朱红军应用化学专业英语翻译

CONTENTS Unit 1  Scientific Paper and Literature Lesson 1  Writing a Scientific Paper This chapter is a general guide to writing a scientific paper. Specific guidelines for text length, preparation of figures and tables, and instructions on how to submit your paper differ from journal to journal and publisher to publisher. For ACS journals and special publications, read the Guide, Notes, Notice, or Instructions for Authors that appear in each publication's first issue of the year and on the World Wide Web at . For ACS books, consult the brochure “How To Prepare Your manuscript for the ACS Symposium Series” or “Instructions for Authors”, available from the Books Department or on the World Wide Web at the same address. 译文：这一章节是写科学论文一个总的指导。包括对于文章长度要求，数字和图表的制备，还有向不同杂志和出版商提交论文的 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 指导方针。对于美国化学学会杂志和特殊的出版物，请阅读出现在每年第一期和全球网上对于作者的指南，注释，公告和说明。对于美国化学会的书目，请查阅一些像《如何为ACS准备你的底稿》，《作者须知》这样的小册子，这些资料可以从书籍部或者在相同地址的全球网页上得到。 Introduction to Science Paper A research paper is a form of written academic communication which can be employed to disseminate useful information and to share academic ideas with others. Most of the research papers are written for publication in journals or conference proceedings in one's field. Publication is one of the fastest ways for propagating ideas and for professional recognition and advancement. If you have a clear idea about the features and styles of academic articles, it will be easier for you to successfully get your paper published in the target journal or accepted by an international conference. （去年曾考！）一篇研究论文是学术交流的书面形式，它可以用来传播有用的信息并且可以和别人分享有用的学术见解。大多数的研究论文是用于杂志出版或者作为个人领域的会议记录。出版是作为传播见解和专业认知与提高最快捷的方法。如果你对学术文章的特点和形式有着清晰地认识，那么你的论文可以更容易的在目标杂志上发表或者被国际会议所采纳。 Features of Academic Papers The first of the features of an academic paper is the content. It is no more and no less than an objective and accurate account of a piece of research you did, either in the humanities, social, sciences, natural sciences or applied sciences. It should not be designed to teach or to provide general background. 学术论文的特色 学术论文的第一个特色就是内容。它只不过是你做的部分研究客观并且准确的记录，要么是关于人文，社会，科学，自然科学或者应用科学。他不能用来教授或者提供一般背景。 The second feature is the style of writing for this purpose. Your paper should contain three ingredients: precise logical structure, clear and concise language, and the specific style demanded by the journal to which it will be submitted. 论文的第二个特征就是这一目的的写作方式。你的论文必须包含三种要素：严格的逻辑结构，清晰和简洁的语言，还有就是你论文要提交的杂志所规定的特定写作形式。 The third, which is indeed a part of the second, is the system of documenting the sources used in writing the article. At every step in the process of writing, you must take into account the ideas, facts, and opinions you have gained from sources you have consulted. 第三，实际上是第二条的一部分，就是文章所用资源的引证系统。在文章过程的 每一部里，你必须对你从资源查阅到的想法，事实，观点进行充分考虑。 One of the most convenient features of academic articles is that they are divided into clearly delineated sections. This is helpful because you only have to concentrate on one section at a time. You can thus visualize more or less completely the whole paper while you are working on any part of it. Though papers of the humanities and social sciences do not always have the clearly divided sections, they share some of the common requirements with the scientific papers. 学术论文的特征中最方便的地方之一是学术论文被清晰地分成几个部分。这一点对你很有帮助，因为你每次只需考虑一个部分。当你撰写其中一个部分时你总能总揽全文。尽管人文科学和社会科学没有明显的界限，但是他们遵循科学论文的一般要求。 Getting Started Although there is no fixed set of “writing rules” to be followed like a cookbook recipe or an experimental procedure, some guidelines can be helpful. Start by answering some questions: 尽管学术论文不像食谱配方或者实验 流程 快递问题件怎么处理流程河南自建厂房流程下载关于规范招聘需求审批流程制作流程表下载邮件下载流程设计 一样有一套固定的写作规矩，但是一些指导方针也是很有帮助的。接下来回答请一些问题： What is the function or purpose of this paper? Are you describing original and significant research results? Are you reviewing the literature? Are you providing an overview of the topic? Something else? 你论文的作用和目的是什么？你是在描述独创的并且有重大意义的科研成果吗？你是在综述文献吗？你是在进行主题概括吗？或者是其他的问题。 How is your work different from that described in other reports on the same subject? (Unless you are writing a review, be sure that your paper will make an original contribution. Some publishers, including ACS, do not publish previously published material.) 你的论文与其他具有相似主题的 报告 软件系统测试报告下载sgs报告如何下载关于路面塌陷情况报告535n,sgs报告怎么下载竣工报告下载 有什么不同之处？