2020-2021学年上海高三英语练习卷二

试卷第PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT1页共NUMPAGES\*MERGEFORMAT18页2021年上海高考英语押题试卷（三）ListeningComprehensionSectionA（第1-10题,每题1分；第11-20题，每题1.5分；共25分）SectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Husbandandwife.B.GuestandhostessC.Customerandwaitress.D.Bossandemployee.2.A.WatchtheprogramonTV.B.CalltheTVstation.C.MeetthemanatthecatexhibitionD.Lookforcatswiththeman.3.A.Borrowthetypewriter.B.Visitthewoman.C.Gohomesoon.D.Readthewoman'spaper.4.A.Theman.B.Both.C.Thewoman.D.Neither.5.A.Thebookstherearetooexpensive.B.Shewon'tbeabletogetthebookbeforeclass.C.Thetextbooksheneedsisn'tinyetD.Shehopestogetagooddealonsomesecond-handbooks.6.A.Takethebustotheairport.B.MeettheBrownsattheairport.C.MakeaphonecalltotheBrowns.D.AccompanytheBrownstotheairport7.A.ThewomanwillhaveatestB.Themanwillprobablygotothemovie.C.Themanwillhavetositforanexam.D.Thewomanwishesshecouldgotoclasswiththeman.8.A.Theresultshaven'tcomeyet.B.Theresultswerecheckedagainlastnight.C.Thewomanneedsanothertesttomorrow.D.Thedoctorhasn'tcomebackfromthelab.9.A.Mostneighborsareasnoisyasthewoman.B.TalkingtotheneighborspolitelymightbethebestwayC.He'dliketoknowwhythewomanisangryD.Thewomanistoopoliteforherneighbors.10.A.Heneedstobuyanotherumbrella.B.Itwillrainmuchlaterintheweek.C.Itwillprobablyraintomorrow.D.Theweatherforecastersalmostneveragree.SectionBDirections:InSectionB.youwillheartwoshortpassagesseveralandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthem.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Theyusedtobeunabletolistentopublicdebates.B.Theyweremorepatientandsociablethenpeoplenow.C.Theylearnedfrompoliticalspeeches.D.Theyusedtothinkintermsofaprintedtext.12.A.Itmakespeoplegetideasfromimages,notfromwrittenwords.B.Ithasmadethepubliclessinterestedinpolitics.C.Thequalityoftelevisionprogramminghasdeclined.D.PoliticalprogramsonTVaretoocomplex.13.A.Theenvironmentaleffectsofconsumerism.B.Howconsumerculturehasmadepeopleunreasonable.C.Howtelevisionhasaffectedpeople'sthinkingability.D.Television'sdamagetotheenvironmentQuestions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Somechildrenalreadyknowhowtodoit.B.SomechildrenfinditmoreenjoyablethantheyexpectedtoC.Somechildrenrefusetotakepart.D.Somechildrenprefertoswimorplaytable-tennis.15.A.Theyseemgratefulfortheirexperiencehere.B.Theycomplainiftheycannotphonetheirparents.C.Theymissmealtimeswiththeirparents.D.Theyoungestonesfindithardtobeawayfromhome.16.A.TheyshouldvisittheirchildreninsteadofphoningthemB.Theyshouldn’tallowtheirchildrentobringphonestocamp.C.Theydon`tneedtokeeponphoningthecamp.D.Theyneedtoberemindedtophonetheirchildren.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Fiveyears.B.ThreeyearsC.Fouryears.D.Sixyears18.A.Thepersonwhohasthestrongwill.B.Thepersonwhohasattendedtheadultschool.C.Thepersonwhocanworkatcomputersquicklyafteratwo-daytraining.D.Thepersonwhocanpassthetestofarithmetic.19.A.Theman'seducation.B.Anewchanceforeveryonetobepromoted.C.Theman'spayraise.D.Acareerpromotionfortheman.20.A.Themaniseagertoattendthetraining.B.Thepersonisnotveryinterestedinthischanceforpromotion.C.Themanhasbeentrainingforcomputerworksincelastyear.D.ThemanisnotconfidentinhischancetobepromotedtotheGrade7.GrammarandVocabulary（每题1分；共20分）SectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.UnitedforvaccineHumansarenostrangerstowidespreadvirusesand21_________avaccineisdeveloped,itgivesushopeforthefuture.Now,theworldiswaitingforavaccinetocombatCOVID-19.Scientistsworldwide22________(roll)uptheirsleevestoworktowardaneffectivenovelcoronavirusvaccine.UnderthecoordinationoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),upto172countrieshavebeenengagingwiththe"largestand23______(diverse)COVID-19vaccineportfolio"aninitiativeknownastheCOVAXGlobalVaccinesFacilityCOVAXis"amechanismforjointprocurementandpoolingriskacrossmultiplevaccines.”Whenavaccineisproventobesafeandeffective,allcountries24_____thefacilitywillbeabletoaccessit,accordingtoXinhua.Theinitiativeaimstoensurethatallcountries,25______________theireconomicstatusis,cangetthevaccineinatimelymannerwhenoneisavailable.Italsomakessurethatpriceswillbekeptaslowaspossible."Anumberofvaccinesarenowinthefinalstageofclinicaltrials,”saidWHODirector-GeneralTedrosAdhanomGhebreyesusonAug24,26_______(add)thatthegoalofCOVAXistodeliveratleasttwobilliondosesofvaccinesbytheendof2021. AccordingtotheWHO,atpresent,ninepotentialvaccinesthatarepartoftheportfolio.27_____________(guarantee)theequalaccessandfairallocationofCOVID-19vaccines,theWHOhassaidthattheworldneedstopreventvaccinenationalism-countriesputtingtheirowninterestsaheadof28_______intryingtosecuresuppliesofapossiblevaccine.“Vaccinenationalismonlyhelpsthevirus,”Tedroswarnedthatitwouldleadtoaprolongedpandemic29____onlyasmallnumberofcountriesgotmostofthesupply.“Likeanorchestra,weneedallinstrumentstobeplayedinharmonytocreatemusicthateveryoneenjoys,”hesaid.Vaccinedevelopmentlookspromising,30______severalcountrieshavemadesubstantialprogress.RussiabeganproductionofitsfirstbatchofaCOVID-19vaccineonAug15,accordingtoitshealthministry.It’stheworld’sfirstregisteredvaccine.FourChinesevaccinecandidateshavestartedinternationalphase-3clinicaltrails.SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.tendencyB.efficientlyC.deliverD.evolveE.exposingF.imagineG.temperatelyH.complicationI.comparisonJ.stimulateK.intentionsThelimitationsofDigitalTechnologyintheFightagainsttheVirusDigitaltechnologycanhelpandhashelpedusinthefightagainstthenovelcoronavirus(新冠病毒).Butascoverageandunderstandablepublicinterest–andconcern-abouttheoutbreakhasintensified,itseemswisefirsttolookathowtheeventis(31)______someoftechnology’slimitationsbothinandofitselfandhowweinterpretwhatitcandoforus.Threethemesemerge.Technologyisnotimmediate.Thereisa(n)(32)______tobelievethattherecentrapidadvancesinprocessingpower,algorithmic(运算法则的)development,machinelearningandartificialintelligencecannow(33)______almostinstantanswerstoeverything.ThedigitallandscapehaschangedmassivelysincetheSARSoutbreakin2003.Butwhilewemaybeabletodothingsmore(34)______,somethingsstilltaketimeandthatisparticularlytrueofavirus.Thereisno‘onesizefitsall’hereand,indeed,therearerealdangersinbelievingthatoneanalyticalstrategyanditsparticularusecanbeapplieduniversally.Second,asvirusesspreadand(35)______,sodothedatasetsaroundthem.Wearenotdealingwithasituationofsimple‘garbagein,garbageout’butratheronewherenewinformationisemergingdailyandthereisthefurther(36)______thatthereweredelaysinearlyreportingoftheoutbreak.Thatmeansthattheresultseventhewisestmedicalexpertscanproducearealsogoingtochange.Also,asyoumight(37)______,theirmethodologies(方法论)vary.Third,alotofdataisbeingplacedintothedigitalarea,acrosssocialmedia,specialistsitesandelsewhere.Here,the(38)______with17yearsagoisespeciallygreat.Butthe(39)______behindvariouspostingsaremany.Anyonemightbeabletoaccessthedataviaawebbrowser–anditsfreeavailabilityislaudable(值得称赞的)–butitsintendedaudiencescanbeverydifferent.Insomecases,expertsarelookingtoinformthepublicbutinotherstheyarelookingtocontributetoand(40)______thedebatetakingplaceamongthemselves.Thesegoalsarelaudableandnecessary,buttheydonotalwayscoexistharmoniously.ReadingComprehension(41–55题，每题1分；56–70题，每题2分；共45分)SectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.IsHelicopterParentingNecessary?We’veallheardthedangersofhelicopterparenting.Remainingtoo___41___inakid’slife,especiallythroughoutcollege,canleadtodepression,lackofself-relianceandfeelingsofentitlement.Superficially,thiswisdomissound.Butsomeacademicsandeducatorsnowsaytheyseesignsofatroublingbacklash(反冲).Theconcern:warningsthatmomsanddadsshould___42___“theoverparentingtrap”—arediscouragingparentsfromgettinginvolvedatall.Yes,parentscanbeintrusive.___43___,thereareincreasingexamplesofparentsrefusingtostepupwhenstudentsgenuinelyneedtheirfamily.Onemomkept___44___aboutherson’ssignsofdepressionuntilrightbeforehefailedasemester.Shedidnotwantto“helicopterin.”Thatmeanscolleges,whichhavespentthepastdecadelearningto___45___parentswhogettooinvolved,nowhaveadifferent___46___.Butthesolutiontobothisthesame:devisingwaystochannelmomsanddadsintotherightkindof___47___role.Muchofthisbeganbecauseschoolswereforcedtocopewithagenerationofstudents___48___withtheirparentslikeneverbefore,thankstosmartphones.Andwith___49___ineducationsoaring,universityleadershavestartedtoviewparentsasinvestmentpartners.Mostofthemhavepaidforthiseducationfortheirchildrenorgoneintodebtforthiseducation.Andinsomesense,they’reentitledtoknowandbeassuredthatcollegesare____50____theirchildren’swelfare.Crucially,parent-outreachprogramshavealsoservedasbuffers(缓冲),____51____students—orworse,theirprofessors—thediscomfortofthenagging.AttheUniversityofMaryland,forexample,theparentofficehashandled____52____forweeklyacademic-progressreports,whichdonotexistinhighereducation.Parentsjustwanttoknowtheyhaveaplacetogowheresomeonewilllistentotheirconcerns.Butnow,withsomemomsanddadscautiousofevencontactingtheschoolinthefirstplace,thosesameprogramsarebeingusedtoencourageamorebalancedapproach,oftenviablogs,emailandFacebook.Parentsarenowadvisedtobeaguide,whileacknowledgingthatthe____53____ownsthejourney.Thatmeansaskingquestions,listeningtoanswers,beingpatientandtrustingkidstoresolvetheirownproblems.Butifissues____54____,orifastudentisinseriousmentalorphysicaldanger,italsomeanshoppinginthechopper,atleastforalittlewhile.“Whenyouthinkaboutit,helicoptersareusefultools,”saysChelseaPetree,whoislaunchingaparent-outreachprogram.