sic].”(原文中的时间上出错,正确的时间应是1986年。) b. 用方括弧加说明表示是原文中就有斜体的强调部分或是自己加上的斜体以示强调:例:Rubin (1987) more explicitly states the importance of studying students?beliefs in her review of the research on learner strategy: . . . to better understand how learner strategies come to be used, it is essential that we account for a Lea rner?s knowledge about language and his/her beliefs about the learning process because his knowledge can form the basis for selecting and activating one strategy over another [italics added] (p. 19). c. 如果担心读者对引文中的代词指代不清楚,可以用方括弧加以说明: 例:In the preface, the author claims “This [“The Three Languages”] is the story of an adolescent whose needs are not understood by his father.” 1.3 转引(the quotation from a source other than the original) 如果你的引用不是从原著中获得,而是来自二手资料,你就需要在引用完后用圆括弧注明来源,在来源前加上“qtd in”的字样。在参考文献目录部分,你就按引用的实际出处 撰写条目。 例:Gothe wrote that “it takes more culture to perceive the virtues of The Magic Flute than to point out its defects” (qtd in Newman, 1958: 104). (参考文献目录部分: Newman, E.. 1958. Great operas: The definitive treatment of their history, stories, and music. V ol.2. New Y ork: V intage. 二、论文后的参考文献目录编排格式 论文后的参考文献用“Works Cited”一词,目录的编排按作者姓氏的字母顺序排序,用方括弧的阿拉伯数字编码。参考文献目录的具体书写格式如下。 1. 专业期刊杂志中的文章 首先是作者的姓氏,其后是作者名字的缩写,接下来依次是出版时间,文章的名称(除首写字母大写外,其它单词一律小写),期刊的名称(用斜体标出),卷目号,如果还有期号,用圆括弧加数字标出,页码起止范围。如果作者有俩人,第二作者用名字缩写加姓氏排在第一作者之后,两个作者名之间用“&”连接; 如还有第三作者或第四作者,按同样方法加上, 只在最后一个作者前加上“&”。如超过六位作者,则只需给出第一作者,其后加上“et al.”即可。 例:Bornstein, M. H. 1975. The influence of visual perception on culture. American Anthologist, 77 (4): 774-798 Nathans, J., D. Thomas & Hogness, D. S. 1986. Molecular genetics of human color vision: The Genes encoding blue, green, and red pigments. Science, 232 (2): 193-302 2. 报纸上的文章 其书写格式与期刊杂志文章基本相同,但出版时间要包括月、日,没有卷目号和期号,另外页码标记还要加上小写英文字母“p”。 例:Morain, D. 1993。June 7. Poor counties hit harder by budget cuts. The Los Angles Times, p. A1 3. 学术专著 学术专著条目的格式与期刊文章的格式基本相同,但紧接在书名(斜体标出)后面是出版商所在地,最后是出版社的名称。如有版数,则在书名后用圆括弧标出。如果专著是多卷本, 或是参考文献范围仅限于某些章节, 要在书名后用圆括弧加以说明. 例:Brown, H. D. 1990. Principles of language learning and teaching (3rd ed). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc. Laser-Freeman, D. & Long, M. H.1993 (6th ed). An introduction to second language acquisition research. London: Longman Chen J. 1981. A history of English literature. (V ol.1). Beijing: Commercial Press. 4. 编著 如果参考文献是编著,其编排格式与专著的并排基本相同,不同之处在于要在作者名字后,出版时间前用圆括弧加说明其身份是编者. 一个编者用用“Ed”,俩人以上“Ed.”。 例:Rinpley, W. W. (Ed.). 1987. The black abolitionist papers (V ol.). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 5. 译著 译著的编排格式与专著编排相似,原著者的名字放在作者名字的地方。不同之处在于在书名的后面加圆括弧,括弧内首先是译者名字的缩写,然后是姓,其后是“Trans.”以表明是译者,无单复数区别。如果知道原著发表的时间,在出版社后用圆括弧标出。 例:Derrida, J. (1976) Of grammatology.(G. Spikvak. Trans.). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. (Original work published 1967) 6. 出自论文集的文章 如果参考文献是出自论文集中的一篇文章,其编排格式按分为两部分,第一部分顺序是:文章作者的姓氏,名字的缩写,论文集出版的时间,文章的题目;第二部分是论文集编者的名字缩写,姓氏的全拼,圆括弧标明编者(Ed.),论文集名(用斜体标出),文章在论文集中的页码(加圆括弧),出版商所在地,出版社名称。