（除非你是在写综述，确保你的论文具有原创性贡献。）一些出版商，包括ACS，不会出版过去已经被发表过的材料。 What is the best place for this paper to be published--in a journal or as part of a book? If a journal, which journal is most appropriate? 这篇论文最好的出版地方是哪里？是在一本杂志里面或者作为一本书的一部分。若是在杂志中，哪种杂志是最合适的。 Who is the audience? What will you need to tell them to help them understand your work? 你的读者是谁？你需要讲述哪些信息以便于帮助他们理解你的文章？ Answering these questions will clarify your goals and thus make it easier for you to write the paper with the proper amount of detail. It will also make it easier for editors to determine the paper's suitability for their publications. Writing is like so many other things: if you clarify your overall goal, the details fall into place. 回答这些问题可以明确你的目标，并且可以帮助你在论文里书写合适的内容，也可以帮助编辑更容易的判定你的论文在他们出版物的适用性。写作就像其它好多事情一样：如果你把你的总体目标明确好，内容就会变得井井有条。 Once you know the function of your paper and have identified its audience, review your material for completeness or excess. Then, organize your material into the standard format: introduction, experimental details or theoretical basis, results, discussion, and conclusions. This format has become standard because it is suitable for most reports of original research, it is basically logical, and it is easy to use. The reason it accommodates most reports of original research is that it parallels the scientific method of deductive reasoning: define the problem, create a hypothesis, devise an experiment to test the hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and draw conclusions. Furthermore, this format enables the reader to understand quickly what is being presented and to find specific information easily. This ability is crucial now more than ever because scientists, if not all professionals, must read much more material than their time seems to allow. 你一旦知道了你的论文功能并且确定了它的读者，请评估你材料的完整性。然后用标准板式对你材料进行组织：包括内容，实验数据或者实验依据，结果，讨论，结论。这种版式已成为标准因为它对大多数的原始科研报告具有适用性。它基本上符合逻辑，并且应用简单。它适用于大多数报告的原因就是它与演绎推理的科学思路类似：定义问题，做出假设，设计实验验证假设，进行实验，得出结论。另外，这种版式可以使读者快速的理解呈现出来的内容并且更容易的发现特定的信息。这种能力在今天至关重要，因为科学家，如果不是全部的专业人员，必须在他们允许的时间范围内读更多的材料。 Even if your results are more suited to one of the shorter types of presentation, the logic of the standard format applies, although you might omit the standard headings or one or more entire sections. As you write, you can modify, delete, or add sections and subsections as appropriate. 即使你的结果更适用于短类型的陈述，但是标准版式的逻辑也可以适用。你也可以省略某个标题或者一个或多个段落。当你写作的时候，你可以修改，删除，或者在合适的地方增加段落或分段。 An extremely important step is to check the specific requirements of the publication you have targeted and follow them. Most publications require revisions of manuscripts that are not in their requested format. Thus, not following a publication's requirements can delay publication and make more work for you. Finally, your paper will be peer-reviewed, so a good idea is to pay attention to the aspects that the reviewers will be considering. 其中极其重要的一步就是核对目标杂志的特定要求并且遵从他们。大多数的出版物要求对不符合格式的原稿进行修订。因此，不遵循出版物的要求可能会延误发表并且给你带来更多的工作。最后，你的论文需要同行评审，所以，一个不错的主意就是注重评审者所考虑的方面。 Writing Style and Word Usage Short declarative sentences are the easiest to write and the easiest to read, and they are usually clear. However, too many short sentences in a row can sound abrupt or monotonous. To add sentence variety, it is better to start with simple declarative sentences and then combined some of them than to start with long rambling sentences and then try to shorten them. 简短的说明语言非常容易书写和阅读，他们通常是清晰地。然而，太多的短句子排列在一起听起来会很生硬且单调。为了增加句子的多样性，与其以杂乱无章的句子开头然后尝试缩短他们，不如以简短的说明语句开始然后去组合他们。 You and your colleagues probably have been discussing the project for months, so the words seem familiar, common, and clear to you. However, the readers will not have been part of these discussions. That is where copy editors can help. Their job is to make sure that readers understand the material you are presenting. 你和你的同事可能数月来都在讨论课题，所以语言对你们来说很熟悉，通用而且清晰。然而，读者并没有参与你们的讨论。这就需要编辑提供帮助。他们的工作就是确保理解你们提交的材料。 By all means, write in your own personal style, but keep in mind that scientific writing is not literary writing. Scientific writing serves a purpose completely different from that of literary writing, and it must therefore be precise and unambiguous. 无论如何，请按照你自己的方式去写，请记住科学论文并不是文学创作。科学论文与文学创作有着完全不同的目的，因此它们必须是精确并且不含糊的。 If English is not your first language, ask an English-speaking colleague--if possible, a native English speaker--for help with grammar and diction. 