“Theycanseethingsweonthe____55____can’tseeandgettoemergenciesquickerthanwecan.Theycanswoopinwhenneeded.Thekeyisthattheygobackup.”A.independentB.involvedC.attachedD.enclosedA.setB.senseC.avoidD.ensureA.BesidesB.SimilarlyC.ActuallyD.HoweverA.alertB.quietC.informedD.concernedA.copewithB.identifywithC.turndownD.settledownA.attitudeB.problemC.approachD.natureA.supportiveB.informativeC.neutralD.superiorA.communicatedB.matchedC.obsessedD.connectedA.complaintsB.costsC.demandsD.sufferingsA.takingcareofB.keepingtrackofC.lookingforwardtoD.takingpartinA.costingB.winningC.grantingD.sparingA.demandsB.passionC.distractionD.prioritiesA.professorB.parentC.studentD.collegeA.persistB.existC.ariseD.declineA.surfaceB.groundC.panelD.craftSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Math,TaughtlikeFootballGrowingup,Ithoughtmathclasswassomethingtobeendured,notenjoyed.Idislikedmemorizingformulasandtakingtests,allforthedullgoalofgettingagoodgrade.Butmyproblemwasn’twithmathitself.Infact,Ispentcountlesshoursasachilddoinglogicandmathpuzzlesonmyown,andasateenager,whenatopicseemedparticularlyinteresting,Iwouldgotothelibraryandreadmoreaboutit.Byhighschool,noneofmyteachersquestionedmymathematicaltalent,butnoneofthemreallyencouragedit,either.NoonetoldmethatIcouldbecomeaprofessionalmathematician.WhatIwantedtodothenwastoplaycollegefootball.MyambitionwastogetanathleticscholarshiptoattendaBigTenschool.Thechancesofthathappeningwereverylow.Inhighschool,Iwasjustanabove-averageathleteandmyhighschoolwasnota“feeder”schoolforcollegesportsprograms.Thatdidn’tstopmefromdreaming,though.Anditdidn’tstopmycoachesfromencouragingmetobelieveIcouldreachmygoal,andpreparingandpushingmetoworkforit.Theymadevideotapesofmyperformancesandsentthemtocollegecoachesaroundthecountry.Itdidn’tmatterthatIdidn’tinitiallyattractmuchinterestfromthebigschools.Mycoacheskeptpickingupthephone,andkeptconvincingmetotrytoprovemyself.Intheend,aBigTenschool,Pennstate,didoffermeascholarship.Agrowingbodyofresearchshowsthatstudentsareaffectedbymorethanjustthequalityofalessonplan.Theyalsorespondtothepassionoftheirteachersandtheengagementoftheirpeers,andtheyseekasenseofpurpose.Theybenefitfromspecificinstructions,constantfeedbackandacultureofearningthatencouragesresilienceinthefaceoffailure.UntilIgottocollege,Ididn’treallyknowwhatmathematicswas.Istillthoughtofitasproblemsetsandlaboriouscomputations.Thenoneday,oneofmyprofessorshandedmeabookandsuggestedthatIthinkaboutaparticularproblem.Itwasn’teasy,butitwasfascinating.Myprofessorkeptgivingmeproblems,andIkeptpursuingthem.Beforelong,hewasintroducingmetoproblemsthathadneverbeensolvedbeforeandurgingmetofindnewtechniquestohelpcrackthem.IamnowaPh.D.candidateinmathematicsattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,andIhavepublishedseveralpapersinmathematicaljournals.IstillfeelthatchildlikeexcitementeverytimeIcompleteaproof.IwishI’dknownthiswaspossiblewhenIwasakid.56.Whydidthewriterthinkmathclassinschoolwas“somethingtobeendured”beforeenteringcollege?A.Becausehewasn’tinterestedinmath.B.Becausehismathteachersdidn’tcaretopushhim.C.Becausehewastoosmartandtalentedformathclass.D.Becausehewastraininghardforanathleticscholarship.57.Accordingtothewriter,studentsareaffectedbythefollowingthingsfromteachersorcoachesEXCEPT__________.A.passionB.constantfeedbackC.asenseofpurposeD.specificinstructions58.Wecanconcludethatafterenteringcollege,thewriter___________.A.wasbusylookingforproblemsetstocrackB.begantorealizewhatmathematicsreallyisC.metwithlaboriouscomputationsinhisstudiesD.studiedonhisownjustashewasinhighschool59.Whatdoes“this”inthelastsentencemean?A.Feelingthechildrenexcitement.B.Differentmathematicalresearch.C.Generatingcuriosityandcreativity.D.Beingaprofessionalmathematician.