两部分用“In”连接。 例:Palmberg, R. 1985 How much English vocabulary do Swedish-speaking primary pupils how before starting to learn English at school. In H. Ringbom (ED.). Foreign language learning and bilingualism (pp. 89-97) Abo: Research Institute of the Abo Academi Foundation 7. 未公开出版,仅在有限范围内流通的资料 如果参考文献是未公开出版,仅在有限范围内流通的资料,其编排格式与专著的编排基本相同,不同之处是无出版社的名称,取代出版商所在地位置的是能够获取或能阅读到该资料的地点。最后要注明是什么性质的资料。 例:Y ang, Y. 1998. An experimental research of the color codability of Chinese from a sociological perspective:With a particular reference t normal university English learners. Peking University. Unpublished Doctorial dissertation. 8. 电子出版物 如果参考文献出自电子出版物,条目的格式应包括文献所涉及的作者(按姓氏加名字缩写排序),出版时间,参考文献内容具体涉及到那一部分的名称,紧接其后是用方括弧注明出版物类别,最后是整个电子刊物的名称。 例:Wingther, O. O. 2000. The history of the United States. [CD-Rom]. Britannica. 9. 如果参考文献包括计算机软件,文献条目的格式包括以下内容:作者或生产商的名 字,圆括弧注明是作者还是生产商,软件开发出的时间,软件的名称,紧接着是方括弧注明是计算机软件,最后是开发商所在地。 例:Knowledge Revolution (Producer). 1992. Interactive physics II [computer software]. San Francisco. a)因特网在线资料 如果参考文献是通过因特网获取, 文献条目的格式包括以下内容:作者,时间,文章题目,期刊或报纸名称(用斜体标出),网址。 例:Brown, D. 2002, Nov 27. “Women make up half of HIV c ases.” Washington Post, 10. 中文参考文献目录 如果参考文献中包括中文资料,所有的中文参考文献目录都在外文参考文献目录之后单独列出。目录按作者的姓氏的拼音顺序排序。各条目格式具体如下: A.若参考文献是期刊文章,条目的顺序是作者姓名, 出版时间,文章题目,期刊名称,出版社名称,期号。 例:滕春红,1993,英语语法与写作—对美国堪萨斯大学中国留学生英文水平的调查,《外语教学与研究》第4期。 B.若参考文献是专著,条目顺序是作者姓名, 出版时间,书名目,期刊名称,出版社名称。例:申小龙,1992,《语言的文化阐释》,知识出版社。 C.若参考文献是出自论文集的文章,条目分为两部分,第一部分的顺序是作者姓名, 出版时间,文章题目;第二部分是论文集编者的姓名,其后是圆括弧加“编”注明编者身份,然后是论文集期刊名称,文章在论文集中的页码范围,作后是出版社名称,两部分用“收在”。 例:何自然,1999,语言学的语用学,收在姜治文(主编)《外国语言文学研究》,第72—92页,重庆大学出版社。 附:参考文献的一个小样本 Works Cited [1] Alcock, J., & Thornhill, R. 1983. The evolution of insect mating system. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [2] Aristotle. 1985. Nicomachen ethics (T. Irwin, Trans.) Indianapolis: Hacket Publishing. [3] Bloom, H. (Ed.) 1987a. Eugene O’Neill. New Y ork: Chelsea. [4] Bloom, H. (Ed.) 1987b. John Dryden. New Y ork: Chelsea. [5] Brown, D. 2002, Nov 27. “Women make up half of HIV c ases.” Washington Post, [6] Burghardt, G. M. 1984. On the origin of play. In P.K. Smith (Ed.), Play in animals and humans (pp. 5-42). Oxford: Basil Blackwell. [7] Dawkins, M. S. 1980. Animal suffering: The science of animal welfare. London: Chapman & Hall. [8] Dornbusch, S. M.,et al. (1985). Single parents, extended households, and the control of adolescents. Child Development, 56, 326-341 [9] Gould, S. J. 1987. Time’s arrow, time’s cycle: Myth a n d metaphor in the discovery of geological time. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [10] Mclaren, P., & Estrada, K. 1992. A dialogue on multiculturalism and democratic culture. Educational Researcher, 22, 7-23. [11]陈中竺,1995,批评语言学述评,《外国语言文学研究》第一期。 [12]何自然,1999,语言学的语用学,收在姜治文(主编)《外国语言文学研究》,第72—92 页,重庆大学出版社。 [13]滕春红,1993,英语语法与写作—对美国堪萨斯大学中国留学生英文水平的调查,《外 语教学与研究》第4期。