如果英语不是你的母语，请教一个说英语的同事，如果有可能，最好是一个以英语为母语者，他会对你的语法和措辞进行帮助。 Choosing the Correct Word or Phrase 选择正确的单词和短语 Use words in their primary meanings; do not use a word to express a thought if such usage is uncommon, informal, or primarily literary. Examples are using “since” when you mean “because”, and “while” when you mean “although”. Many words are clear when you are speaking because you can amplify your meaning with gestures, expressions, and vocal inflections--but when these same words are written, they may be clear only to you. 使用单词时要用他们最原始的意思；请不要用不寻常，不正式或者文学性的用语来表达你的想法。举个例子，就是当你表达因为的时候用了“since”，当你表达即使的时候你用了“while”。当你说话的时候，许多单词的意思是很清楚地，因为你可以通过手势，表情，音调的抑扬顿挫来强化你的意思。但是当相同的单词被书写的时候，这些词汇只对你一个人清楚了。 Use appropriate verb tenses. 请用动词合适的时态 (1) Simple past tense is correct for stating what was done, either by others or by you: “The spectra were recorded.” “The solutions were heated to boiling.” “Jones reviewed the literature and gathered much of this information.” “We recently found that relativistic effects enhance the bond strength.” “The structures were determined by neutron diffraction methods.” (2) 一般过去式用来描述过去发生的事情，这些事情要么被别人做，要么被你完成。“这种光谱被记录”“溶液被加热到沸腾”“琼斯回顾了文献并收集了这些信息”“我们最近发现相对论效应增强了键的强度”“这种结构是由中子衍射思路决定的”。 (3) Present tense is correct for statements of fact: “Absolute rate constants for a wide variety of reactions are available.” “Hyperbranched compounds are macromolecular compounds that contain a branching point in each structural repeat unit.” (4) 一般现在式用于对事实的陈述。“绝对速率常数对很多类型的反应都是适用的”“超分支化合物是在每个重复结构单元含有分支点的高分子化合物” (5) Present and simple past tenses may both be correct for results, discussion, and conclusions: “The characteristics of the voltammetric wave indicate that electron transfer and breaking of the carbon-iodine bond are concerted.” “The absence of substitution was confirmed by preparative-scale electrolysis at a potential located at the foot of the voltammetric wave.” “IR spectroscopy shows that nitrates are adsorbed and are not removed by washing with distilled water.” (6) 一般现在和过去式对于结果，讨论，结论都是正确的。“伏安特性曲线的特征表明电子转移和C-I键的断裂是一致的。”“取代反应的消失是由伏安特性曲线底部潜在的位置大规模的电解得以证实。”“红外光谱表明了硝酸盐通过蒸馏水的冲洗得到富集而没有被移走” Use the active voice when it is less wordy and more direct than the passive. 用主动语态比被动语态更简洁更直接。 Poor:  The fact that such processes are under strict stereoelectronic control is demonstrated by our work in this area. Better:  Our work in this area demonstrates that such processes are under strict stereoelectronic control. 我们在这个领域的工作表明了这种反应是在严格的电子效应控制之下。 Use first person when it helps to keep your meaning clear and to express a purpose or a decision. 使用第一人称会使你的意思和你表达的目的或结论更清晰、 Jones reported xyz, but I (or we) found . . . I (or we) present here a detailed study . . . My (or our) recent work demonstrated . . . To determine the effects of structure on photophysics为了决定这种结构对于光物理学的影响, I (or we) . . . However, avoid phrases such as  “we feel”, “we believe”, “we concluded”, and “we can see”, as well as personal opinions. 然而，请避免使用像“我感觉”“我相信”“我推断”“我们发现”以及具有个人意见的短语。 Use an affirmative sentence rather than a double negative. 请使用肯定句型而不是双重否定。 Instead of Consider using This reaction is not uncommon This reaction is common This reaction is rare This reaction occurs about 40% of the time This transition转换 was not unexpected This transition was expected We knew that such transitions were possible This strategy is not infrequently used This strategy is frequently used This strategy is occasionally used This result is not unlikely to occur This result is likely to occur This result is possible     Watch the placement of the word “only”. It has different meanings in different places in the sentence. 请注意观察单词“仅仅”的位置。它在句子不同的位置处有不同的意思。 Only the largest group was injected with the test compound. (Meaning: and no other group) 只有最大那组注射了测试用的化合物（含义：没有其他组） The largest group was only injected with the test compound. (Meaning: and not given the compound in any other way) 最大的那组只通过注射的方式通入了待测化合物（含义：没有其他方式） The largest group was injected with only the test compound. (Meaning: and no other compounds) 最大的那组只注射了待测化合物。（含义：没有注射其他化合物） The largest group was injected with the only test compound. (Meaning: there were no other test compounds) 最大的那组只注射了唯一的实验化合物。（含义：没有其他测试化合物） Be sure that the antecedents of the pronouns “this” and “that” are clear. If there is a chance of ambiguity, use a noun to clarify your meaning. 