(B)HowtoenterSimplydrawyourPatronus(保护神）inthepostcard-sizedspacebelow.It’sentirelyuptoyouwhichcreatureyoudecidetodraw.Justmakesureyoutelluswhatitis.ThenfillinallthedetailsontheformandsendthewholethingtousatMyPatronus,TheWeekJuniormagazine,31-32AlfredPlace,London,WC1E7DP.Alternativelyyoucanscanyourentryformandemailittocompetiton@theweekjunior.co.uk,usingthesubjectheaderMYPATRONUS.YourentrymustreachusnolaterthanJune2020.TheentrieswillbejudgedbyapanelthatincludesartistLeviPinfold—whoillustratesthehouseeditionsoftheHarryPotterbooks;EmilyDrabblefromthecharityBookTrust;andAnnaBassi,editor-in-chiefofTheWeekJunior.WinnerswillbeannouncedinTheWeekJuniorissueOneluckyoverallwinnerwillreceiveahugebundleofHarryPotterprizesyincluding:*AfamilytickettoWarnerBros.StudioTourLondon-TheMakingofHarryPotter(includingupto£100oftrainvouchersandupto£250foraccommodation).You’llbeabletostepontoauthenticsets，discoverthemagicbehindspellbindingspecialeffectsandexplorethebehind-the-scenessecretsoftheHarryPotterfilmseries,locatedatthestudioswhereitallbegan.*AperosnalisedHogwartshousetrunkfullofgoodiesfromyourchosenhouse.*AsetofthefirstthreeHarryPotternovelsinhardbackinyourhouselivery,illustratedbyLeviPinfold.*Alimited-editionprintofartworkfromthehouseeditions,signedbyartistLeviPinfold.*HarryPotterandthePrisonerofAzkabanhardbackillustratededitionsignedbyKimKay.Thewinner’sschoolwillget:*HardbackeditionsofallsevenHarryPotternovels,withcoverillustrationsbyJonnyDuddle.*HardbackillustratededitionsofthefirstthreeHarryPotterbooks,illustratedbyJimKay.*TheTalesofBeedletheBardillustratededitionbyChrisRiddell.*Ayear'ssubscriptiontoTheWeekJunior.Runners-up*Ninerunners-upwilleachreceiveasetofthefirstthreehardbackhouseeditionsinyourHogwartshouselivery.TheirschoolwillgetacompletesetofHarryPotterhardbackswithcover illustrationsbyJonnyDuddle,andayear'ssubscriptiontoTheWeekJunior.60.Toenterforthecompetition,participantsmust_________.A.sendthecompletedformtocharityBookTrustB.drawanddescribetheirchosenPatronusC.purchaseacompletesetofHarryPotterseriesD.agreetosubscribetoTheWeekJuniorforayear61.Whatwillthewinner'sschoolandtherunners-up’schoolsget?A.Therenewalofmagazinesubscription.B.AsetofHarryPotternovels.C.AperosnalisedHogwartshousetrunk.D.BooksillustratedbyJimKay.62.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaboutthecompetition?A.Thejudgesofthecompetitionareillustratorsandeditorsbyprofession.B.ThewinnerlistwillbeannouncednolaterthanJune2020.C.OneluckywinnercanvisittheHarryPottermoviesetswithhis/herfamily.D.Firstprizewinnermaywinanawardofupto£350foraccommodation.