确保在“这个”和“那个”一类代词作为先行词时含义要明确。如果有歧义，请用名词来澄清你的含义。 Ambiguous:  The photochemistry of transition-metal carbonyl complexes has been the focus of many investigations. This is due to the central role that metal carbonyl complexes play in various reactions. 过渡态金属羰基化合物的光化学已成为很多研究调查的焦点。这主要是因为金属羰基化合物在很多反应中扮演关键角色。 Unambiguous: The photochemistry of transition-metal carbonyl complexes has been the focus of many investigations. This interest is due to the central role that metal carbonyl complexes play in various reactions. Use the proper subordinating conjunctions. “While” and “since” have strong connotations of time. Do not use them where you mean “although”, “because”, or “whereas”. 请使用合适的从属连词。“while”和“since”具有很强的时间内涵，当你表明“尽管”“因为”“然而”的意思的时候不要使用它们。 Poor: Since solvent reorganization is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very important. Better: Because solvent reorganization is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very important. Poor: While the reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not. Better: Although the reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not. Also: The reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, but (or whereas) the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not. Use “respectively” to relate two or more sequences in the same sentence. 请使用“分别地”来连接一句话中两件继起的事。 The excitation激发 and emission were measured at 360 and 440 nm, respectively.(That is, the excitation was measured at 360 nm and the emission was measured at 440 nm.) Use the more accurate terms “greater than” or “more than” rather than the imprecise “over” or “in excess of”. 用更准确的短语greater than” or “more than”而不是欠准确的over或者in Excess of。 greater than 50%, not in excess of 50% more than 100 samples, not over 100 samples more than 25 mg, not in excess of 25 mg, not over 25 mg Use “fewer” to refer to number; use “less” to refer to quantity. fewer than 50 animals; fewer than 100 samples; less product; less time; less work. 用fewer来描述数字，用less描述数量。 However, use “less” with number and unit of measure combinations because they are regarded as singular. less than 5 mg; less than 3 days. 然而，要用less修饰数字和测量单位的组合，因为它们被认为是单数。 Use “between” with two named objects; use “among” with three or more named or implied objects. Communication between scientists and the public is essential. Communication among scientists, educators, and the public is essential. Communication among scientists is essential. 用between在两个命名的对象之间，用among在三个或三个以上命名或隐含对象之间。科学家与公众的交流很重要。科学家与教育者，公众之间的交流很重要。科学界之间的交流很重要。 Choose “assure”, “ensure”, and “insure” depending on your meaning. To assure is to affirm; to ensure is to make certain; to insure is to indemnify for money. He assured me that the work had been completed. The procedure ensures that clear guidelines have been established. You cannot get a mortgage unless you insure your home. 选择assure、ensure、insure是根据你的意思来决定。Assure的意思就是肯定，ensure就是确保，insure就是用钱补偿。他向我断言工作已经被完成，这个工序确保了清晰地指导方针被建立。你不能得到贷款除非抵押你的房子。 Choose “affect”, “effect”, and “impact” depending on your meaning. “Affect” is a verb meaning to influence, modify, or change. “Effect” as a verb means to bring about, but as a noun it means consequence, outcome, or result. “Impact” is a noun meaning a significant effect. 选择affect、effect、impact是由你的意思来决定。Affect是影响，调整，改变的动词形式。Effect是引起的名词形式，但作为名词来讲他的意思是结果。Impact的意思就是有重大意义的影响。 The increased use of pesticides 杀虫剂affects agricultural productivity. The use of polychlorinated benzenes多氯苯 has an effect on the cancer rate. The effect of the added acid was negligible. The new procedure effected a 50% increase in yield. The impact of pesticide use on health is felt throughout the world. The acid did not have a great impact on the reaction rate. It is acceptable to use split infinitives to avoid awkwardness or ambiguity. 为了避免不协调和混淆使用分离不定式也是可以接受的。 Awkward: The program is designed to assist financially the student who is considering a career in chemistry. Better: The program is designed to financially assist the student who is considering a career in chemistry. Ambiguous: The bonded phases allowed us to investigate fully permanent gases. Better: The bonded phases allowed us to fully investigate permanent gases. 副词放在动词前面 Use “whether” to introduce at least two alternatives, either stated or implied. I am not sure whether I should repeat the experiment. I am not sure whether I should repeat the experiment or use a different statistical treatment. I am going to repeat the experiment whether the results are positive or negative. 使用whether去描述两个可以替换物，要么是陈述或者隐含。我不清楚我是否应该重复这个实验。我不确定是否该重复这个实验或者进行不同的数据处理。我将会重复这个实验不管结果正确与否、 Use “whether or not” to mean “regardless of whether”. 当译为不论的时候用whether or not Incorrect: I am not sure whether or not to repeat the experiment. Correct: I am not sure whether to repeat the experiment. Also correct: Whether or not the results are positive, I will repeat the experiment. Also correct: Whether or not I repeat the experiment, I will probably leave the laboratory late tonight. Use “to comprise” to mean “to contain” or “to consist of”; it is not a synonym同义词 for “to compose”. The whole comprises the parts, or the whole is composed of the parts, but the whole is not comprised of the parts. Never use “is comprised of”. Incorrect: A book is comprised of chapters. Correct: A book comprises chapters. Also correct: A book is composed of chapters. Incorrect: Our research was comprised of three stages. Correct: Our research comprised three stages. 注：comprise没有被动！ Articles Choose the articles “a” and “an” according to the pronunciation of the words or abbreviations they precede. 根据单词的发音或者缩写来选择使用a或者an a nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer an NMR spectrometer Use “a” before an aspirated “h”; use “an” before the vowel sounds of a, e, i, o, “soft” u, and y. a house a history but an hour an honor a union a U-14C but an ultimate an ylide an yttrium compound       Choose the proper article to precede B.A., B.S., M.A., M.S., and Ph.D., according to pronunciation of the first letter. a B.S. degree     an M.S. degree     a Ph.D. Comparisons Introductory phrases that imply comparisons should refer to the subject of the sentence and be followed by a comma. 包含比较的介绍性短语需要参考句子的主题并且在后面要紧跟停顿。 Incorrect: Correct: Unlike alkali-metal or alkaline-earth-metal cations, hydrolysis of trivalent lanthanides proceeds significantly at this pH. Unlike that of alkali-metal or alkaline-earth-metal cations, hydrolysis of trivalent lanthanides proceeds significantly at this pH. Unlike alkali-metal or alkaline-earth-metal cations, trivalent lanthanides hydrolyze significantly at this pH. In contrast to bromide anion, there is strong distortion of the free fluoride anion on the vibrational spectroscopy time scale. In contrast to bromide anion, the free fluoride anion is strongly distorted on the vibrational spectroscopy time scale.     Use the verb “compare” followed by the preposition “to” when similarities are being noted. Use “compare” followed by the preposition “with” when differences are being noted. Only things of the same class should be compared. 当相似点被记录时使用动词compare，并在后面紧跟介词to。当记录不同点时要在compare后面紧跟with。只有相同等级的事物才能被比较。 Compared to compound 3, compound 4 shows an NMR spectrum with corresponding peaks. Compared with compound 3, compound 4 shows a more complex NMR spectrum. Do not omit words needed to complete comparisons, and do not use confusing word order. 不要省略补充比较的单词，不要使用混淆的语序。 The subordinating conjunction “than” is often used to introduce the second element in a comparison, following an adjective or adverb in the comparative degree. 附属连词than经常被用于介绍比较的第二个元素，紧跟其后的是比较级别的形容词或副词。 Incorrect: Correct: The alkyne stretching bands for the complexes are all lower than the uncoordinated alkyne ligands. The alkyne stretching bands for the complexes are all lower than those for the uncoordinated alkyne ligands. The alkyne stretching bands are all lower for the complexes than for the uncoordinated alkyne ligands. The decrease in isomer shift for compound 1 is greater in a given pressure increment than for compound 2. The decrease in isomer shift for compound 1 is greater in a given pressure increment than that for compound 2. The decrease in isomer shift in a given pressure increment is greater for compound 1 than for compound 2.     Idioms often used in comparisons are “different from”, “similar to”, “identical to”, and “identical with”. Generally these idioms should not be split. 