(C)“Doesmysmilelookbiginthis?”Futurefitting-roommirrorsinclothingstorescouldsubtlyadjustyourreflectiontomakeyoulook--andhencefeel--happierencouragingyoutolikewhatyousee.That’stheideabehindtheEmotionEvokingSystemdevelopedbyShigeoYoshidaandcolleaguesattheUniversityofTokyoinJapan.Thesystemcanmanipulate,orinotherwords,controlyouremotionsandpersonalpreferencesbypresentingyouwithanimageofyourownsmilingorfrowningface.Theprinciplethatphysiologicalchangescandriveemotionalonesthatlaughtercomesbeforehappiness,ratherthantheotherwayaround-isawell-establishedidea.Theresearcherswantedtoseeifthisideacouldbeusedtobuildacomputersystemthatmanipulateshowyoufeel.Thesystemworksbypresentingtheuserwithaweb-cameraimageofhisorherfaceasiftheywerelookinginamirror.Theimageisthensubtlyalteredwith-software,turningthecornersofthemouthupordownandchangingtheareaaroundtheeyes,sothatthepersonappearstosmileorfrown.Withouttellingthemtheaimofthestudy,theteamrecruited(招募)21volunteersandaskedthemtositinfrontofthescreenwhileperforminganunrelatedtask.Whenthetaskwascompleted,theparticipantsratedhowtheyfelt.Whenthefacesonscreenappearedtosmile,peoplereportedthattheyfelthappier.Ontheotherhand,whentheimagewasgivenasadexpression,theyreportedfeelinglesshappy.Yoshidaandhiscolleaguestestedwhethermanipulatingthevolunteersemotionalstatewouldinfluencetheirpreferences.Eachpersonwasgivenascarftowearandagainpresentedwiththealteredwebcamimage.Thevolunteersthatsawthemselvessmilingwhilewearingthescarfweremorelikelytoreportthattheylikedit,andthosethatsawthemselvesnotsmilingwerelesslikely.“Thesystemcouldbeusedtomanipulateconsumers’impressionsofproducts,”saytheresearchers.Forexample,mirrorsinclothing-storefittingroomscouldbereplacedwithscreensshowingalteredreflections.Theyalsosuggestpeoplemaybemorelikelytofindclothesattractiveiftheyseethemselveslookinghappywhiletryingthemon.“It’scertainlyaninterestingarea,”saysChrisCreedattheUniversityofBirmingham,UK.Buthenotesthatusingsuchtechnologyinashopwouldbeharderthaninthelab,becausepeoplewilluseawiderangeofexpressions.“Attemptingtomakeslightdifferencestotheseandensuringthatthereflectedimagelooksbelievablewouldbemuchmorechallenging,”hesays.Ofcourse,therearealsoimportantmoralquestionssurroundingsuchsubtlymanipulativetechnology.“Youcouldarguethatifitmakespeoplehappy,whatharmisitdoing?”saysCreed.“ButIcanimaginethatmanypeoplemayfeelmanipulateduncomfortableandcheatediftheyfoundout.”63.What’sthemainpurposeoftheEmotionEvokingSystem?A.Toseewhetherone’sfacialexpressionscanbealtered.B.Toreplacethemirrorsinfutureclothing-storefittingrooms.C.Toseewhetherlaughtercomesbeforehappiness.D.Toseewhetherone’sfeelingcanbeunconsciouslyaffected.64.Whatcanwelearnabouttheweb-cameraimageinthestudy?A.Itrecordedthevolunteers’performanceinthetask.B.Itattemptedtomakethevolunteersfeelhappier.C.Itgavethevolunteersafalseimage.D.Itbeautifiedthevolunteersappearanceinthemirror.65.WhatdoesCreedmentionasalimitationofthetechnologyA.Itonlydealswithalimitednumberoffacialexpressions.B.Itonlyworksinclothingstores.C.Itonlymakessubtlechangestopeople’sexpressions.D.Itonlychangestheareasaroundthemouthandtheeyes.66.WhatdoesCreedscommentonthemoralissueswiththistechnologyimply?A.Peopleshouldmaketheirdecisionsindependently.B.Technologyisunabletomanipulatepeople.C.Nothingismoreimportantthanhappiness.D.Peopleshouldneglecttheharmofthetechnology.SectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassages.Fill