这些习语不能分开、 Incorrect: Correct: The complex shows a significantly different NMR resonance from that of compound 1. The complex shows an NMR resonance significantly different from that of compound 1. Compound 5 does not catalyze hydrogenation under similar conditions to compound 6. Compound 5 does not catalyze hydrogenation under conditions similar to those for compound 6.         Exception: These idioms can be split if an intervening prepositional phrase modifies the first word in the idiom. The single crystals are all similar in structure to the crystals of compound 7. Solution A is identical in appearance with solution B. 如果这些习语的一个单词被干预介词修饰那么这些习语可以分隔。 Phrases such as “relative to”, “as compared to”, and “as compared with” and words such as “versus” are also used to introduce the second element in a comparison. The things being compared must be in parallel structure (that is, grammatically equal). The greater acidity of nitric acid relative to nitrous acid is due to the initial-state charge distribution in the molecules.硝酸比亚硝酸酸性强是因为电荷在分子分布的初始状态不同。 The lowering of the vibronic coupling constants for Ni as compared with Cu is due to configuration interaction 镍的振动耦合常数比铜的低是因为构象的相互作用 This behavior is analogous to the reduced Wittig-like reactivity in thiolate versus phenoxide complexes. 硫醇与酚化合物在Wittig-like反应中具有相似的反应性。 Parallelism Use coordinating conjunctions (“and”, “but”, “or”, “nor”, “yet”, “for”, and sometimes “so”), correlative conjunctions (“either, or”; “neither, nor”; “both, and”; “not only, but also”; “not, but”), and correlative constructions (“as well as”; e.g., “as well as”) to connect words or groups of words of equal grammatical rank. Incorrect: Correct: Compound 12 was prepared analogously and by Lee's method (5). Compound 12 was prepared in an analogous manner and by Lee's method (5). It is best to use alternative methods both because of the condensation reaction and because the amount of water in the solvent increases with time. It is best to use alternative methods both because of the condensation reaction and because of the increase in the amount of water in the solvent with time. The product was washed either with alcohol or acetone. The product was washed with either alcohol or acetone. The product was washed either with alcohol or with acetone Not only was the NiH functionality active toward the C-donor derivatives but also toward the N donors. The NiH functionality was active not only toward the C-donor derivatives but also toward the N donors. The NiH functionality was not only active toward the C-donor derivatives but also active toward the N donors. Not only was the NiH functionality active toward the C-donor derivatives, but it was also active toward the N donors.     Use parallel constructions in series and lists, including section headings and subheadings in text and tables and listings in figure captions. 在系列和表格中用平行的结构，包括文中的段标题和副标题还有表格和图表中的字幕。 Do not try to use parallel construction around the word “but” when it is not used as a coordinating conjunction. Increasing the number of fluorine atoms on the adjacent boron atom decreases the chemical shift, but only by a small amount. 当but不是作为并列连词时不要使用平行结构。硼原子相邻的氟原子数目增多减小了化学位移，但仅仅是很小的一部分。 The reaction proceeded readily, but with some decomposition of the product. 反应容易进行，但伴随了一些副产品。 Words and Phrases To Avoid Avoid slang and jargon. 避免使用俚语和行话。 If you have already presented your results at a symposium or other meeting and are now writing the paper for publication in a book or journal, delete all references to the meeting or symposium such as “Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen”, “This morning we heard”, “in this symposium”, “at this meeting”, and “I am pleased to be here”. Such phrases would be appropriate only if you were asked to provide an exact transcript of a speech. 如果你将你的结果在研讨会或其他会议上发言过，如今正在杂志或书籍上发表，删掉所有关于会议或者研讨会的参照物，例如“大家下午好”“今早我们听说”“在这研讨会上”等。这些短语只有在你需要提供演讲的副本时是合适的。 Be brief. Wordiness obscures your message, annoys the reader, and displeases the publisher because the resulting lengthy paper is more expensive to produce and to print. 做到简洁。废话会使你的信息变模糊，使读者厌烦，并使出版商感到不快。因为结果冗长的论文需要更昂贵的金额出版和印刷。 (1) Omit phrases such as: As already stated It is interesting to note that It has been found that It has long been known that It was demonstrated that It is worth mentioning at this point It may be said that (2) Omit excess words. Instead of Use It is a procedure that is often used. This procedure is often used. There are seven steps that must be completed. Seven steps must be completed. This is a problem that is... This problem is... These results are preliminary in nature. These results are preliminary.     (3) Use single words instead of phrases. Instead of Use a number of many, several a small number of a few are in agreement agree are found to be are are known to be are at present now at the present time now based on the fact that because by means of by despite the fact that although due to the fact that because during that time while fewer in number fewer for the reason that because has been shown to be is if it is assumed that if in color, e.g., red in color just state the color, e.g., red in consequence of this fact therefore, consequently in length long in order to to in shape, e.g., round in shape just state the shape, e.g., round in size, e.g., small in size just state the size, e.g., small in spite of the fact that although in the case of... in..., for... in the near future soon in view of the fact that because is known to be is it appears that apparently it is clear that clearly it is likely that likely it is possible that possibly it would appear that apparently of great importance important on the order of about owing to the fact that because prior to before reported in the literature reported subsequent to after     Do not use contractions 缩写in scientific papers. Incorrect: The identification wasn't confirmed by mass spectrometry. Correct: The identification was not confirmed by mass spectrometry. Do not use the word “plus” or the plus sign as a synonym for “and”. Incorrect: Two bacterial enzymes were used in a linked-enzyme assay for heroin plus metabolites. Correct: Two bacterial enzymes were used in a linked-enzyme assay for heroin and its metabolites. Do not use “respectively” when you mean “separately” or “independently”. Incorrect: The electrochemical oxidations of chromium and tungsten tricarbonyl complexes, respectively, were studied. Correct: The electrochemical oxidations of chromium and tungsten tricarbonyl complexes were studied separately. Avoid misuse of prepositional phrases introduced by “with”. Poor: Nine deaths from leukemia occurred, with six expected. Better: Nine deaths from leukemia occurred, and six had been expected. Poor: Of the 20 compounds tested, 12 gave positive reactions, with three being greater than 75%. Better: Of the 20 compounds tested, 12 gave positive reactions; three of these were greater than 75%. Poor: Two weeks later, six more animals died, with the total rising to 25. Better: Two weeks later, six more animals died, and the total was then 25. Do not use a slash to mean “and” or “or”. Incorrect: Hot/cold extremes will damage the samples. Correct: Hot and cold extremes will damage the samples. Replace “and/or” with either “and” or “or”, depending on your meaning. Incorrect: Our goal was to confirm the presence of the alkaloid in the leaves and/or roots. Correct: Our goal was to confirm the presence of the alkaloid in the leaves and roots. Also correct: Our goal was to confirm the presence of the alkaloid in either the leaves or the roots. Also correct: Our goal was to confirm the presence of the alkaloid in the leaves, the roots, or both. Gender-Neutral Language The U.S. government and many publishers have gone to great effort to encourage the use of gender-neutral language in their publications. Gender-neutral language is also a goal of many chemists. Recent style guides and writing guides urge copy editors and writers to choose terms that do not reinforce outdated sex roles. Gender-neutral language can be accurate and unbiased and not necessarily awkward. 美国政府还有其他出版商做了极大努力去倡导在他们的出版物中使用中性语言。使用中性语言也是很多化学家的目标。最近的风格指南和书写指南都督促编辑和作者去选择使用不增强已过时的性别角色的短语。中性语言很准确公正，而且不会造成尴尬。 The most problematic words are the noun “man” and the pronouns “he” and “his”, but there are usually several satisfactory gender-neutral alternatives for these words. Choose an alternative carefully and keep it consistent with the context. 最棘手的单词就是名词man和代词he和his，但是也有不少令人满意的性别中性词来代替这些词。仔细选择这些替换词并且始终与你的内容保持一致。 Instead of “man”, use “people”, “humans”, “human beings”, or “human species”, depending on your meaning. Outdated: The effects of compounds I-X were studied in rats and man. Gender-neutral: The effects of compounds I-X were studied in rats and humans. Outdated: Men working in hazardous environments are often unaware of their rights and responsibilities. Gender-neutral: People working in hazardous environments are often unaware of their rights and responsibilities. Outdated: Man's search for beauty and truth has resulted in some of his greatest accomplishments. Gender-neutral: The search for beauty and truth has resulted in some of our greatest accomplishments. Instead of “manpower”, use “workers”, “staff”, “work force”, “labor”, “crew”, “employees”, or “personnel”, depending on your meaning. Instead of “manmade”, use “synthetic”, “artificial”, “built”, “constructed”, “manufactured”, or even “factory-made”. Instead of “he” and “his”, change the construction to a plural form (“they” and “theirs”) or first person (“we”, “us”, and “ours”). Alternatively, delete “his” and replace it with “a”, “the”, or nothing at all. “His or her”, if not overused, is not terribly unpleasant. Outdated: The principal investigator should place an asterisk after his name. Gender-neutral: Principal investigators should place asterisks after their names. Gender-neutral: If you are the principal investigator, place an asterisk after your name. Gender-neutral: The name of the principal investigator should be followed by an asterisk. However, do not use a plural pronoun with a singular antecedent. Incorrect: The principal investigator should place an asterisk after their name. Instead of “wife”, use “family” or “spouse” where appropriate. Outdated: The work of professionals such as chemists and doctors is often so time-consuming that their wives are neglected. Gender-neutral: The work of professionals such as chemists and doctors is often so time-consuming that their families are neglected. Outdated: the society member and his wife Gender-neutral: the society member and spouse Components of a Paper Use the standard format, which is described next, for reports of original research but not necessarily for literature reviews or theoretical papers. Present all parts of your paper as concisely as possible. 用接下来要讲的标准格式，用于原始研究报告但是对于文学评论或者理论论文不必要。尽可能准确展现你论文的所有部分。 Title Importance of Title Writing: The primary aim of writing a paper is to have it read. The title is the first, and possibly the last, a reader will see of your paper. Its importance cannot be overemphasized. You must try to produce something is not only factual but stands out from the mass of other titles in the "Contents" section of a journal. 写论文的主要目的是让人看。标题或许在开始，或许在结尾。它的重要性再怎么强调也不为过。你必须试着创造一些东西，这些东西不仅仅是真实的而且要从一个杂志的目录部分脱颖而出。 The best time to determine the title is after you have written the text, so that the title will reflect the paper's content and emphasis accurately and clearly. The title must be brief and grammatically correct but accurate and complete enough to stand alone. A two- or three-word title may be too vague, but a 14- or 15-word title is unnecessarily long. Choose terms that are as specific as the text permits: “a vanadium-iron alloy” rather than “a magnetic alloy”. Avoid phrases such as “on the”, “a study of”, “research on”, “report on”, “regarding”, and “use of”. In most cases, omit “the” at the beginning of the title. Avoid nonquantitative, meaningless words such as “rapid” and “new”. 决定标题的最好时间是你写完文章之后，以至于你的标题能很好的反应文章内容并正确和清除地强调。标题必须简短并且语法正确，但也要足够的准确完整以致于孤立出来。一个2到3个单词标题可能太模糊，14到15字的标题可能有点不必要的长。在文章允许的情况下用特定的短语，比如用“钒铁合金”而不是“磁性合金”。避免出现像“在。。。上面”“一个关于什么的研究”等短语。在大多数情况下，省略标题开头的“the”。避免使用非量化的，无意义的单词，比如“rapid”“new”。 Spell out all terms in the title, and avoid jargon, symbols, formulas, and abbreviations. Whenever possible, use words rather than expressions containing superscripts, subscripts, or other special notations. Do not cite company names, specific trademarks, or brand names of chemicals, drugs, materials, or instruments. 拼写出标题中所有的专业术语，避免行话和难懂的词汇，符号，公式，缩写词。只要可能，用单词而不是包含上标，下标或者其他特殊技号的表达式。不要引用公司名字，特殊商标，或者化学物品、药品、材料或者仪器的牌号名称。 The title serves two main purposes: (1) to attract the potential audience and (2) to aid retrieval and indexing. Therefore, be sure to include several keywords. The title should provide the maximum information for a computerized title search. You should attempt to pull out of your material the key words and try to incorporate them in the title. 标题服务于两个主要目的：（1）吸引潜在的读者（2）帮助检索和索引。因此，一定要包括几个关键词。标题应该为计算机查询提供的最大信息量。你应该试着从你的材料中找出关键字并把他们包含在标题里。